Define keratitis

• Infection and inflammation of the cornea is known as keratitis.

Write causes of keratitis

• Bacterial, viral and fungal Infection
• Trauma
• Eye Injury
• Dry Eye
• Allergic Reaction
• Exposure to UV Rays
• Exposure to Chemicals
• Pur Contact Lens Hygiene
• Immune System Dysfunction

Explain clinical manifestations of keratitis

• Eyepain
• Redness in Eye
• Eye irritation
• Blurred vision
• Photophobia
• Excessive tearing
• Discharge from the eye
• Feeling like something in the eye
• Difficulty opening eye

Write diagnostic evaluation of keratitis

• History collection
• Physical examination (especially eye examination)
• Visual acuity test
• Slit lamp examination
• Corneal staining
• Confocal microscopy
• Microbial culture

Write management of keratitis (Write management of keratitis)

• Topical Medicine: Use topical antibiotic eye drops and corticosteroids.
• Systemic Drug: If keratitis is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be given to treat it. If keratitis is caused by a viral or fungal infection, antiviral or antifungal medicine may be given to treat it.
• Pain Management:Provide over-the-counter pain relievers to relieve pain.
• Cycloplegic Agents: Cycloplegic agents reduce pain and inflammation and temporarily relax the eye muscles.
• Warm compresses: Provide warm compresses to the affected eye to relieve discomfort and promote healing.
• Avoidance of contact lenses: Instruct the patient to avoid wearing contact lenses until the infection has resolved.
• Protection From the Light: Use sunglasses or protective eyewear to get protection from light. Which provides protection from light sensitivity.
• Surgical intervention: Keratoplasty is performed in cases of corneal scarring.

Define corneal ulcer

• Corneal ulcers are also known as ‘ulcerative keratitis’ and ‘eyesore’.
• A corneal ulcer is a painful open sore on the cornea. (The cornea is the transparent outer layer of the eye)

Write causes of corneal ulcer

• Bacterial Infections: Corneal ulcers are caused by bacterial infections caused by common bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• Viral Infections: Corneal ulcers are caused by herpes simplex virus, herpes zoster virus, varicella zoster virus.
• Fungal Infections: Corneal ulcers are caused by fungi such as Fusarium, Aspergillus, Candida is.
• Parasitic Infection: Parasitic infections such as Acanthamoeba keratitis can cause conditions like corneal ulcers.
• Trauma: Corneal ulcers can occur due to eye injuries such as scratches, cuts, etc.
• Contact Lens Wear: Corneal ulcers can also occur due to improper use of contact lenses and not maintaining proper hygiene while wearing contact lenses.
• Dry Eye Syndrome: Corneal dryness and ulcers are seen due to insufficient tear production and poor tear quality.
• Immuno Deficiency: People with immunodeficiency have an increased chance of developing corneal ulcers.
• Underline Ocular Conditions: Ocular conditions such as blepharitis, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis can cause corneal ulcers.
• Chemical Burns: Contact with chemical substances causes damage to the cornea and results in conditions like corneal ulcers.

Write clinical manifestations of corneal ulcer

• Sharp eye pain
• Redness
• Blurred vision
• Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
• Excessive tearing
• Watery and purulent discharge from the Eye
• Foreign body sensation
• Loss of visual acuity

Write diagnostic evaluation of corneal ulcer

• History Collection
• Physical Examination
• Visual Acuity Test
• Slit Lamp Examination
• Culture and Sensitivity Test
• Corneal Scraping and Biopsy

Management of corneal ulcer

• Antibiotic therapy:If the corneal ulcer is caused by a bacterial infection, use antibiotic eyedrops to treat it.
• Antiviral therapy:If the corneal ulcer is caused by a viral infection, use antibiotics to treat it. For this, use an antiviral ointment.
• Antifungal medicine:If the corneal ulcer is caused by a fungal infection, use a topical antifungal agent to treat it.
• Corticosteroid eye drops:In selected cases, use corticosteroid eye drops to reduce inflammation.
• Pain management: Use oral or topical analgesic drugs to relieve pain.
• Surgical intervention: Surgical intervention is performed in deep corneal ulcers and more severe cases. Surgical intervention includes conjunctival graft or flap and corneal transplantation.
  

Define cataract

• Cataract is an ocular condition in which the clear crystalline lens becomes cloudy and opacity. Due to which blurred vision is seen.

Write causes of cataract

• Cataracts are caused by many factors. Which are as follows :
• Age :
• Hereditary (genetic factor)
• Exposure to UV light
• Exposure to heat
• Smoking
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Eye Injury
• Previous Eye Surgery
• Intraocular Disorders
• Use of Medication (Corticosteroids, Oral Contraceptives)

Write classification of cataract

Classification according to cause

• Age-related (senile) cataract: This is the most common type and is caused by age-related changes in the lens.
• Congenital cataract: Congenital cataract is present at birth. It is caused by genetic factors.
• Secondary cataract: Secondary cataract develops due to an eye condition or systemic condition. Such as diabetes, trauma, inflammation
• Traumatic cataract:Traumatic cataract occurs due to penetrating or blunt trauma to the eye.
• Radiation cataract:Radiation cataract occurs due to exposure to ionizing radiation.
• Electrical cataract: Electrical cataract occurs due to electrical injury or exposure to high voltage electrical current.
• Toxic Cataract:Toxic cataract is caused by exposure to toxic chemicals or medicines.
• Metabolic Cataract: Metabolic cataract is caused by metabolic disorders. Such as galactosemia, Wilson’s disease

Classification according to location within lens

• Nuclear cataract: In nuclear cataract, the nuclear part of the lens is clouded.
• Supra nuclear cataract: In supra nuclear cataract The upper part of the nucleus i.e. the deeper part of the cortex is affected.
• Cortical cataract: In cortical cataract, the cortex is affected i.e. the outer layer of the lens is affected.
• Capsular cataract: In capsular cataract, the capsule around the lens is affected.
• Posterior subcapsular cataract: In posterior subcapsular cataract, the back part of the lens capsule is affected.

Classification According to Degree of Opacity

• Incipient Cataract: This is the early stage of cataract. In which minimal visual symptoms are seen and slight opacity is seen in the lens.
• Immature cataract: In this stage, moderate opacity is seen in the lens and noticeable visual impairment is seen.
• Mature cataract: In this stage, complete opacity is seen in the lens and due to this, significant visual impairment and blindness are seen.
• Hyper mature cataract: In this stage, the lens material Liquefaction occurs and shrinkage occurs in the lens capsule.

Write clinical manifestations of cataract

• Clouded, blurred and dim vision
• Trouble seeing at night
• Clear vision at night
• Double Vision in One Eye
• Halos Around Light (Discs or Circles Seen Around Light)
• Leukocoria or White Pupil
• Photophobia
• Reduce Light Transmission
• Decrease Visual Acuity
• Decreases color perception