SYNOPSIS-CD

Recent Comments

No comments to show.

1. Tuberculosis (TB)

Causative Microorganism: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 2 to 12 weeks (may remain dormant for years)
Transmission: Airborne (via droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes)
Vaccine: Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine
New Specifications: New TB vaccines are in development to address the limitations of BCG, especially in adults and for drug-resistant TB.

2. Hepatitis B

Causative Microorganism: Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Incubation Period: 45 to 160 days (average 90 days)
Transmission: Blood, semen, and other body fluids (via sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during birth)
Vaccine: Hepatitis B vaccine (part of routine immunization schedule)
New Specifications: WHO recommends birth-dose vaccination for newborns within 24 hours to reduce mother-to-child transmission.

3. Measles

Causative Microorganism: Measles virus
Incubation Period: 10 to 12 days
Transmission: Airborne and direct contact with infected respiratory droplets
Vaccine: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine
New Specifications: Outbreaks in some countries have led to booster dose recommendations and campaigns to increase vaccine coverage.

4. Influenza (Flu)

Causative Microorganism: Influenza virus (types A, B, C, and D)
Incubation Period: 1 to 4 days (typically 2 days)
Transmission: Airborne (coughing, sneezing), direct contact
Vaccine: Annual flu vaccine (inactivated or live attenuated)
New Specifications: WHO updates the flu vaccine composition annually to match circulating strains. There are now quadrivalent vaccines covering four strains.

5. Diphtheria

Causative Microorganism: Corynebacterium diphtheriae (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 2 to 5 days
Transmission: Direct contact with respiratory droplets or skin lesions
Vaccine: DTP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis) vaccine
New Specifications: Increased focus on adult booster doses, particularly in areas with outbreaks or reduced vaccine coverage.

6. Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

Causative Microorganism: Bordetella pertussis (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 7 to 10 days
Transmission: Airborne droplets (coughing, sneezing)
Vaccine: DTP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis) vaccine
New Specifications: Booster doses recommended for adults and adolescents to prevent the spread to infants.

7. Polio (Poliomyelitis)

Causative Microorganism: Poliovirus
Incubation Period: 7 to 21 days
Transmission: Fecal-oral route, contaminated water or food
Vaccine: Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)
New Specifications: The introduction of the bivalent OPV (bOPV) and continued IPV use to ensure complete eradication, especially for wild-type poliovirus strains.

8. Cholera

Causative Microorganism: Vibrio cholerae (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 2 hours to 5 days
Transmission: Fecal-oral route, contaminated water or food
Vaccine: Oral Cholera Vaccines (OCVs), such as Dukoral, Shanchol, and Euvichol
New Specifications: WHO has accelerated vaccination campaigns in endemic areas and during outbreaks, especially in refugee camps and post-disaster areas.

9. Malaria

Causative Microorganism: Plasmodium species (protozoa), mainly P. falciparum, P. vivax
Incubation Period: 7 to 30 days
Transmission: Anopheles mosquito bites
Vaccine: RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix), the first malaria vaccine
New Specifications: Ongoing pilot programs in several African countries for broader implementation, alongside other malaria prevention methods like insecticide-treated bed nets.

10. COVID-19

Causative Microorganism: SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus)
Incubation Period: 2 to 14 days (average 5 days)
Transmission: Airborne droplets, contact with contaminated surfaces
Vaccine: Multiple vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Sinovac, etc.)
New Specifications: Booster doses and variant-specific vaccines (e.g., targeting the Omicron variant) are being recommended in many countries based on the emergence of new variants.

11. HIV/AIDS

Causative Microorganism: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Incubation Period: Several weeks to months for acute symptoms; years for progression to AIDS
Transmission: Blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk (sexual contact, sharing needles, mother-to-child transmission)
Vaccine: No effective HIV vaccine yet, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) is available for treatment and prevention (PrEP).
New Specifications: Research continues on developing an HIV vaccine. The mRNA technology used for COVID-19 vaccines has opened new avenues for HIV vaccine development.

12. Tetanus

Causative Microorganism: Clostridium tetani (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 3 to 21 days
Transmission: Contamination of wounds with tetanus spores (usually from soil or feces)
Vaccine: Tetanus toxoid vaccine (part of DTP)
New Specifications: Focus on ensuring that pregnant women receive tetanus vaccination to prevent neonatal tetanus.

13. Meningococcal Disease

Causative Microorganism: Neisseria meningitidis (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 2 to 10 days
Transmission: Respiratory droplets or throat secretions (kissing, coughing, etc.)
Vaccine: Meningococcal vaccines (MenACWY, MenB)
New Specifications: WHO recommends vaccination for high-risk groups, including infants, adolescents, and those traveling to endemic areas (such as the “meningitis belt” in sub-Saharan Africa).

14. Rubella

Causative Microorganism: Rubella virus
Incubation Period: 12 to 23 days (average 14 days)
Transmission: Airborne droplets (coughing, sneezing) or direct contact with secretions
Vaccine: Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine
New Specifications: Global initiatives to eliminate congenital rubella syndrome by increasing vaccine coverage among women of reproductive age.

15. Zika Virus

Causative Microorganism: Zika virus (Flavivirus)
Incubation Period: 3 to 12 days
Transmission: Aedes mosquito bites, mother-to-child transmission, sexual transmission
Vaccine: No vaccine currently available, although several candidates are in development.
New Specifications: Increased focus on mosquito control programs and research into vaccines to prevent outbreaks and congenital Zika syndrome.

This list includes some of the most common communicable diseases, along with recent advancements and updates in vaccination protocols. Vaccination remains one of the most effective preventive measures, and global efforts continue to focus on improving access and coverage, particularly in vulnerable populations.

16. Typhoid Fever

Causative Microorganism: Salmonella typhi (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 6 to 30 days
Transmission: Fecal-oral route, contaminated food and water
Vaccine: Typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV), Typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine, and live attenuated oral Ty21a vaccine
New Specifications: WHO has recommended the use of TCV for children from 6 months old and older in endemic areas, due to its longer-lasting immunity.

17. Rabies

Causative Microorganism: Rabies virus (Lyssavirus)
Incubation Period: 1 to 3 months (can range from 1 week to 1 year)
Transmission: Bite or scratch from an infected animal (commonly dogs, bats)
Vaccine: Pre-exposure and post-exposure rabies vaccines
New Specifications: Enhanced awareness of rapid post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with vaccines, and a focus on eradicating rabies in dogs through mass canine vaccination.

18. Mumps

Causative Microorganism: Mumps virus (Paramyxovirus)
Incubation Period: 16 to 18 days
Transmission: Airborne droplets, direct contact with saliva or mucus
Vaccine: Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine
New Specifications: Booster doses may be recommended in areas with mumps outbreaks, especially in close-contact environments like schools and colleges.

19. Yellow Fever

Causative Microorganism: Yellow fever virus (Flavivirus)
Incubation Period: 3 to 6 days
Transmission: Aedes or Haemagogus mosquitoes
Vaccine: Live attenuated yellow fever vaccine
New Specifications: WHO recommends a single dose of yellow fever vaccine for lifelong immunity, and there are international requirements for proof of vaccination for travelers to certain regions (Yellow Fever Certificate).

20. Varicella (Chickenpox)

Causative Microorganism: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
Incubation Period: 10 to 21 days (average 14 to 16 days)
Transmission: Airborne droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid
Vaccine: Varicella vaccine (live attenuated)
New Specifications: The vaccine is part of the routine immunization schedule in many countries, and booster doses are recommended for adults at higher risk of exposure.

21. Dengue Fever

Causative Microorganism: Dengue virus (DENV) (four serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4)
Incubation Period: 4 to 10 days
Transmission: Aedes mosquitoes (mainly Aedes aegypti)
Vaccine: Dengvaxia (approved for certain age groups in endemic areas)
New Specifications: Ongoing development of new vaccines targeting all four dengue serotypes, with a focus on preventing severe dengue (hemorrhagic fever).

22. Leptospirosis

Causative Microorganism: Leptospira species (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 2 to 30 days (usually 5 to 14 days)
Transmission: Direct contact with contaminated water, soil, or food (from urine of infected animals)
Vaccine: Vaccines for leptospirosis are available for animals (such as dogs and livestock), but human vaccines are not widely available.
New Specifications: Focus on public health measures such as improving sanitation and controlling rodent populations in endemic areas to prevent outbreaks.

23. Ebola Virus Disease

Causative Microorganism: Ebola virus (Filoviridae family)
Incubation Period: 2 to 21 days
Transmission: Direct contact with blood, body fluids, and tissues of infected persons or animals
Vaccine: rVSV-ZEBOV (Ebola vaccine) used for outbreak control
New Specifications: Expanded use of the vaccine during outbreaks, particularly in high-risk populations, and ongoing research into additional vaccine candidates.

24. Zoonotic Diseases (e.g., Avian Influenza, Hantavirus, and Anthrax)

Causative Microorganism: Varies depending on the disease (e.g., Influenza A viruses for avian flu, Hantaviruses for hantavirus, Bacillus anthracis for anthrax)
Incubation Period: Varies by disease:
- Avian Influenza: 2 to 5 days
- Hantavirus: 1 to 8 weeks
- Anthrax: 1 to 7 days (inhalation anthrax may take weeks)
Transmission: Direct or indirect contact with infected animals or animal products, inhalation of spores (anthrax), or mosquito bites (avian flu)
Vaccine:
- Avian Influenza: No widely available vaccine for humans
- Anthrax: Anthrax vaccine for high-risk occupational groups
New Specifications: For avian influenza, focus on preventing transmission from animals to humans and improving surveillance for early detection of outbreaks.

25. Chikungunya

Causative Microorganism: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)
Incubation Period: 2 to 12 days
Transmission: Aedes mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus)
Vaccine: No vaccine currently available, though several candidates are in development.
New Specifications: Ongoing efforts to develop a vaccine, with clinical trials in progress. Vector control (reducing mosquito populations) remains the main preventive measure.

26. Japanese Encephalitis (JE)

Causative Microorganism: Japanese encephalitis virus (Flavivirus)
Incubation Period: 5 to 15 days
Transmission: Culex mosquitoes (mainly Culex tritaeniorhynchus) that breed in rice paddies
Vaccine: Inactivated and live-attenuated JE vaccines (e.g., JE-VAX, SA-14-14-2)
New Specifications: WHO recommends JE vaccination in endemic areas, especially for travelers to rural regions of Asia.

27. Rotavirus

Causative Microorganism: Rotavirus
Incubation Period: 1 to 3 days
Transmission: Fecal-oral route, contaminated food and water
Vaccine: Rotavirus vaccines (e.g., Rotarix, RotaTeq)
New Specifications: Part of the routine childhood vaccination schedule in many countries to prevent severe diarrhea in infants and young children.

28. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Causative Microorganism: Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Incubation Period: Weeks to years (highly variable)
Transmission: Sexual contact, skin-to-skin contact
Vaccine: HPV vaccines (e.g., Gardasil, Cervarix)
New Specifications: Expanded vaccination programs for both boys and girls to prevent cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. The WHO now recommends a single-dose HPV vaccine schedule for adolescents.

29. Lyme Disease

Causative Microorganism: Borrelia burgdorferi (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 3 to 30 days
Transmission: Bites from infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes ticks)
Vaccine: No human vaccine currently available, but one is in clinical trials.
New Specifications: Focus on prevention through tick control, use of insect repellent, and early detection and treatment with antibiotics.

30. West Nile Virus

Causative Microorganism: West Nile virus (Flavivirus)
Incubation Period: 2 to 14 days
Transmission: Culex mosquitoes
Vaccine: No vaccine for humans yet, but vaccines exist for horses.
New Specifications: Research into vaccine development continues, with current efforts focused on vector control to prevent transmission.

These communicable diseases demonstrate the wide range of pathogens—viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi—that cause infections worldwide. Vaccination efforts are ongoing, and in many cases, new vaccines are being developed or improved to enhance disease prevention. Global health organizations continue to promote vaccination, vector control, and sanitation as key strategies to manage and reduce the impact of communicable diseases.

31. Legionnaires’ Disease

Causative Microorganism: Legionella pneumophila (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 2 to 10 days (commonly 5 to 6 days)
Transmission: Inhalation of aerosolized water droplets from contaminated sources such as air conditioning systems, hot tubs, or fountains.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Increased focus on monitoring and controlling water systems in public buildings to prevent outbreaks.

32. Lassa Fever

Causative Microorganism: Lassa virus (Arenavirus)
Incubation Period: 6 to 21 days
Transmission: Contact with urine or feces of infected multimammate rats, or person-to-person via body fluids.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Ongoing research into vaccine development; control measures focus on improving sanitation and rodent control in endemic areas.

33. Norovirus Infection (Stomach Flu)

Causative Microorganism: Norovirus (virus)
Incubation Period: 12 to 48 hours
Transmission: Fecal-oral route, contaminated food, water, or surfaces, and close contact with infected individuals.
Vaccine: No vaccine currently available.
New Specifications: Research is ongoing into developing a norovirus vaccine, and there is an emphasis on improving hygiene practices, especially in settings like hospitals, schools, and cruise ships.

34. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Causative Microorganism: Cytomegalovirus (virus)
Incubation Period: 3 to 12 weeks
Transmission: Direct contact with bodily fluids, such as urine, saliva, blood, and breast milk; can also be transmitted via organ transplants and blood transfusions.
Vaccine: No licensed vaccine, but candidates are in clinical trials.
New Specifications: Increased focus on pregnant women, as CMV can cause congenital infections that lead to developmental delays in infants.

35. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Causative Microorganism: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Incubation Period: 2 to 8 days
Transmission: Direct contact with respiratory droplets or contaminated surfaces.
Vaccine: No vaccine yet, but monoclonal antibodies (e.g., Palivizumab) are used in high-risk infants to prevent severe disease.
New Specifications: Vaccine candidates for RSV are in late-stage clinical trials, and new preventive treatments like nirsevimab (a long-acting monoclonal antibody) have been developed.

36. Rift Valley Fever

Causative Microorganism: Rift Valley Fever virus (Phlebovirus)
Incubation Period: 2 to 6 days
Transmission: Mosquito bites, contact with infected animals (blood, tissues), or aerosol transmission in laboratory settings.
Vaccine: Experimental vaccines are available for animals, but no human vaccine is widely available yet.
New Specifications: Ongoing efforts to develop vaccines for human use and improve surveillance in endemic areas.

37. Q Fever

Causative Microorganism: Coxiella burnetii (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 2 to 3 weeks
Transmission: Inhalation of dust contaminated by the bodily fluids of infected animals (commonly sheep, goats, and cattle).
Vaccine: Q-Vax (available in some countries, primarily for individuals at high risk, such as veterinarians or abattoir workers).
New Specifications: Ongoing surveillance in areas where livestock farming is prevalent, and research on long-term complications, such as chronic Q fever, continues.

38. Marburg Virus Disease

Causative Microorganism: Marburg virus (Filovirus)
Incubation Period: 2 to 21 days
Transmission: Direct contact with blood, secretions, or other bodily fluids of infected persons or animals (especially fruit bats).
Vaccine: No licensed vaccine currently, but candidates are in development.
New Specifications: Development of vaccines and therapeutic treatments continues, and the World Health Organization (WHO) monitors outbreaks closely.

39. Syphilis

Causative Microorganism: Treponema pallidum (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 10 to 90 days (average 21 days)
Transmission: Sexual contact, mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy (congenital syphilis).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Prevention relies on safe sexual practices, and regular screening is recommended for high-risk groups. WHO is focusing on reducing congenital syphilis through improved prenatal care.

40. Shigellosis

Causative Microorganism: Shigella species (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 1 to 4 days
Transmission: Fecal-oral route, contaminated food and water, or direct contact with an infected person.
Vaccine: No widely available vaccine, but several candidates are under development.
New Specifications: Focus on improving sanitation and hygiene, especially in areas with limited access to clean water. WHO has prioritized vaccine development for travelers and children in endemic regions.

41. Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)

Causative Microorganism: Trypanosoma cruzi (protozoa)
Incubation Period: 1 to 2 weeks for acute infection, but chronic infections may develop over years.
Transmission: Bites from infected triatomine bugs (kissing bugs), blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to child during pregnancy.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Efforts to reduce vector populations and screen blood transfusions are ongoing. Drug treatments are available, but a vaccine is still under development.

42. Leprosy (Hansen’s Disease)

Causative Microorganism: Mycobacterium leprae (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 5 to 20 years (can vary)
Transmission: Prolonged close contact with respiratory droplets from an infected person.
Vaccine: No specific vaccine, but the BCG vaccine offers some protection.
New Specifications: Early diagnosis and treatment with multidrug therapy (MDT) have significantly reduced leprosy cases, though efforts continue to eliminate the stigma associated with the disease.

43. Toxoplasmosis

Causative Microorganism: Toxoplasma gondii (protozoa)
Incubation Period: 5 to 23 days
Transmission: Ingestion of undercooked meat, contaminated food, water, or contact with cat feces (from infected cats).
Vaccine: No vaccine available for humans.
New Specifications: Pregnant women are advised to avoid handling cat litter and consuming undercooked meat to reduce the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis.

44. Giardiasis

Causative Microorganism: Giardia lamblia (protozoa)
Incubation Period: 1 to 2 weeks
Transmission: Fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water or food.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Emphasis on water treatment and sanitation improvements in endemic areas.

45. Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)

Causative Microorganism: Schistosome parasites (Schistosoma species)
Incubation Period: 2 to 6 weeks
Transmission: Contact with freshwater contaminated by infected snails that release larvae (cercariae).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Focus on mass drug administration (MDA) programs using praziquantel to treat at-risk populations, especially school-age children in endemic regions.

46. Filariasis (Lymphatic Filariasis)

Causative Microorganism: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi (nematode worms)
Incubation Period: Several months to years
Transmission: Mosquito bites (various species, including Culex, Anopheles, Aedes).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Ongoing mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns to prevent transmission and control morbidity through drugs like ivermectin and albendazole.

47. Cryptosporidiosis

Causative Microorganism: Cryptosporidium species (protozoa)
Incubation Period: 2 to 10 days
Transmission: Fecal-oral route, contaminated water or food, or direct contact with infected individuals or animals.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Focus on improving water treatment, especially in areas where waterborne outbreaks occur, and promoting good hygiene practices.

48. Kala-Azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis)

Causative Microorganism: Leishmania donovani (protozoa)
Incubation Period: 2 to 8 months
Transmission: Bites from infected sandflies.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Increased focus on vector control, early detection, and treatment with antileishmanial drugs, especially in endemic areas such as India, Sudan, and Brazil.

These additional communicable diseases demonstrate the vast array of pathogens and the variety of transmission methods involved. Efforts to develop vaccines, improve public health measures, and control vectors are ongoing in the fight against these global health threats.

49. Echinococcosis (Hydatid Disease)

Causative Microorganism: Echinococcus species (parasitic tapeworms), mainly E. granulosus and E. multilocularis
Incubation Period: Months to years (dependent on cyst growth)
Transmission: Ingestion of food or water contaminated by the eggs of the parasite (typically shed in the feces of infected dogs or wild canids).
Vaccine: No human vaccine, but vaccines for livestock (e.g., sheep) are available in endemic areas to break the parasite life cycle.
New Specifications: Control programs focus on deworming domestic dogs, improving sanitation, and vaccinating livestock in high-risk areas.

50. Tetanus (Lockjaw)

Causative Microorganism: Clostridium tetani (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 3 to 21 days (average 10 days)
Transmission: Entry of spores through wounds, cuts, or puncture injuries (often contaminated with soil, dust, or manure).
Vaccine: Tetanus toxoid vaccine (as part of DTP: Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis vaccine).
New Specifications: Booster doses of the tetanus vaccine are recommended for adults every 10 years, and maternal tetanus vaccination is a key strategy to prevent neonatal tetanus in newborns.

51. Brucellosis

Causative Microorganism: Brucella species (bacteria), primarily Brucella melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis.
Incubation Period: 5 days to several months (usually 1 to 2 months)
Transmission: Direct contact with infected animals (livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs) or ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products.
Vaccine: No human vaccine; vaccines for livestock are available.
New Specifications: Public health measures focus on vaccination of livestock, pasteurization of dairy products, and protection of farm workers from direct exposure.

52. Diphtheria

Causative Microorganism: Corynebacterium diphtheriae (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 2 to 5 days
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, direct contact with infected lesions.
Vaccine: Diphtheria toxoid vaccine (part of the DTP vaccine).
New Specifications: Due to occasional outbreaks, adult booster doses of the diphtheria vaccine are recommended, especially for travelers to areas with low vaccination coverage.

53. Melioidosis

Causative Microorganism: Burkholderia pseudomallei (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 1 to 21 days (can be as short as 24 hours)
Transmission: Inhalation of contaminated dust or water, direct contact with contaminated soil (common in tropical and subtropical regions).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Research into vaccines and improved diagnostics is ongoing. Preventive measures include wearing protective clothing for individuals in high-risk areas, particularly farmers and construction workers.

54. Yaws

Causative Microorganism: Treponema pallidum pertenue (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 9 to 90 days (average 21 days)
Transmission: Direct skin-to-skin contact with infectious lesions.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: WHO is pushing for global eradication through mass treatment campaigns with azithromycin, which has shown great success in reducing transmission in endemic areas.

55. Parvovirus B19 Infection (Fifth Disease/Erythema Infectiosum)

Causative Microorganism: Parvovirus B19 (virus)
Incubation Period: 4 to 14 days (up to 21 days)
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, direct contact with infected individuals.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Preventive measures focus on maintaining hygiene and isolation during outbreaks in schools or child care settings, as the virus is common among children.

56. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)

Causative Microorganism: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (Nairovirus)
Incubation Period: 1 to 13 days (typically 5 to 7 days)
Transmission: Tick bites (especially Hyalomma ticks), contact with infected animal blood, or human-to-human transmission through contact with blood or bodily fluids.
Vaccine: No vaccine widely available for humans.
New Specifications: Ongoing research on vaccine development, with focus on tick control and early detection to prevent outbreaks.

57. Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)

Causative Microorganism: Certain strains of Chlamydia trachomatis (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 3 to 30 days
Transmission: Sexual contact, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Rising cases in some parts of the world have led to increased screening and awareness, especially in high-risk populations.

58. Molluscum Contagiosum

Causative Microorganism: Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) (Poxvirus)
Incubation Period: 2 to 7 weeks
Transmission: Direct skin-to-skin contact, including sexual contact, or through contaminated objects (e.g., towels, clothing).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Treatments focus on cryotherapy, curettage, or topical therapies. Hygiene practices are crucial for preventing spread, particularly in child care settings.

59. Hendra Virus Infection

Causative Microorganism: Hendra virus (Henipavirus)
Incubation Period: 5 to 16 days
Transmission: Direct contact with infected horses (horse-to-human transmission), particularly through body fluids.
Vaccine: Hendra vaccine available for horses, reducing the risk of transmission to humans.
New Specifications: WHO and veterinary health authorities stress vaccinating horses in endemic areas to prevent the spillover of the virus to humans.

60. Strongyloidiasis

Causative Microorganism: Strongyloides stercoralis (parasitic nematode)
Incubation Period: Typically weeks to months
Transmission: Direct skin penetration by infective larvae, commonly through contact with contaminated soil.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Diagnosis and treatment focus on at-risk populations (e.g., individuals in tropical or subtropical regions), with ivermectin being the treatment of choice.

61. Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

Causative Microorganism: Leishmania species (protozoa)
Incubation Period: 2 weeks to several months
Transmission: Bites from infected sandflies.
Vaccine: No vaccine available for humans.
New Specifications: Vector control programs are crucial in endemic areas, and newer therapies for treatment, such as liposomal amphotericin B, are being implemented.

62. Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD)

Causative Microorganism: Enteroviruses, primarily Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71 (EV71)
Incubation Period: 3 to 6 days
Transmission: Direct contact with respiratory secretions, fluid from blisters, or feces of an infected person.
Vaccine: EV71 vaccines are available in some countries (e.g., China) but are not widely used globally.
New Specifications: Emphasis on hygiene, especially in childcare settings, to prevent outbreaks. Ongoing research to develop more accessible vaccines.

63. Erythema Multiforme (EM)

Causative Microorganism: Often triggered by infections such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) or mycoplasma.
Incubation Period: Varies, typically after 1 to 3 weeks post-infection.
Transmission: Not contagious (autoimmune reaction), but the underlying infections like HSV can be transmitted.
Vaccine: No specific vaccine for EM, but vaccines for triggering infections (e.g., HSV vaccines) are under research.
New Specifications: Focus on identifying and managing underlying infections or drug triggers to prevent recurrent EM episodes.

64. Balantidiasis

Causative Microorganism: Balantidium coli (protozoa)
Incubation Period: 3 to 10 days
Transmission: Fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water (primarily in areas with poor sanitation).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Improved sanitation and hygiene are essential preventive measures in endemic areas. Antibiotics, such as tetracycline, are used for treatment.

65. Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM)

Causative Microorganism: Often linked to Enterovirus D68 (virus), though the exact cause can vary.
Incubation Period: Varies, typically a few days to weeks after a viral infection.
Transmission: Respiratory droplets (if linked to enteroviruses).
Vaccine: No vaccine specifically for AFM.
New Specifications: Monitoring for AFM cases has increased globally since outbreaks in 2014, with a focus on early diagnosis and supportive care.

66. Trichinosis

Causative Microorganism: Trichinella species (parasitic roundworms), primarily Trichinella spiralis
Incubation Period: 1 to 2 weeks (depending on the number of larvae ingested)
Transmission: Ingestion of undercooked or raw meat (particularly pork or wild game) containing cysts of the parasite.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Prevention focuses on proper cooking of meat and controlling meat inspection standards to reduce human infections.

67. Ehrlichiosis

Causative Microorganism: Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 5 to 14 days
Transmission: Tick bites (particularly from the lone star tick).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Prevention focuses on avoiding tick bites through protective clothing and the use of insect repellent in areas where ticks are common.

68. Babesiosis

Causative Microorganism: Babesia microti (protozoa)
Incubation Period: 1 to 4 weeks
Transmission: Tick bites (from black-legged ticks), blood transfusions, or from mother to child during pregnancy.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Ongoing efforts to improve blood screening in areas where the disease is prevalent to prevent transfusion-related transmission.

69. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)

Causative Microorganism: Hantavirus (different strains such as Sin Nombre virus)
Incubation Period: 1 to 5 weeks
Transmission: Inhalation of aerosolized particles from rodent urine, droppings, or saliva (primarily deer mice).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Prevention focuses on rodent control and public education to reduce human exposure, especially in rural areas.

70. Tularemia (Rabbit Fever)

Causative Microorganism: Francisella tularensis (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 3 to 5 days (range of 1 to 14 days)
Transmission: Contact with infected animals (rabbits, hares), tick bites, inhalation of contaminated aerosols, or ingestion of contaminated water.
Vaccine: No widely available human vaccine, though investigational vaccines exist for high-risk groups.
New Specifications: Focus on preventing exposure through the use of protective clothing and proper handling of animals in endemic areas.

71. Orf Virus Infection

Causative Microorganism: Orf virus (Parapoxvirus)
Incubation Period: 3 to 6 days
Transmission: Direct contact with infected animals (mainly sheep and goats) or contaminated objects such as tools used in livestock care.
Vaccine: No human vaccine, but vaccines are available for sheep and goats.
New Specifications: Control measures focus on animal vaccination and using protective gloves when handling animals to reduce zoonotic transmission.

72. Glanders

Causative Microorganism: Burkholderia mallei (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 1 to 14 days
Transmission: Contact with infected animals (mainly horses, donkeys, and mules) or inhalation of contaminated aerosols.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Focus on controlling outbreaks in animals through detection and culling, as well as reducing human exposure by proper handling of animals.

73. Toxocariasis

Causative Microorganism: Toxocara species (parasitic roundworms), primarily Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati
Incubation Period: Weeks to months
Transmission: Ingestion of eggs from contaminated soil, water, or food (commonly from dog or cat feces).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Public health initiatives focus on deworming pets, improving hygiene, and educating the public to prevent accidental ingestion of the eggs.

74. Psittacosis (Parrot Fever)

Causative Microorganism: Chlamydia psittaci (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 5 to 14 days
Transmission: Inhalation of dust from bird droppings, feathers, or secretions (commonly from parrots, pigeons, and other birds).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Prevention involves good hygiene practices when handling birds, especially in aviaries or pet shops.

75. Nipah Virus Infection

Causative Microorganism: Nipah virus (Henipavirus)
Incubation Period: 5 to 14 days
Transmission: Direct contact with infected bats, pigs, or humans through body fluids. Consumption of contaminated fruit can also transmit the virus.
Vaccine: No vaccine currently available, though several candidates are in development.
New Specifications: Focus on surveillance in areas where the virus is endemic (such as parts of South and Southeast Asia) and on educating the public to avoid consumption of fruits contaminated by bats.

76. Bartonellosis (Carrion’s Disease)

Causative Microorganism: Bartonella bacilliformis (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 21 to 30 days
Transmission: Bite from infected sandflies (primarily in South American countries like Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Prevention focuses on reducing sandfly exposure through protective clothing and insect repellent in endemic areas.

77. Lyssavirus Infections (Australian Bat Lyssavirus)

Causative Microorganism: Australian Bat Lyssavirus (ABLV)
Incubation Period: 1 to 3 months (similar to rabies)
Transmission: Bites or scratches from infected bats.
Vaccine: Rabies vaccine is used to prevent lyssavirus infections.
New Specifications: Public health measures stress avoiding direct contact with bats and seeking immediate medical attention following any bat exposure.

78. Rat-Bite Fever

Causative Microorganism: Streptobacillus moniliformis (bacteria, in North America) and Spirillum minus (bacteria, in Asia)
Incubation Period: 3 to 10 days
Transmission: Bite or scratch from an infected rodent, or ingestion of food or water contaminated by rodent urine or droppings.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Prevention focuses on rodent control and seeking immediate medical care following a rodent bite.

79. O’nyong-nyong Virus

Causative Microorganism: O’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) (Alphavirus)
Incubation Period: 4 to 7 days
Transmission: Mosquito bites (mainly Anopheles mosquitoes).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Research is ongoing, and preventive measures focus on mosquito control in areas of known outbreaks (mostly East Africa).

80. Murray Valley Encephalitis (MVE)

Causative Microorganism: Murray Valley encephalitis virus (Flavivirus)
Incubation Period: 7 to 28 days
Transmission: Bites from infected mosquitoes (especially Culex species).
Vaccine: No human vaccine available.
New Specifications: Emphasis on mosquito control and surveillance in Australia, where the disease is endemic in certain regions.

81. Erysipeloid

Causative Microorganism: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 1 to 7 days
Transmission: Direct contact with contaminated meat, fish, or animal products, especially in individuals handling animals (butchers, fishmongers).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Prevention focuses on using protective gloves and practicing good hygiene when handling animals and animal products.

82. Chikungunya Fever

Causative Microorganism: Chikungunya virus (Alphavirus)
Incubation Period: 2 to 12 days
Transmission: Mosquito bites (especially Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus).
Vaccine: No vaccine available, but several candidates are under development.
New Specifications: Preventive measures focus on mosquito control and personal protective measures (e.g., insect repellent) in endemic regions.

83. Japanese River Fever (Scrub Typhus)

Causative Microorganism: Orientia tsutsugamushi (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 6 to 21 days
Transmission: Bites from infected chiggers (larval mites).
Vaccine: No widely available vaccine.
New Specifications: Public health measures stress avoiding mite-infested areas and wearing protective clothing in regions where the disease is endemic (parts of Asia and the Pacific).

84. Histoplasmosis

Causative Microorganism: Histoplasma capsulatum (fungus)
Incubation Period: 3 to 17 days
Transmission: Inhalation of spores from soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings, especially in caves or old buildings.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Focus on preventing exposure in endemic areas by avoiding activities that disturb soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings.

85. Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)

Causative Microorganism: Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii (fungi)
Incubation Period: 1 to 3 weeks
Transmission: Inhalation of airborne fungal spores, commonly in desert areas in the southwestern United States, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Public health efforts focus on educating people in endemic areas and minimizing exposure to dust in desert regions.

86. Blastomycosis

Causative Microorganism: Blastomyces dermatitidis (fungus)
Incubation Period: 3 to 15 weeks
Transmission: Inhalation of fungal spores from moist soil, particularly in areas near water bodies like rivers and lakes.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Emphasis on avoiding activities that disturb soil in endemic areas, especially for individuals with weakened immune systems.

87. Leptospirosis

Causative Microorganism: Leptospira species (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 2 days to 4 weeks
Transmission: Contact with water or soil contaminated by urine from infected animals (typically rats, cattle, pigs, and dogs).
Vaccine: Available for livestock and pets in some countries, but no human vaccine widely available.
New Specifications: Public health campaigns in endemic areas promote improved sanitation, rodent control, and protective measures for individuals at high occupational risk (e.g., farmers).

88. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68)

Causative Microorganism: Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68)
Incubation Period: 3 to 5 days
Transmission: Respiratory droplets, direct contact with an infected person’s secretions.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Increased awareness and monitoring due to outbreaks linked to severe respiratory illnesses and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children.

89. Buruli Ulcer

Causative Microorganism: Mycobacterium ulcerans (bacteria)
Incubation Period: Weeks to months
Transmission: Exact mode of transmission is unclear but is thought to occur through contact with contaminated water or soil.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: WHO has designated Buruli ulcer as a neglected tropical disease (NTD), promoting research into treatment and prevention methods.

90. Cutaneous Anthrax

Causative Microorganism: Bacillus anthracis (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 1 to 7 days
Transmission: Direct contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products (e.g., wool, hides).
Vaccine: Anthrax vaccine is available for at-risk individuals, such as military personnel and lab workers.
New Specifications: In endemic areas, public health measures emphasize vaccinating livestock to prevent transmission to humans.

91. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE)

Causative Microorganism: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) (Alphavirus)
Incubation Period: 2 to 5 days
Transmission: Mosquito bites, primarily from Culex mosquitoes.
Vaccine: A vaccine is available for horses, but no human vaccine is widely available.
New Specifications: Efforts focus on mosquito control and protecting individuals in endemic areas, particularly in South and Central America.

92. Sabia Virus Infection (Brazilian Hemorrhagic Fever)

Causative Microorganism: Sabia virus (Arenavirus)
Incubation Period: 6 to 14 days
Transmission: Contact with rodent excreta or human-to-human transmission via body fluids.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Ongoing research into potential vaccines and treatments, with an emphasis on rodent control and isolation of infected individuals to prevent outbreaks.

93. Tungiasis

Causative Microorganism: Tunga penetrans (parasitic flea)
Incubation Period: Hours to days
Transmission: Penetration of the skin by female fleas, usually through contact with sandy or dusty environments.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Prevention focuses on wearing shoes and improving sanitation in endemic areas to reduce the risk of infestation.

94. Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis)

Causative Microorganism: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori (nematode worms)
Incubation Period: Several months to years (for chronic symptoms to appear)
Transmission: Mosquito bites (particularly from Culex mosquitoes).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: WHO promotes mass drug administration (MDA) to eliminate lymphatic filariasis, aiming to interrupt transmission in endemic areas.

95. Chromoblastomycosis

Causative Microorganism: Several fungi, including Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Cladophialophora carrionii
Incubation Period: Weeks to months
Transmission: Traumatic implantation of fungal spores into the skin, often in agricultural workers.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Prevention focuses on wearing protective clothing and footwear in endemic regions to reduce the risk of skin trauma and infection.

96. Yersiniosis

Causative Microorganism: Yersinia enterocolitica (bacteria)
Incubation Period: 4 to 7 days
Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated food (particularly undercooked pork) or water.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Public health efforts focus on proper food handling and cooking practices to prevent infection, particularly in children, who are most susceptible.

97. Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF)

Causative Microorganism: Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (Flavivirus)
Incubation Period: 2 to 10 days
Transmission: Tick bites, contact with infected animals, or through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Research is ongoing into better understanding transmission dynamics, with an emphasis on vector control and improving food safety practices in endemic areas (Saudi Arabia and surrounding regions).

98. Hendra Virus Infection

Causative Microorganism: Hendra virus (Henipavirus)
Incubation Period: 5 to 16 days
Transmission: Close contact with infected horses or their secretions (no known human-to-human transmission).
Vaccine: A vaccine for horses is available to prevent the transmission of the virus from horses to humans.
New Specifications: Public health campaigns focus on vaccinating horses and improving biosecurity measures in equine facilities.

99. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM)

Causative Microorganism: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) (Arenavirus)
Incubation Period: 8 to 13 days
Transmission: Inhalation of particles from rodent urine, droppings, or saliva (mainly house mice).
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: Prevention involves rodent control and avoiding contact with wild or pet rodents, especially for pregnant women, as LCMV can cause congenital infections.

100. Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)

Causative Microorganism: Onchocerca volvulus (nematode worm)
Incubation Period: Months to years (depending on the lifecycle of the parasite)
Transmission: Bites from infected blackflies (genus Simulium), commonly near fast-flowing rivers in Africa and Latin America.
Vaccine: No vaccine available.
New Specifications: WHO’s mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin continues to be the primary strategy for controlling and eventually eliminating onchocerciasis in endemic regions.

Published September 14, 2024By mynursingapp

Categorized as Uncategorised

Recent Posts