Perception Disorders refer to the disturbance or distortion in the way sensory stimuli (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) are interpreted by the brain. These are commonly seen in psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia, mania, depression, delirium, and substance abuse.
🎯 Types of Perception Disorders:
✅ 1. Hallucinations (False Perceptions Without External Stimulus)
The person perceives things that do not exist in reality.
Types of Hallucinations:
Auditory Hallucination: Hearing non-existent voices or sounds (most common in schizophrenia).
Example: Hearing voices commenting or giving commands.
Visual Hallucination: Seeing objects, people, or lights that are not present (common in delirium, substance abuse).
Olfactory Hallucination: Smelling odors that do not exist (often seen in temporal lobe epilepsy).
Gustatory Hallucination: Experiencing nonexistent tastes (rare; seen in epilepsy or brain lesions).
Tactile (Haptic) Hallucination: Feeling touch or movement on the body without stimulus.
Example: Formication – sensation of insects crawling on the skin (common in alcohol withdrawal).
Hypnagogic Hallucination: Occurs while falling asleep (normal phenomenon).
Hypnopompic Hallucination: Occurs while waking up (normal phenomenon).
✅ 2. Illusions (Misinterpretation of Real External Stimuli)
Real objects or stimuli are perceived incorrectly.
Example: Seeing a rope as a snake or a shadow as a person.
Common in delirium, high fever, and severe anxiety.
✅ 3. Depersonalization and Derealization:
Depersonalization: Feeling detached from one’s own body or self (as if watching oneself from outside).
Derealization: Feeling that the external environment is unreal or strange.
Seen in organic brain damage, especially in parietal and occipital lobes.
Types:
Visual Agnosia: Inability to recognize objects by sight.
Auditory Agnosia: Inability to recognize sounds.
Tactile Agnosia: Inability to recognize objects by touch.
✅ 5. Distortions of Perception:
Term
Description
Micropsia
Objects appear smaller than they are.
Macropsia
Objects appear larger than they are.
Metamorphopsia
Objects appear distorted in shape or size.
Dysmegalopsia
Body parts feel distorted in size.
📌 Golden One-Liners for Quick Revision:
🧠 “Auditory hallucination is the most common hallucination in schizophrenia.”
🧠 “Formication is a tactile hallucination often seen in alcohol withdrawal.”
🧠 “Illusion is a misinterpretation of real external stimuli.”
🧠 “Hypnagogic hallucinations occur while falling asleep; Hypnopompic during awakening.”
🧠 “Micropsia and Macropsia are visual perception distortions.”
✅ 1. Which type of hallucination is most commonly seen in schizophrenia?
A) Visual Hallucination B) Auditory Hallucination C) Tactile Hallucination D) Olfactory Hallucination
Correct Answer: B) Auditory Hallucination Rationale: Auditory hallucinations, particularly voices giving commands or commenting, are the most common in schizophrenia.
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✅ 2. A patient feels that insects are crawling under his skin. This is known as:
A) Formication B) Illusion C) Derealization D) Depersonalization
Correct Answer: A) Formication Rationale: Formication is a type of tactile hallucination often seen in alcohol withdrawal or cocaine intoxication.
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✅ 3. Misinterpretation of real external stimuli is called:
A) Hallucination B) Illusion C) Delusion D) Agnosia
Correct Answer: B) Illusion Rationale: Illusion is the incorrect perception of real objects or stimuli, commonly seen in delirium.
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✅ 4. Which term describes the feeling of detachment from one’s own body or thoughts?
A) Derealization B) Depersonalization C) Illusion D) Agnosia
Correct Answer: B) Depersonalization Rationale: Depersonalization is a dissociative symptom where a person feels disconnected from their own self or body.
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✅ 5. A patient cannot recognize common objects by touch despite having intact sensation. This condition is called:
A) Visual Agnosia B) Tactile Agnosia C) Auditory Agnosia D) Derealization
Correct Answer: B) Tactile Agnosia Rationale: Tactile Agnosia is the inability to recognize objects by touch, despite normal sensory function.
✅ 1. What is the most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia?
A) Visual B) Auditory C) Tactile D) Gustatory
Correct Answer: B) Auditory Rationale: Auditory hallucinations, especially voices giving commands or commentary, are the hallmark of schizophrenia.
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✅ 2. Misinterpretation of a rope as a snake is an example of:
A) Hallucination B) Illusion C) Delusion D) Agnosia
Correct Answer: B) Illusion Rationale: Illusion is a misinterpretation of a real external stimulus.
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✅ 3. The false belief that one’s environment has changed or is unreal is known as:
A) Depersonalization B) Derealization C) Delusion D) Illusion
Correct Answer: B) Derealization Rationale: In derealization, the person feels the surroundings are strange or unreal.
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✅ 4. Which of the following is an example of a tactile hallucination?
A) Hearing voices B) Seeing flashing lights C) Feeling insects crawling on the skin D) Smelling a non-existent odor
Correct Answer: C) Feeling insects crawling on the skin Rationale: This is called Formication, a tactile hallucination.
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✅ 5. What is the term for inability to recognize objects visually despite normal vision?
A) Auditory Agnosia B) Visual Agnosia C) Tactile Agnosia D) Depersonalization
Correct Answer: B) Visual Agnosia Rationale: Visual Agnosia results from damage to the occipital lobe and affects object recognition by sight.
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✅ 6. Which type of hallucination involves the perception of non-existent smells?
A) Gustatory B) Olfactory C) Tactile D) Visual
Correct Answer: B) Olfactory Rationale: Olfactory hallucinations are often seen in temporal lobe epilepsy and psychiatric conditions.
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✅ 7. The sensation of tasting unpleasant or unusual flavors without actual food is:
A) Gustatory Hallucination B) Olfactory Hallucination C) Visual Hallucination D) Tactile Hallucination
Correct Answer: A) Gustatory Hallucination Rationale: This involves false taste perceptions and is rare but seen in epilepsy or brain lesions.
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✅ 8. Hypnagogic hallucinations occur:
A) While waking up B) During deep sleep C) While falling asleep D) During seizures
Correct Answer: C) While falling asleep Rationale: Hypnagogic hallucinations are normal phenomena occurring during sleep onset.
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✅ 9. Hypnopompic hallucinations occur:
A) While falling asleep B) While waking up C) During psychosis D) During a seizure
Correct Answer: B) While waking up Rationale: These are normal sensory experiences that occur as a person is waking.
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✅ 10. The feeling of detachment from one’s own body is termed:
A) Depersonalization B) Derealization C) Illusion D) Agnosia
Correct Answer: A) Depersonalization Rationale: Depersonalization is a dissociative symptom where the individual feels disconnected from themselves.
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✅ 11. Which disorder is most commonly associated with auditory hallucinations?
A) Schizophrenia B) Depression C) Generalized Anxiety Disorder D) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Correct Answer: A) Schizophrenia Rationale: Auditory hallucinations are the most common perceptual disturbance in schizophrenia.
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✅ 12. Perceiving objects as larger than their actual size is called:
A) Micropsia B) Macropsia C) Dysmegalopsia D) Metamorphopsia
Correct Answer: B) Macropsia Rationale: Macropsia is a distortion of visual perception where objects appear larger.
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✅ 13. Perceiving objects as smaller than their actual size is known as:
A) Micropsia B) Macropsia C) Dysmegalopsia D) Derealization
Correct Answer: A) Micropsia Rationale: Micropsia is a visual distortion seen in migraine aura and some neurological conditions.
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✅ 14. What is the inability to recognize familiar sounds despite normal hearing called?
A) Visual Agnosia B) Auditory Agnosia C) Tactile Agnosia D) Depersonalization
Correct Answer: B) Auditory Agnosia Rationale: Auditory Agnosia occurs due to lesions in the temporal lobe affecting sound interpretation.
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✅ 15. Feeling of insects crawling under the skin is called:
A) Illusion B) Formication C) Derealization D) Depersonalization
Correct Answer: B) Formication Rationale: Formication is a type of tactile hallucination seen in alcohol withdrawal (Delirium Tremens).
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✅ 16. Which of the following is a primary perceptual disturbance in Delirium?
A) Visual Hallucinations B) Auditory Hallucinations C) Delusions D) Depersonalization
Correct Answer: A) Visual Hallucinations Rationale: Visual hallucinations are more common in organic conditions like delirium.
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✅ 17. Which of the following is a sensory misperception rather than a true hallucination?
A) Illusion B) Visual Hallucination C) Tactile Hallucination D) Olfactory Hallucination
Correct Answer: A) Illusion Rationale: Illusions involve misinterpretation of real stimuli, not the creation of false perceptions.
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✅ 18. Which brain area is primarily responsible for visual perception disturbances?
A) Frontal Lobe B) Temporal Lobe C) Occipital Lobe D) Parietal Lobe
Correct Answer: C) Occipital Lobe Rationale: The occipital lobe is responsible for visual processing.
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✅ 19. The term for distortion of body image where the person feels their body parts are larger or smaller is:
A) Macropsia B) Micropsia C) Dysmegalopsia D) Agnosia
Correct Answer: C) Dysmegalopsia Rationale: Dysmegalopsia involves distorted perception of the size of body parts.
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✅ 20. A patient cannot recognize objects by touch despite having normal tactile sensation. This is called:
A) Visual Agnosia B) Auditory Agnosia C) Tactile Agnosia D) Depersonalization
Correct Answer: C) Tactile Agnosia Rationale: Tactile agnosia results from parietal lobe damage.
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✅ 21. Which of the following is a normal phenomenon, not a pathological hallucination?
A) Hypnagogic Hallucination B) Tactile Hallucination C) Visual Hallucination D) Auditory Hallucination
Correct Answer: A) Hypnagogic Hallucination Rationale: Hypnagogic hallucinations occur during sleep onset and are normal in healthy individuals.
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✅ 22. Seeing distorted shapes and figures is referred to as:
A) Dysmegalopsia B) Metamorphopsia C) Derealization D) Micropsia
Correct Answer: B) Metamorphopsia Rationale: Metamorphopsia involves distortion of the shape of objects, often seen in retinal diseases.
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✅ 23. Which perceptual disorder involves the sense of unreality about the surroundings?
A) Depersonalization B) Derealization C) Illusion D) Agnosia
Correct Answer: B) Derealization Rationale: Derealization makes the environment feel unreal or dream-like.
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✅ 24. Which condition is associated with olfactory hallucinations (uncinate fits)?
A) Frontal Lobe Tumor B) Temporal Lobe Epilepsy C) Occipital Lobe Lesion D) Parietal Lobe Injury
Correct Answer: B) Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Rationale: Olfactory hallucinations are common in temporal lobe epilepsy.
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✅ 25. Feeling detached from one’s mind or body is characteristic of:
A) Depersonalization B) Derealization C) Delusion D) Illusion
Correct Answer: A) Depersonalization Rationale: Depersonalization is a dissociative symptom causing detachment from self.
📚 Mood Disorders (Affective Disorders)
✅ Definition:
Mood Disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by disturbances in a person’s emotional state or mood, ranging from extreme sadness (depression) to elevated mood (mania). These disturbances affect social, occupational, and personal functioning.
🎯 Classification of Mood Disorders (As per ICD-10 & DSM-5):
✅ 1. Depressive Disorders:
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD):
Persistent low mood, loss of interest in pleasurable activities (anhedonia), fatigue, sleep disturbances, and suicidal thoughts.
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia):
Chronic mild depression lasting for more than 2 years.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD):
Severe mood symptoms before menstruation.
Postpartum Depression:
Depression following childbirth.
✅ 2. Bipolar Disorders:
Bipolar I Disorder:
At least one episode of mania with or without depressive episodes.
Bipolar II Disorder:
Episodes of hypomania and major depression but no full manic episodes.
Cyclothymic Disorder:
Recurrent mild mood swings between hypomania and mild depression for at least 2 years.
✅ 3. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD):
Depression that occurs seasonally, typically in winter due to lack of sunlight.
✅ Types of Mood Episodes:
Mood Episode
Key Features
Mania
Elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased sleep, grandiosity, reckless behavior. Lasts at least 1 week.
Hypomania
Similar to mania but milder; lasts at least 4 days; does not cause severe functional impairment.
🧠 “Lithium is the gold standard drug for Bipolar Disorder.”
🧠 “Hypomania does not cause severe functional impairment, unlike mania.”
🧠 “Seasonal Affective Disorder is treated with light therapy.”
🧠 “Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is used in severe depression with suicidal risk.”
✅ 1. Which of the following is the gold standard treatment for Bipolar Disorder?
A) Fluoxetine B) Haloperidol C) Lithium D) Diazepam
Correct Answer: C) Lithium Rationale: Lithium is the first-line mood stabilizer used to treat and prevent manic and depressive episodes in Bipolar Disorder.
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✅ 2. A patient presents with an elevated mood, increased energy, decreased sleep, and grandiosity lasting for 5 days without significant functional impairment. This episode is best described as:
A) Mania B) Hypomania C) Depression D) Mixed Episode
Correct Answer: B) Hypomania Rationale: Hypomania is a milder form of mania lasting at least 4 days without severe social or occupational impairment.
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✅ 3. Which of the following symptoms is a hallmark feature of Major Depressive Disorder?
A) Elevated mood B) Grandiosity C) Anhedonia D) Excessive spending
Correct Answer: C) Anhedonia Rationale: Anhedonia is the loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities and is a core feature of depression.
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✅ 4. Which mood disorder is characterized by chronic mood swings between mild depression and hypomania for at least 2 years?
A) Cyclothymic Disorder B) Bipolar I Disorder C) Bipolar II Disorder D) Dysthymia
Correct Answer: A) Cyclothymic Disorder Rationale: Cyclothymic Disorder involves chronic fluctuations between mild depressive and hypomanic symptoms without meeting full criteria for major mood episodes.
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✅ 5. Which therapy is most effective for treating Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?
A) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy B) Light Therapy C) Psychoanalysis D) Electroconvulsive Therapy
Correct Answer: B) Light Therapy Rationale: Light therapy is the first-line treatment for SAD, as the condition is often linked to reduced sunlight exposure during winter months.
✅ 1. Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with depression?
A) Acetylcholine B) Dopamine C) Serotonin D) Histamine
Correct Answer: C) Serotonin Rationale: Depression is mainly associated with decreased serotonin levels, along with norepinephrine and dopamine imbalances.
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✅ 2. Which drug is the first-line mood stabilizer for Bipolar Disorder?
A) Lithium B) Fluoxetine C) Diazepam D) Haloperidol
Correct Answer: A) Lithium Rationale: Lithium is the gold-standard mood stabilizer used in Bipolar Disorder to manage mania and prevent mood swings.
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✅ 3. The presence of both manic and depressive symptoms at the same time is called:
A) Hypomania B) Mixed Episode C) Cyclothymia D) Dysthymia
Correct Answer: B) Mixed Episode Rationale: Mixed episodes involve simultaneous features of depression and mania, often leading to high suicide risk.
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✅ 4. Which therapy is most effective for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?
A) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) B) Light Therapy C) Psychoanalysis D) ECT
Correct Answer: B) Light Therapy Rationale: Light therapy helps correct melatonin and serotonin imbalances caused by lack of sunlight.
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✅ 5. A patient with Bipolar II Disorder experiences:
A) At least one manic episode B) Only depressive episodes C) Hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes D) Only hypomanic episodes
Correct Answer: C) Hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes Rationale: Bipolar II Disorder involves recurrent depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes but no full manic episodes.
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✅ 6. Which of the following is not a symptom of mania?
A) Increased energy B) Decreased need for sleep C) Suicidal ideation D) Grandiosity
Correct Answer: C) Suicidal ideation Rationale: Suicidal ideation is typically associated with depression, not mania.
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✅ 7. Which of the following best describes Dysthymia?
A) Severe episodes of depression B) Chronic mild depression for at least 2 years C) Alternating episodes of mania and depression D) Recurrent episodes of hypomania
Correct Answer: B) Chronic mild depression for at least 2 years Rationale: Dysthymia (Persistent Depressive Disorder) involves long-term, low-grade depression.
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✅ 8. Which of the following is a symptom of major depressive disorder?
A) Flight of ideas B) Increased libido C) Anhedonia D) Hyperactivity
Correct Answer: C) Anhedonia Rationale: Anhedonia is the loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyable activities and is a key feature of depression.
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✅ 9. A bipolar patient exhibiting reckless spending, decreased sleep, and hyperactivity is most likely experiencing:
A) Depression B) Hypomania C) Mania D) Cyclothymia
Correct Answer: C) Mania Rationale: These are typical symptoms of mania, characterized by increased energy and impulsive behaviors.
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✅ 10. The minimum duration required to diagnose a manic episode is:
A) 1 day B) 3 days C) 4 days D) 7 days
Correct Answer: D) 7 days Rationale: A manic episode must last at least 7 days unless hospitalization is required sooner.
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✅ 11. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is indicated in:
A) Mild depression B) Treatment-resistant depression with suicidal risk C) Bipolar II disorder D) Cyclothymic disorder
Correct Answer: B) Treatment-resistant depression with suicidal risk Rationale: ECT is highly effective for severe depression when rapid symptom relief is required.
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✅ 12. Which of the following antidepressant classes is most commonly used today?
A) MAOIs B) TCAs C) SSRIs D) Lithium
Correct Answer: C) SSRIs Rationale: SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline) are preferred due to their efficacy and lower side-effect profile.
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✅ 13. Which cognitive therapy is widely used for managing depression?
A) Psychoanalysis B) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) C) Electroconvulsive Therapy D) Aversion Therapy
Correct Answer: B) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Rationale: CBT helps correct negative thinking patterns contributing to depression.
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✅ 14. Which symptom is not characteristic of hypomania?
A) Elevated mood B) Severe functional impairment C) Increased energy D) Decreased need for sleep
Correct Answer: B) Severe functional impairment Rationale: Hypomania does not cause significant functional impairment, unlike mania.
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✅ 15. The Beck Depression Inventory is used to:
A) Assess anxiety levels B) Diagnose mania C) Measure severity of depression D) Assess cognitive impairment
Correct Answer: C) Measure severity of depression Rationale: Beck Depression Inventory is a standardized tool to assess the severity of depressive symptoms.
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✅ 16. Which mood disorder is most associated with postpartum onset?
A) Bipolar Disorder B) Major Depressive Disorder C) Postpartum Depression D) Cyclothymia
Correct Answer: C) Postpartum Depression Rationale: This occurs within 4 weeks postpartum and requires prompt intervention to prevent harm to the mother or baby.
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✅ 17. Which drug class should be avoided in patients with a high risk of suicide due to its toxicity in overdose?
A) SSRIs B) SNRIs C) TCAs D) Benzodiazepines
Correct Answer: C) TCAs Rationale: Tricyclic antidepressants have a narrow therapeutic index and can be fatal in overdose.
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✅ 18. Which of the following is a negative cognitive distortion commonly found in depression?
A) Magnification of failures B) Positive future outlook C) Selective attention to success D) Overestimation of strengths
Correct Answer: A) Magnification of failures Rationale: Depressed individuals tend to magnify negative experiences and minimize positive ones.
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✅ 19. Cyclothymic disorder requires symptoms to be present for a minimum of:
A) 6 months B) 1 year C) 2 years D) 3 years
Correct Answer: C) 2 years Rationale: The DSM-5 criteria specify at least 2 years of fluctuating hypomanic and depressive symptoms.
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✅ 20. What is the most serious complication of untreated severe depression?
A) Mania B) Substance abuse C) Suicide D) Somatic symptoms
Correct Answer: C) Suicide Rationale: Depression is the leading cause of suicide, highlighting the need for early intervention.
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✅ 21. Which therapy is most effective in severe, suicidal depression?
A) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy B) Group Therapy C) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) D) Psychoeducation
Correct Answer: C) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Rationale: ECT is used for life-threatening depression requiring immediate improvement.
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✅ 22. Which symptom is part of the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder but not for Dysthymia?
A) Low energy B) Depressed mood C) Anhedonia D) Poor concentration
Correct Answer: C) Anhedonia Rationale: Anhedonia is a key symptom of Major Depressive Disorder and not typically seen in Dysthymia.
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✅ 23. Which of the following best describes a manic episode?
A) Low energy and fatigue B) Elevated mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep C) Depressed mood with suicidal thoughts D) Stable mood with occasional anxiety
Correct Answer: B) Elevated mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep Rationale: These are hallmark features of a manic episode.
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✅ 24. Which class of drugs can trigger a manic episode in susceptible individuals?
A) Benzodiazepines B) Antidepressants (SSRIs) C) Beta-blockers D) Antihistamines
Correct Answer: B) Antidepressants (SSRIs) Rationale: Antidepressants can precipitate mania in patients with undiagnosed Bipolar Disorder.
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✅ 25. Which of the following is a feature of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?
A) Occurs primarily during summer B) Associated with increased sunlight exposure C) Occurs mostly during winter months D) Characterized by episodes of mania
Correct Answer: C) Occurs mostly during winter months Rationale: SAD is triggered by reduced sunlight during winter, leading to depressive symptoms.
📘 Speech Disorders (Speech Disturbances)
✅ Definition:
Speech disorders are conditions that affect a person’s ability to produce sounds correctly or fluently or have problems with voice quality. In psychiatry, speech disturbances are often linked to thought disorders, neurological conditions, or emotional disturbances.
🎯 Types of Speech Disorders:
✅ 1. Disorders of Speech Production:
a) Aphasia (Dysphasia):
Loss or impairment of the ability to speak or understand language due to brain damage.
Types:
Broca’s (Expressive) Aphasia: Non-fluent, labored speech with good comprehension (frontal lobe damage).
Wernicke’s (Receptive) Aphasia: Fluent but meaningless speech with poor comprehension (temporal lobe damage).
Global Aphasia: Both expressive and receptive abilities impaired.
b) Dysarthria:
Defective articulation of speech due to motor dysfunction of the speech muscles (slurred speech). Seen in stroke, Parkinson’s disease.
c) Apraxia of Speech:
Impaired ability to plan and coordinate the movements required for speech despite intact muscles.
✅ 2. Disorders of Speech Fluency:
a) Stuttering (Stammering):
Frequent repetition or prolongation of sounds, syllables, or words, disrupting fluency.
b) Cluttering:
Rapid and disorganized speech resulting in reduced speech intelligibility.
✅ 3. Psychiatric Speech Disorders (Associated with Mental Illness):
Speech Disorder
Description
Common in
Pressure of Speech
Rapid, excessive speech that is difficult to interrupt.
Mania
Poverty of Speech
Reduced speech output.
Schizophrenia (Negative Symptoms)
Mutism
Complete absence of speech.
Catatonia, Conversion Disorder
Echolalia
Repetition of words spoken by others.
Schizophrenia, Autism
Neologism
Creation of new, meaningless words.
Schizophrenia
Verbigeration
Meaningless repetition of phrases.
Schizophrenia
Clang Association
Speech based on rhyming words rather than meaning.
Mania
Flight of Ideas
Rapid shifting of ideas without logical connections.
Mania
Blocking
Sudden halt in speech due to sudden loss of thought.
Schizophrenia
✅ 4. Disorders of Voice (Paraphonia):
a) Dysphonia: Weak, hoarse, or strained voice quality.
b) Aphonia: Complete loss of voice without organic cause (seen in Conversion Disorder).
📌 Golden One-Liners for Quick Revision:
🧠 “Broca’s aphasia: Broken speech but good understanding.”
🧠 “Wernicke’s aphasia: Fluent speech but poor understanding.”
🧠 “Mutism is the absence of speech despite consciousness.”
🧠 “Pressure of speech and flight of ideas are features of mania.”
🧠 “Echolalia is a characteristic speech pattern in schizophrenia and autism.”
✅ 1. Which type of aphasia is characterized by fluent but meaningless speech and poor comprehension?
A) Broca’s Aphasia B) Wernicke’s Aphasia C) Global Aphasia D) Anomic Aphasia
Correct Answer: B) Wernicke’s Aphasia Rationale: Wernicke’s aphasia involves fluent but nonsensical speech and poor understanding due to damage in the temporal lobe.
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✅ 2. The repetition of words or phrases spoken by others is known as:
A) Echolalia B) Neologism C) Clang Association D) Perseveration
Correct Answer: A) Echolalia Rationale: Echolalia is commonly seen in schizophrenia and autism, where the patient repeats what others say.
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✅ 3. Which speech disturbance is typically seen in mania?
A) Poverty of Speech B) Mutism C) Pressure of Speech D) Thought Blocking
Correct Answer: C) Pressure of Speech Rationale: In mania, patients often speak rapidly and excessively, making it difficult to interrupt them.
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✅ 4. The creation of new, meaningless words is called:
A) Verbigeration B) Neologism C) Clang Association D) Echolalia
Correct Answer: B) Neologism Rationale: Neologism is the formation of new, often meaningless words, commonly seen in schizophrenia.
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✅ 5. Which condition is associated with sudden interruption of speech due to a loss of thought?
A) Thought Blocking B) Cluttering C) Echolalia D) Dysarthria
Correct Answer: A) Thought Blocking Rationale: Thought blocking is common in schizophrenia, where the patient suddenly stops speaking mid-sentence due to a lapse in thought.
✅ 1. Which type of aphasia is also called “Expressive Aphasia”?
A) Broca’s Aphasia B) Wernicke’s Aphasia C) Global Aphasia D) Conduction Aphasia
Correct Answer: A) Broca’s Aphasia Rationale: Broca’s aphasia results in non-fluent, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension.
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✅ 2. The inability to articulate speech clearly due to muscle weakness is called:
A) Apraxia of Speech B) Dysarthria C) Aphonia D) Echolalia
Correct Answer: B) Dysarthria Rationale: Dysarthria involves slurred or unclear articulation of speech due to motor dysfunction of speech muscles.
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✅ 3. Repeating words or phrases of others is known as:
A) Neologism B) Echolalia C) Clang Association D) Mutism
Correct Answer: B) Echolalia Rationale: Echolalia is often seen in schizophrenia and autism.
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✅ 4. In which of the following conditions is pressure of speech most commonly observed?
A) Schizophrenia B) Mania C) Depression D) Catatonia
Correct Answer: B) Mania Rationale: Pressure of speech is rapid, excessive, and difficult to interrupt, typical of manic episodes.
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✅ 5. Which of the following is NOT a formal thought disorder related to speech?
A) Poverty of Speech B) Mutism C) Delusion D) Clang Association
Correct Answer: C) Delusion Rationale: Delusion is a thought content disorder, not a speech disorder.
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✅ 6. The creation of new meaningless words is called:
A) Neologism B) Echolalia C) Clang Association D) Verbigeration
Correct Answer: A) Neologism Rationale: Commonly seen in schizophrenia, where patients invent new words.
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✅ 7. Which term describes meaningless repetition of words or phrases?
A) Verbigeration B) Echolalia C) Perseveration D) Cluttering
Correct Answer: A) Verbigeration Rationale: Verbigeration is a symptom of schizophrenia where phrases or sentences are repeated without meaning.
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✅ 8. Sudden stoppage of speech mid-sentence is called:
A) Perseveration B) Thought Blocking C) Echolalia D) Mutism
Correct Answer: B) Thought Blocking Rationale: Seen in schizophrenia, it occurs due to sudden loss of train of thought.
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✅ 9. Which of the following is a speech disorder characterized by rapid, disorganized speech with poor intelligibility?
A) Cluttering B) Stuttering C) Echolalia D) Apraxia
Correct Answer: A) Cluttering Rationale: Cluttering results in fast, erratic, and poorly organized speech.
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✅ 10. Which type of aphasia is associated with fluent but meaningless speech and poor comprehension?
A) Broca’s Aphasia B) Wernicke’s Aphasia C) Global Aphasia D) Anomic Aphasia
Correct Answer: B) Wernicke’s Aphasia Rationale: Wernicke’s aphasia is also called “Receptive Aphasia,” involving impaired comprehension.
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✅ 11. A person uses rhyming words without logical connection. This is called:
A) Neologism B) Clang Association C) Echolalia D) Perseveration
Correct Answer: B) Clang Association Rationale: Clang association is commonly seen in mania, where speech is driven by sounds and rhymes.
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✅ 12. Complete absence of speech despite consciousness is termed as:
A) Aphonia B) Mutism C) Stuttering D) Cluttering
Correct Answer: B) Mutism Rationale: Mutism is observed in catatonia, severe depression, or conversion disorder.
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✅ 13. Which condition is associated with “Flight of Ideas”?
A) Depression B) Schizophrenia C) Mania D) Catatonia
Correct Answer: C) Mania Rationale: Flight of ideas involves rapid shifting from one topic to another, typical of mania.
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✅ 14. Inability to initiate speech despite having normal language comprehension and articulation is:
A) Apraxia of Speech B) Dysarthria C) Anomic Aphasia D) Aphonia
Correct Answer: A) Apraxia of Speech Rationale: Apraxia of speech results from difficulty planning and coordinating motor movements for speech.
·
✅ 15. Which of the following is an organic cause of mutism?
A) Depression B) Conversion Disorder C) Brain Tumor affecting Broca’s Area D) Catatonia
Correct Answer: C) Brain Tumor affecting Broca’s Area Rationale: Damage to the speech production center can cause organic mutism.
·
✅ 16. Which of the following drugs can cause slurred speech (Dysarthria)?
A) Benzodiazepines B) SSRIs C) Antihistamines D) Beta-blockers
Correct Answer: A) Benzodiazepines Rationale: Sedatives and CNS depressants like benzodiazepines can cause motor incoordination leading to slurred speech.
·
✅ 17. Aphasia affecting both comprehension and expression is termed as:
A) Broca’s Aphasia B) Wernicke’s Aphasia C) Global Aphasia D) Anomic Aphasia
Correct Answer: C) Global Aphasia Rationale: Global aphasia results from extensive damage to language areas affecting both production and understanding of language.
·
✅ 18. Which speech disturbance is most commonly observed in negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
A) Pressure of Speech B) Poverty of Speech C) Clang Association D) Flight of Ideas
Correct Answer: B) Poverty of Speech Rationale: Negative symptoms include reduced emotional expression and speech output.
·
✅ 19. Which of the following is an example of a fluency disorder?
A) Stuttering B) Dysarthria C) Broca’s Aphasia D) Wernicke’s Aphasia
Correct Answer: A) Stuttering Rationale: Stuttering is a speech fluency disorder involving repetition and prolongation of sounds.
·
✅ 20. Which part of the brain is primarily involved in speech comprehension?
A) Frontal Lobe B) Temporal Lobe (Wernicke’s Area) C) Parietal Lobe D) Occipital Lobe
Correct Answer: B) Temporal Lobe (Wernicke’s Area) Rationale: Wernicke’s area is responsible for language comprehension.
·
✅ 21. Which part of the brain is responsible for speech production?
A) Wernicke’s Area B) Broca’s Area C) Occipital Lobe D) Hippocampus
Correct Answer: B) Broca’s Area Rationale: Broca’s area, located in the frontal lobe, is involved in speech production.
·
✅ 22. Which disorder is characterized by difficulty finding words despite normal comprehension and fluency?
A) Anomic Aphasia B) Wernicke’s Aphasia C) Broca’s Aphasia D) Dysarthria
Correct Answer: A) Anomic Aphasia Rationale: Anomic aphasia involves word-finding difficulties but normal speech fluency and comprehension.
·
✅ 23. Which speech disturbance is common in children and often resolves spontaneously?
A) Cluttering B) Stuttering C) Mutism D) Neologism
Correct Answer: B) Stuttering Rationale: Stuttering is common in young children learning language and often improves without intervention.
·
✅ 24. Loss of voice without any organic cause is termed as:
A) Aphasia B) Dysarthria C) Aphonia D) Mutism
Correct Answer: C) Aphonia Rationale: Aphonia is the loss of voice due to psychological factors, typically seen in conversion disorder.
·
✅ 25. Which of the following is considered a normal developmental phase but may become a disorder if persistent?
A) Echolalia B) Stuttering C) Clang Association D) Verbigeration
Correct Answer: B) Stuttering Rationale: Stuttering is common in early childhood but becomes a disorder if it persists beyond 5 years of age.
📘 Memory Disorders (Amnestic Disorders)
✅ Definition:
Memory disorders involve partial or complete loss of memory or difficulty in recalling information due to psychological, neurological, or organic causes. They affect the individual’s ability to store, retain, and recall information.
🎯 Types of Memory:
Type
Description
Immediate Memory
Recall of information within seconds (e.g., repeating a phone number).
Short-Term Memory
Recall of information over minutes to hours (e.g., what you ate for breakfast).
Long-Term Memory
Recall of information stored over days, months, or years.
🎯 Types of Memory Disorders:
✅ 1. Amnesia:
Definition: Partial or total inability to recall past experiences or form new memories.
Types:
Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories after the onset of illness/injury (common in head trauma, Korsakoff’s Syndrome).
Retrograde Amnesia: Inability to recall memories formed before the illness/injury.
Transient Global Amnesia: Sudden, temporary loss of memory affecting both past and recent events.
Lacunar Amnesia: Loss of memory for a specific event or period (often seen in trauma or dissociation).
✅ 2. Confabulation:
Filling memory gaps with fabricated stories without the intention to deceive.
Seen in Korsakoff’s Psychosis (Thiamine deficiency).
✅ 3. Paramnesia:
Distortion of memory or confusion between reality and imagination.
Déjà vu: Feeling of familiarity with new experiences.
Jamais vu: Feeling that familiar events are unfamiliar.
✅ 4. Hyperamnesia:
Abnormally vivid or enhanced memory recall, often seen in PTSD or during hypnosis.
✅ 5. Hypomnesia:
Reduced memory function, commonly seen in depression and anxiety.
✅ 6. Pseudodementia:
Apparent memory loss due to depression rather than true organic brain damage.
🎯 Organic Causes of Memory Disorders:
Alzheimer’s Disease
Korsakoff’s Syndrome (due to chronic alcoholism and thiamine deficiency)
Dementia (Vascular, Lewy Body, Frontotemporal)
Traumatic Brain Injury
Brain Tumors
Hypoxia or Stroke
✅ Diagnostic Tools for Memory Disorders:
Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE)
Wechsler Memory Scale
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
Brain Imaging: MRI, CT Scan (to rule out organic causes)
📌 Golden One-Liners for Quick Revision:
🧠 “Anterograde amnesia affects the ability to form new memories.”
🧠 “Confabulation is characteristic of Korsakoff’s Syndrome.”
🧠 “Pseudodementia is seen in depression, not true dementia.”
🧠 “Déjà vu is the false feeling of familiarity with new situations.”
🧠 “Hypomnesia is common in anxiety and depressive disorders.”
✅ 1. Inability to form new memories after a head injury is called:
A) Retrograde Amnesia B) Anterograde Amnesia C) Lacunar Amnesia D) Transient Global Amnesia
Correct Answer: B) Anterograde Amnesia Rationale: Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories following the onset of brain injury or disease.
·
✅ 2. Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of Korsakoff’s Syndrome?
A) Déjà vu B) Hyperamnesia C) Confabulation D) Hypomnesia
Correct Answer: C) Confabulation Rationale: In Korsakoff’s Syndrome (often due to thiamine deficiency in chronic alcoholism), patients fill memory gaps with fabricated stories without realizing they are false.
·
✅ 3. The false sense of familiarity with a new situation is known as:
A) Jamais vu B) Déjà vu C) Confabulation D) Paramnesia
Correct Answer: B) Déjà vu Rationale: Déjà vu is the feeling that a new experience has already been experienced before.
·
✅ 4. Which memory disorder is most commonly associated with depression rather than organic brain damage?
A) Alzheimer’s Disease B) Pseudodementia C) Korsakoff’s Syndrome D) Lacunar Amnesia
Correct Answer: B) Pseudodementia Rationale: Pseudodementia presents with apparent cognitive deficits in elderly patients due to depression, not true organic impairment.
·
✅ 5. Which of the following is a tool used to assess memory and cognitive function?
A) Glasgow Coma Scale B) MMSE (Mini-Mental Status Examination) C) Braden Scale D) APGAR Score
Correct Answer: B) MMSE (Mini-Mental Status Examination) Rationale: MMSE is widely used for quick assessment of memory, orientation, attention, and language functions.
✅ 1. Which type of amnesia involves inability to recall events before the onset of brain injury?
A) Anterograde Amnesia B) Retrograde Amnesia C) Lacunar Amnesia D) Transient Global Amnesia
Correct Answer: B) Retrograde Amnesia Rationale: Retrograde amnesia affects memory of events prior to the onset of injury.
·
✅ 2. Which condition is characterized by both anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
A) Transient Global Amnesia B) Lacunar Amnesia C) Confabulation D) Hyperamnesia
Correct Answer: A) Transient Global Amnesia Rationale: Transient Global Amnesia is a sudden, temporary memory loss affecting both past and recent events.
·
✅ 3. Which brain region is most associated with memory function?
A) Frontal Lobe B) Hippocampus C) Occipital Lobe D) Parietal Lobe
Correct Answer: B) Hippocampus Rationale: The hippocampus plays a crucial role in the formation and consolidation of new memories.
·
✅ 4. Pseudodementia is most commonly seen in which condition?
A) Schizophrenia B) Depression C) Alzheimer’s Disease D) Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Correct Answer: B) Depression Rationale: Pseudodementia is apparent memory loss caused by depression, not true cognitive decline.
·
✅ 5. Confabulation is commonly observed in which syndrome?
A) Wernicke’s Encephalopathy B) Korsakoff’s Syndrome C) Alzheimer’s Disease D) Vascular Dementia
Correct Answer: B) Korsakoff’s Syndrome Rationale: Korsakoff’s Syndrome, caused by chronic alcoholism and thiamine deficiency, leads to memory gaps often filled by fabricated stories.
·
✅ 6. Which vitamin deficiency is associated with Korsakoff’s Syndrome?
A) Vitamin B6 B) Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) C) Vitamin B12 D) Vitamin D
Correct Answer: B) Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Rationale: Thiamine deficiency, often due to chronic alcoholism, causes Korsakoff’s Syndrome.
·
✅ 7. The phenomenon of experiencing something for the first time but feeling it is familiar is called:
A) Déjà vu B) Jamais vu C) Confabulation D) Hyperamnesia
Correct Answer: A) Déjà vu Rationale: Déjà vu is the false feeling of familiarity in a new situation.
·
✅ 8. The experience of perceiving a familiar situation as unfamiliar is known as:
A) Déjà vu B) Jamais vu C) Paramnesia D) Hypomnesia
Correct Answer: B) Jamais vu Rationale: Jamais vu is the opposite of déjà vu, where familiar events feel unfamiliar.
·
✅ 9. Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of Alzheimer’s Disease?
A) Hyperamnesia B) Confabulation C) Progressive memory loss D) Increased concentration
Correct Answer: C) Progressive memory loss Rationale: Alzheimer’s Disease involves gradual and progressive memory decline.
·
✅ 10. Which test is commonly used to assess cognitive and memory function in elderly patients?
A) MMSE (Mini-Mental Status Examination) B) APGAR Score C) Braden Scale D) Glasgow Coma Scale
Correct Answer: A) MMSE (Mini-Mental Status Examination) Rationale: MMSE is a standard tool for assessing cognitive impairment and memory loss.
·
✅ 11. Which of the following is an example of long-term memory?
A) Remembering a phone number just heard B) Recalling childhood memories C) Repeating a word immediately after hearing it D) Remembering what was eaten this morning
Correct Answer: B) Recalling childhood memories Rationale: Long-term memory stores information over extended periods, such as years or decades.
·
✅ 12. Which disorder is characterized by loss of memory for a specific event or time period?
A) Anterograde Amnesia B) Lacunar Amnesia C) Retrograde Amnesia D) Transient Global Amnesia
Correct Answer: B) Lacunar Amnesia Rationale: Lacunar amnesia is memory loss confined to a particular event or period.
·
✅ 13. Which of the following is a distortion of memory where imagination is confused with reality?
A) Confabulation B) Paramnesia C) Hyperamnesia D) Hypomnesia
Correct Answer: B) Paramnesia Rationale: Paramnesia refers to distortion of memory, including déjà vu and jamais vu phenomena.
·
✅ 14. Hyperamnesia is commonly observed in which condition?
A) Dementia B) PTSD C) Alzheimer’s Disease D) Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Correct Answer: B) PTSD Rationale: Hyperamnesia involves unusually vivid memories, often traumatic, as seen in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
·
✅ 15. Reduced memory function is termed as:
A) Hyperamnesia B) Hypomnesia C) Confabulation D) Lacunar Amnesia
Correct Answer: B) Hypomnesia Rationale: Hypomnesia is decreased ability to remember, often seen in depression and anxiety.
·
✅ 16. Which part of the brain is first affected in Alzheimer’s Disease?
A) Occipital Lobe B) Hippocampus C) Cerebellum D) Basal Ganglia
Correct Answer: B) Hippocampus Rationale: The hippocampus, vital for memory formation, is the earliest affected area in Alzheimer’s.
·
✅ 17. Which of the following is NOT a true memory disorder?
A) Pseudodementia B) Korsakoff’s Syndrome C) Alzheimer’s Disease D) Dementia
Correct Answer: A) Pseudodementia Rationale: Pseudodementia is a false appearance of memory loss due to depression, not actual organic memory impairment.
·
✅ 18. Which cognitive test evaluates executive functioning and memory?
A) Rinne’s Test B) MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) C) Babinski Test D) Apgar Score
Correct Answer: B) MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) Rationale: MoCA is widely used to detect mild cognitive impairment and early dementia.
·
✅ 19. Which memory disorder is most associated with chronic alcohol dependence?
A) Korsakoff’s Syndrome B) Alzheimer’s Disease C) Hyperamnesia D) Jamais vu
Correct Answer: A) Korsakoff’s Syndrome Rationale: Korsakoff’s Syndrome results from long-term alcohol abuse leading to thiamine deficiency.
·
✅ 20. Which of the following best defines “Confabulation”?
A) Loss of past memories B) Sudden loss of speech C) Filling memory gaps with fabricated stories D) Rapid recall of traumatic events
Correct Answer: C) Filling memory gaps with fabricated stories Rationale: Confabulation occurs without intent to deceive, common in Korsakoff’s Syndrome.
·
✅ 21. Which condition is most associated with memory distortion and confusion between real and imagined events?
A) Paramnesia B) Confabulation C) Hyperamnesia D) Lacunar Amnesia
Correct Answer: A) Paramnesia Rationale: Paramnesia involves confusion between fantasy and reality, affecting memory accuracy.
·
✅ 22. Which is the most serious complication of untreated Korsakoff’s Syndrome?
A) Seizures B) Irreversible memory loss C) Psychosis D) Motor Paralysis
Correct Answer: B) Irreversible memory loss Rationale: If not treated promptly with thiamine, Korsakoff’s leads to permanent memory damage.
·
✅ 23. Which of the following is a non-organic cause of memory loss?
A) Hypoxia B) Depression (Pseudodementia) C) Alzheimer’s Disease D) Stroke
Correct Answer: B) Depression (Pseudodementia) Rationale: Pseudodementia presents as memory loss without actual brain pathology, caused by depression.
·
✅ 24. The most common cause of memory impairment in elderly patients is:
A) Korsakoff’s Syndrome B) Depression C) Alzheimer’s Disease D) Brain Tumor
Correct Answer: C) Alzheimer’s Disease Rationale: Alzheimer’s is the leading cause of progressive memory decline in older adults.
·
✅ 25. Which tool is best suited for assessing both memory and orientation in clinical settings?
A) MoCA B) Visual Acuity Test C) Romberg Test D) Apgar Score
Correct Answer: A) MoCA Rationale: MoCA evaluates memory, executive functioning, attention, and orientation.
Concentration or attention disorders refer to difficulties in focusing, sustaining, or shifting attention effectively. These disorders can be seen in various psychiatric and neurological conditions, affecting academic, occupational, and social functioning.
🎯 Normal Components of Attention:
Selective Attention: Focusing on a specific stimulus while ignoring distractions.
Sustained Attention: Maintaining attention over a prolonged period.
Divided Attention: Paying attention to multiple tasks simultaneously.
Shifted Attention: Ability to switch focus from one task to another.
✅ Types of Concentration (Attention) Disorders:
✅ 1. Distractibility:
Inability to maintain attention on one task; easily distracted by irrelevant stimuli.
Seen in: Mania, Anxiety, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Schizophrenia.
✅ 2. Hypervigilance:
Excessive attention to environmental stimuli, often leading to anxiety and restlessness.
Seen in: PTSD, Anxiety Disorders.
✅ 3. Impaired Attention and Concentration:
Inability to focus or sustain attention.
Seen in: Depression, Schizophrenia (Negative Symptoms), Dementia.
✅ 4. Inattentiveness (Attention Deficit):
Difficulty sustaining attention, often accompanied by forgetfulness and distractibility.
Seen in: ADHD.
✅ 5. Perseveration:
Repetition of the same thought or response despite new stimuli.
Seen in: Organic Brain Disorders, Schizophrenia.
✅ Common Causes of Concentration Disorders:
Psychiatric Causes
Neurological/Organic Causes
ADHD
Head Injury/Trauma
Anxiety Disorders
Dementia (Alzheimer’s, Vascular)
Depression
Brain Tumors
Mania
Epilepsy
Schizophrenia
Stroke
✅ Assessment Tools for Attention and Concentration:
🧠 “Distractibility is prominent in mania and anxiety disorders.”
🧠 “Hypervigilance is a classic symptom of PTSD.”
🧠 “MMSE is used to assess attention, memory, and orientation.”
🧠 “Perseveration is the pathological repetition of words or actions.”
✅ 1. Which mental disorder is most commonly associated with inattention and poor concentration in children?
A) Depression B) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) C) Schizophrenia D) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Correct Answer: B) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rationale: Inattention and distractibility are core features of ADHD, especially affecting academic and social performance in children.
·
✅ 2. The tendency to be excessively alert to environmental stimuli is known as:
A) Perseveration B) Distractibility C) Hypervigilance D) Selective Attention
Correct Answer: C) Hypervigilance Rationale: Hypervigilance is often seen in PTSD and anxiety disorders, where individuals are overly alert and sensitive to potential threats.
·
✅ 3. In which condition is distractibility a prominent symptom?
A) Mania B) Major Depressive Disorder C) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder D) Catatonia
Correct Answer: A) Mania Rationale: Distractibility is a diagnostic criterion for mania, where patients rapidly shift focus and are unable to concentrate on one task.
·
✅ 4. Which test is commonly used in clinical settings to assess concentration and attention?
A) Glasgow Coma Scale B) Serial 7s Test C) Rinne’s Test D) Apgar Score
Correct Answer: B) Serial 7s Test Rationale: The Serial 7s Test (subtracting 7 repeatedly from 100) is used in MMSE to assess attention and concentration.
·
✅ 5. Which of the following is NOT a typical cause of impaired concentration?
A) Depression B) Anxiety C) High Intelligence D) Dementia
Correct Answer: C) High Intelligence Rationale: High intelligence does not cause concentration impairment. Instead, psychiatric and organic brain disorders often lead to poor concentration.
✅ 1. Which psychiatric condition is primarily associated with attention and concentration problems in children?
A) Depression B) ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) C) Schizophrenia D) PTSD
Correct Answer: B) ADHD Rationale: Inattention, distractibility, and hyperactivity are key symptoms of ADHD, affecting concentration significantly.
·
✅ 2. Excessive alertness to environmental stimuli is called:
A) Hypervigilance B) Distractibility C) Perseveration D) Anhedonia
Correct Answer: A) Hypervigilance Rationale: Hypervigilance is a state of increased sensitivity to surroundings, seen especially in PTSD.
·
✅ 3. Which of the following is an assessment tool for evaluating concentration and attention?
A) Apgar Score B) Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) C) Braden Scale D) GCS
Correct Answer: B) MMSE Rationale: MMSE includes tasks specifically designed to assess attention, concentration, and memory.
·
✅ 4. Distractibility is most commonly seen in:
A) Depression B) Mania C) Catatonia D) Anxiety
Correct Answer: B) Mania Rationale: Distractibility is a diagnostic criterion for mania; patients are unable to focus and easily distracted.
·
✅ 5. Which of the following conditions is associated with “Hypervigilance”?
A) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder B) PTSD C) Bipolar Depression D) Catatonic Schizophrenia
Correct Answer: B) PTSD Rationale: Patients with PTSD are often hyper-alert to perceived dangers, a symptom known as hypervigilance.
·
✅ 6. Repeating the same word or response despite new stimuli is known as:
A) Perseveration B) Echolalia C) Clang Association D) Neologism
Correct Answer: A) Perseveration Rationale: Perseveration is a disturbance of attention and thought, often seen in organic brain disorders.
·
✅ 7. A patient repeatedly fails to complete tasks because of easy distractibility. Which diagnosis is most likely?
A) Depression B) ADHD C) Schizophrenia D) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Correct Answer: B) ADHD Rationale: Inattention and inability to sustain focus are hallmark features of ADHD.
·
✅ 8. Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in attention and concentration regulation?
A) Serotonin B) Norepinephrine C) GABA D) Histamine
Correct Answer: B) Norepinephrine Rationale: Norepinephrine plays a significant role in attention, arousal, and concentration.
·
✅ 9. Which test is commonly used to assess sustained attention in psychological evaluations?
A) Serial 7s Test B) Rinne’s Test C) Apgar Test D) Glasgow Coma Scale
Correct Answer: A) Serial 7s Test Rationale: Serial subtraction tasks like Serial 7s are used to assess attention and concentration.
·
✅ 10. In which of the following disorders is “Selective Inattention” most likely observed?
A) PTSD B) Bipolar Disorder C) ADHD D) Dissociative Disorders
Correct Answer: A) PTSD Rationale: In PTSD, patients may avoid focusing on stimuli associated with the trauma, leading to selective inattention.
·
✅ 11. Impaired concentration and poor attention span are common cognitive symptoms of:
A) Anxiety B) Depression C) Both A and B D) None
Correct Answer: C) Both A and B Rationale: Both anxiety and depression can lead to reduced concentration due to ruminative thinking and fatigue.
·
✅ 12. In which condition is attention span typically increased?
A) Anxiety Disorders B) Manic Episodes C) Depressive Episodes D) None of the Above
Correct Answer: D) None of the Above Rationale: All listed conditions are associated with impaired, not increased, attention span.
·
✅ 13. Which of the following is NOT a recognized attention disorder?
A) Distractibility B) Perseveration C) Echolalia D) Hypervigilance
Correct Answer: C) Echolalia Rationale: Echolalia is a speech disorder, not directly related to attention.
·
✅ 14. Which medication is commonly used to improve attention in children with ADHD?
A) Fluoxetine B) Haloperidol C) Methylphenidate D) Diazepam
Correct Answer: C) Methylphenidate Rationale: Methylphenidate is a stimulant used to enhance attention and reduce hyperactivity in ADHD.
·
✅ 15. Attention and concentration are functions of which part of the brain?
A) Occipital Lobe B) Parietal Lobe C) Frontal Lobe D) Temporal Lobe
Correct Answer: C) Frontal Lobe Rationale: The frontal lobe, particularly the prefrontal cortex, is responsible for attention control and executive functions.
·
✅ 16. Which of the following is the most common cognitive deficit in major depressive disorder?
A) Hallucinations B) Impaired Concentration C) Euphoria D) Grandiosity
Correct Answer: B) Impaired Concentration Rationale: Difficulty concentrating is a common cognitive symptom of depression.
·
✅ 17. Divided attention refers to:
A) Focusing on one task while ignoring others B) Quickly shifting attention from one task to another C) Paying attention to multiple tasks at once D) Maintaining attention over a long period
Correct Answer: C) Paying attention to multiple tasks at once Rationale: Divided attention allows individuals to process multiple sources of information simultaneously.
·
✅ 18. Which is NOT a characteristic of ADHD?
A) Hyperactivity B) Inattention C) Sustained Focus D) Impulsivity
Correct Answer: C) Sustained Focus Rationale: Difficulty maintaining sustained focus is a key feature of ADHD.
·
✅ 19. Which test is used in neuropsychological evaluation to assess shifting attention?
A) Trail Making Test B) Serial 7s Test C) Digit Span Test D) Visual Field Test
Correct Answer: A) Trail Making Test Rationale: This test assesses attention switching, visual-motor tracking, and cognitive flexibility.
·
✅ 20. Which of the following is a sign of impaired attention in schizophrenia?
A) Poverty of Speech B) Distractibility C) Pressure of Speech D) Elevated Mood
Correct Answer: B) Distractibility Rationale: Patients with schizophrenia may have difficulty sustaining attention and are easily distracted.
·
✅ 21. Which type of attention is required for continuous monitoring of a task over time?
A) Selective Attention B) Sustained Attention C) Divided Attention D) Shifted Attention
Correct Answer: B) Sustained Attention Rationale: Sustained attention helps maintain focus on a specific task for extended periods.
·
✅ 22. Which of the following is NOT an effective treatment approach for attention disorders?
A) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) B) Environmental Modification C) Antipsychotic Medications D) Cognitive Training
Correct Answer: C) Antipsychotic Medications Rationale: Antipsychotics are not used to treat attention disorders like ADHD; stimulants and behavioral therapies are preferred.
·
✅ 23. Which condition is most associated with perseveration of thoughts?
A) Depression B) Organic Brain Syndrome C) PTSD D) OCD
Correct Answer: B) Organic Brain Syndrome Rationale: Perseveration is often seen in brain damage or neurodegenerative conditions affecting cognitive flexibility.
·
✅ 24. Which symptom is a negative prognostic factor for attention recovery after brain injury?
A) Motivation for Rehabilitation B) Early Intervention C) Long Duration of Coma D) Younger Age
Correct Answer: C) Long Duration of Coma Rationale: A longer coma duration is associated with more severe cognitive deficits, including attention impairment.
·
✅ 25. Which attention disturbance is characterized by repeated, purposeless motor acts without awareness?
A) Stereotypy B) Perseveration C) Echolalia D) Hypervigilance
Correct Answer: A) Stereotypy Rationale: Stereotypy involves repetitive, non-functional behaviors, often seen in developmental disorders like autism.
📚 Judgment Disorders (Impairment of Judgment)
✅ Definition:
Judgment refers to the ability to assess situations accurately and make sound decisions based on logical reasoning. Judgment disorders involve impaired decision-making, poor insight, and inability to foresee consequences of actions.
🎯 Normal Components of Judgment:
Social Judgment: Making appropriate decisions in social situations.
Personal Judgment: Ability to make decisions regarding self-care, health, and personal safety.
Test Judgment: Ability to solve hypothetical situations logically (used in clinical assessments).
✅ Types of Judgment Disorders:
✅ 1. Impaired Judgment:
Inability to make appropriate decisions in day-to-day life.
Seen in:
Schizophrenia
Mania (e.g., reckless spending, risky sexual behaviors)
Substance Use Disorders
Dementia (e.g., wandering, unsafe behaviors)
✅ 2. Loss of Insight (Poor Self-Awareness):
Patient is unaware or denies their illness or abnormal behavior.
Common in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (mania), and dementia.
✅ 3. Risky and Impulsive Decision-Making:
Seen in mania, antisocial personality disorder, and substance abuse.
Leads to behaviors like dangerous driving, gambling, and unsafe sexual activities.
✅ 4. Judgmental Rigidity:
Inability to adapt decisions to new or changing situations.
Seen in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and some cases of autism spectrum disorder.
Test Judgment: Use hypothetical questions, e.g., “What would you do if you found a stamped, addressed envelope on the road?”
Insight Evaluation: Assess whether the patient acknowledges their mental condition.
✅ Management of Judgment Disorders:
Underlying Cause
Treatment
Schizophrenia
Antipsychotics, Psychoeducation
Mania
Mood Stabilizers (Lithium), CBT
Dementia
Cognitive Therapy, Environmental Safety
Substance Abuse
Detoxification, Rehabilitation Programs
📌 Golden One-Liners for Quick Revision:
🧠 “Impaired judgment is a key symptom of mania.”
🧠 “Loss of insight is common in schizophrenia and bipolar mania.”
🧠 “Frontal lobe damage leads to poor judgment and disinhibition.”
🧠 “Judgment is tested using hypothetical scenarios in mental status examinations.”
🧠 “Risk-taking behaviors are hallmarks of impaired judgment in mania and substance use.”
✅ 1. Impaired judgment with risky behaviors like excessive spending and unsafe sexual activity is commonly seen in:
A) Depression B) Mania (Bipolar Disorder) C) Schizophrenia D) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Correct Answer: B) Mania (Bipolar Disorder) Rationale: Mania is characterized by elevated mood, impulsivity, and poor judgment leading to risky behaviors.
·
✅ 2. A patient is unaware of their illness and denies having any abnormal behavior. This is known as:
A) Confabulation B) Delusion C) Loss of Insight D) Perseveration
Correct Answer: C) Loss of Insight Rationale: Loss of insight is a lack of awareness regarding one’s own mental illness, common in schizophrenia and mania.
·
✅ 3. Which brain region is most involved in judgment and decision-making?
A) Temporal Lobe B) Occipital Lobe C) Frontal Lobe D) Parietal Lobe
Correct Answer: C) Frontal Lobe Rationale: The frontal lobe, particularly the prefrontal cortex, regulates decision-making, impulse control, and social behavior.
·
✅ 4. Which of the following personality disorders is associated with poor judgment and repeated violations of social norms?
A) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder B) Antisocial Personality Disorder C) Histrionic Personality Disorder D) Avoidant Personality Disorder
Correct Answer: B) Antisocial Personality Disorder Rationale: Antisocial Personality Disorder is marked by impulsivity, lack of remorse, and poor judgment regarding the consequences of actions.
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✅ 5. Which hypothetical question is commonly used to assess judgment during mental status examination?
A) “Do you feel sad often?” B) “What would you do if you found a stamped, addressed envelope on the road?” C) “How many digits can you recall backward?” D) “Can you describe your childhood?”
Correct Answer: B) “What would you do if you found a stamped, addressed envelope on the road?” Rationale: Hypothetical scenarios like this help assess practical judgment and problem-solving abilities.
✅ 1. Impaired judgment is most prominently seen in which phase of Bipolar Disorder?
A) Depressive Phase B) Manic Phase C) Remission Phase D) Hypomanic Phase
Correct Answer: B) Manic Phase Rationale: During mania, patients exhibit poor judgment and impulsive behavior like reckless spending and unsafe sexual activities.
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✅ 2. Which of the following is the brain area most responsible for judgment and decision-making?
A) Occipital Lobe B) Frontal Lobe C) Temporal Lobe D) Parietal Lobe
Correct Answer: B) Frontal Lobe Rationale: The prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe controls judgment, planning, and social behavior.
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✅ 3. Loss of insight is a common finding in which disorder?
A) Depression B) Schizophrenia C) OCD D) Anxiety Disorder
Correct Answer: B) Schizophrenia Rationale: Lack of insight is a characteristic feature in schizophrenia, where patients are unaware of their illness.
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✅ 4. Which hypothetical question is used to assess judgment clinically?
A) “How do you feel today?” B) “What would you do if you smelled gas at home?” C) “Can you count backward from 100?” D) “Who is the Prime Minister of India?”
Correct Answer: B) “What would you do if you smelled gas at home?” Rationale: Hypothetical situations are presented to assess the patient’s problem-solving and judgment abilities.
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✅ 5. Which personality disorder is associated with poor judgment and lack of remorse after harming others?
A) Antisocial Personality Disorder B) Histrionic Personality Disorder C) Avoidant Personality Disorder D) Borderline Personality Disorder
Correct Answer: A) Antisocial Personality Disorder Rationale: Individuals with antisocial traits show impulsivity and disregard for societal norms and consequences.
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✅ 6. Which of the following is a sign of impaired personal judgment?
A) Spending all savings impulsively B) Dressing appropriately for the weather C) Seeking help when sick D) Avoiding unsafe places at night
Correct Answer: A) Spending all savings impulsively Rationale: This indicates poor personal financial judgment, commonly seen in mania.
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✅ 7. In which condition is impaired social judgment commonly observed?
A) Generalized Anxiety Disorder B) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder C) Autism Spectrum Disorder D) Hypochondriasis
Correct Answer: C) Autism Spectrum Disorder Rationale: People with autism often have difficulty understanding social situations and norms.
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✅ 8. A patient insists that they are not ill despite clear evidence of schizophrenia. This is an example of:
A) Delusion B) Denial C) Loss of Insight D) Rationalization
Correct Answer: C) Loss of Insight Rationale: Loss of insight is a common phenomenon in schizophrenia, where patients deny their illness.
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✅ 9. Which of the following is a key cognitive function involved in making sound judgments?
A) Memory B) Attention C) Executive Function D) Hallucination
Correct Answer: C) Executive Function Rationale: Executive functions, controlled by the frontal lobe, are responsible for planning, judgment, and decision-making.
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✅ 10. Which mental health condition frequently results in impulsive, poorly planned decisions and regret afterward?
A) Anxiety Disorder B) Bipolar Disorder (Manic Phase) C) Depressive Disorder D) PTSD
Correct Answer: B) Bipolar Disorder (Manic Phase) Rationale: Mania often leads to impulsive and risky decisions without considering consequences.
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✅ 11. Which medication is used to stabilize mood and improve judgment in Bipolar Disorder?
A) Diazepam B) Lithium C) Fluoxetine D) Haloperidol
Correct Answer: B) Lithium Rationale: Lithium is the gold-standard mood stabilizer that helps control manic symptoms and poor judgment.
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✅ 12. Which cognitive screening tool includes a section on judgment assessment?
A) Glasgow Coma Scale B) Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) C) Apgar Score D) Visual Analog Scale
Correct Answer: B) MMSE Rationale: MMSE evaluates orientation, memory, and judgment using hypothetical situations.
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✅ 13. Which of the following is an example of impaired test judgment?
A) Patient chooses to mail a lost letter found on the road. B) Patient says they will destroy the letter found on the road. C) Patient ignores the lost letter. D) Patient hands over the letter to authorities.
Correct Answer: B) Patient says they will destroy the letter found on the road. Rationale: Destroying the letter is an inappropriate response, indicating poor judgment.
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✅ 14. Judgmental rigidity is commonly observed in which personality disorder?
A) Borderline Personality Disorder B) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder C) Histrionic Personality Disorder D) Antisocial Personality Disorder
Correct Answer: B) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Rationale: These individuals have difficulty adapting their decisions to changing circumstances.
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✅ 15. Impaired judgment and loss of recent memory are early signs of:
A) Schizophrenia B) Bipolar Disorder C) Alzheimer’s Disease D) PTSD
Correct Answer: C) Alzheimer’s Disease Rationale: Alzheimer’s involves progressive cognitive decline starting with impaired memory and judgment.
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✅ 16. Which type of judgment involves solving hypothetical scenarios logically?
A) Personal Judgment B) Social Judgment C) Test Judgment D) Emotional Judgment
Correct Answer: C) Test Judgment Rationale: Test judgment assesses logical decision-making using imaginary situations.
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✅ 17. Which of the following indicates impaired insight and poor judgment in a patient with schizophrenia?
A) Adherence to medication B) Denial of hallucinations C) Refusing treatment despite active psychotic symptoms D) Seeking counseling support
Correct Answer: C) Refusing treatment despite active psychotic symptoms Rationale: This reflects loss of insight and poor judgment about personal health needs.
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✅ 18. In dementia, impaired judgment is often linked with damage to which brain region?
A) Occipital Lobe B) Temporal Lobe C) Parietal Lobe D) Frontal Lobe
Correct Answer: D) Frontal Lobe Rationale: The frontal lobe governs decision-making and judgment, often affected early in dementia.
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✅ 19. What is the term for a person making inappropriate decisions in social situations, like inappropriate joking at funerals?
A) Poor Social Judgment B) Impulsivity C) Loss of Insight D) Perseveration
Correct Answer: A) Poor Social Judgment Rationale: Poor social judgment leads to behavior that is socially unacceptable or inappropriate.
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✅ 20. Which of the following is NOT typically associated with impaired judgment?
A) Schizophrenia B) Bipolar Disorder (Manic Phase) C) High Intelligence D) Frontal Lobe Lesion
Correct Answer: C) High Intelligence Rationale: High intelligence does not impair judgment; in fact, it often improves decision-making capacity.
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✅ 21. Which behavior indicates impaired personal safety judgment in dementia patients?
A) Avoiding crowded areas B) Leaving the stove unattended while cooking C) Wearing warm clothes during winter D) Asking for help when feeling unwell
Correct Answer: B) Leaving the stove unattended while cooking Rationale: This is a common example of impaired judgment leading to personal safety risks.
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✅ 22. Which mental disorder is most commonly associated with impulsivity and impaired financial judgment?
A) Depression B) Mania (Bipolar Disorder) C) Generalized Anxiety Disorder D) Schizophrenia
Correct Answer: B) Mania (Bipolar Disorder) Rationale: Patients in a manic phase often spend recklessly without concern for consequences.
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✅ 23. A person repeatedly makes the same poor decisions despite negative outcomes. This is known as:
A) Perseveration B) Insightful Learning C) Good Judgment D) Risk Aversion
Correct Answer: A) Perseveration Rationale: Perseveration involves repetitive, inappropriate responses even when they lead to negative outcomes.
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✅ 24. Lack of concern for personal health despite a serious illness suggests:
A) Anhedonia B) Poor Personal Judgment C) Insight D) Hypervigilance
Correct Answer: B) Poor Personal Judgment Rationale: Ignoring health conditions is an example of impaired personal judgment.
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✅ 25. Which therapeutic approach is most helpful in improving judgment in patients with mood and psychotic disorders?
A) Psychoanalysis B) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) C) Hypnotherapy D) Art Therapy
Correct Answer: B) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Rationale: CBT helps patients develop healthier thinking patterns and improve decision-making and problem-solving skills.