24/09/2024

Q-1 a. What is attitude?

Attitude is the way a person behaves or reacts in a particular manner in any situation.

A person’s behavior, according to his beliefs, can be called his attitude towards that person’s attitude towards that thing or situation.

Attitude can be positive, negative or neutral.

b. How attitude is formed?

Whatever experience a person gets from his surrounding environment is important for the formation of his attitude towards that thing or situation. The following factors are very important for the formation of this attitude.

Family..

Family is a very important factor for the formation of attitude. A person spends a lot of his time in the family and gets information about any thing or person through parents and other members. Based on this information, his attitude towards that person or thing is formed. This attitude can be negative, positive or neutral.

Pierce..

In this, a person gets information by spending time with people of his same age, friends, neighbors, etc. By coming in contact with him, this information towards any thing or person helps him to develop his attitude.

Condition..

The environment around a person plays a very important role in developing his attitude. The situation that a person goes through or adjusts to, determines his positive or negative attitude towards that situation. If any condition gives a positive experience to a person, then the experience of that condition is positive for that person. If this condition gives a negative experience, then a negative attitude can also develop.

Instruction..

When any instruction or understanding is given by any person towards any person or thing, a negative or positive attitude is generated towards that person or thing. This attitude is also based on our understanding power.

Imitation..

This is very important for learning anything. When any child tries to copy anything from his parents around him and tries to behave accordingly. Which helps in developing his attitude.

Observation..

When any person observes the person or thing around him, he is influenced by any of their behavior and due to this his attitude also changes.

Apart from this, many social and economic sectors are very important for developing attitude. Neighborhood, school environment, friends, social media and other things are very important for the development of attitude.

c. How will nurse change the negative attitude of patient in to a positive one?

While working with a patient in a hospital, the attitude of a nurse has a very important impact on the patient. A nurse’s positive attitude is very important to change the attitude of the patient and to convert it into a positive attitude.

It is a difficult task to change the attitude of any person, but it can be changed through positive attitude and proper communication.

In order for a nurse to communicate well to change the negative attitude of the patient, she should have the qualities of a good communicator.

In which the nurse should focus on the patient’s problem with the intention of changing the attitude. During communication, the nurse should know about the patient’s likes and the factors that affect communication.

The nurse should respect the patient’s attitude and should also help him accept it.

To change the attitude of the patient, the nurse must constantly inform him with new information. Giving new information can also change his attitude.

The nurse should use mass media in the hospital and use role play to help the patient improve his misconceptions and change his attitude.

If the attitude is not right, the reason should be found and after knowing this reason, the patient should be helped to change his attitude.

OR

a. What is personality?

A person uses the word personality in different ways in his life. Some people limit the use of the word personality only to physical appearance, structure and color. But personality is the overall characteristics of a person. In which a person is good or bad, strong or weak, all these things are covered. We use the word personality in our life in a large proportion.

The word personality means persona which means like a mask. During the Greek drama, the actors there used to use this.

After that, this word has also been used by different psychologists. Personality shows the overall quality of a person. In which a person’s habits, thinking, attitude, interest and his philosophy of life etc. are covered. Every aspect of this personality can be seen through the behavior of a person which completely distinguishes one person from another and creates his personal identity.

Personality refers to the totality of an individual’s abilities, characteristics, and behavior, whether naturally present or artificially developed, that distinguish them from other individuals to some or more extent.

b. Write down factors influencing on personality.

Personality is the overall behavior of a person. The behavior and personality of one person and another are different despite being together. For which many factors are important to develop.

1. Biological factor..

This is a major factor for the development of personality. It is also called physiological factor. In this, many systems in a person’s body work differently. Mainly the nervous system, endocrine system are the main systems that control the growth, development and behavior of the body. Due to the normal function of this system, there are chances of a person’s personality developing positively. If the function of this system is not normal, then abnormalities related to growth and development can be seen in the person, which ultimately affects his personality.

Biological factors include a person’s biological clock, his food habits, the amount of nutrition in his body, whether there is any disease in the body or not, all these things can have a positive and negative effect on the development of personality.

2. Socio-cultural factors.

A person’s family, his society, his surrounding environment and culture are the factors that affect personality development to a very large extent.

The behavior of parents with the child in the family, the relationship of children with their peer group, his school and other environments are also factors that affect personality development.

3. Psychological factors.

This is an important factor that affects personality. In which a person’s psychology and his behavior are very important for the development of personality.

A person’s intelligence, their interests, their attitude, thinking, social relationships – all of these things can have a positive and negative impact on a person’s personality.

c. Explain stages of Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality development.

Stages of Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Personality Development:

Sigmund Freud, a famous psychologist, proposed a theory of different stages of the mind for the development of human personality. According to him, personality develops in different stages, which are based on the physical and mental experiences of the child. Freud called these stages as Psychosexual Stages, in which personality is formed by the interaction of mental components such as Id, Ego and Superego.

1. Oral Stage: From birth to 1 year

This stage lasts from birth to about 1 year. At this time, the child mainly explores the world through his mouth, such as sucking, chewing, and swallowing.

Features:

The mouth is the center of a child’s pleasure.

It is important for the baby to drink mother’s milk during this stage.

If this stage is not passed properly, the person may show symptoms like dependency, over-dependence.

Example:
The baby examines objects with his mouth and feels comfort by chewing.

2. Anal Stage: From 1 to 3 years

In this stage, the baby focuses on the anal part of his body. During this time, children are taught bowel control, which is important in the development of their personality.

Features:

The baby tries to gain independence and control.

Success or failure in bowel control can bring orderliness or disorderliness in their personality.

In this stage, an “obedient” or “rebellious” nature develops.

Example:
A child who is being trained in the toilet begins to understand his independence and control.

3. Phallic Stage: From 3 to 6 years

In this stage, the child focuses on the gender of his body (Phallic). Freud introduced the theory of Oedipus Complex in this stage, in which children experience complex feelings about their relationship with their parents.

Features:

Children become aware of their gender differences.

They experience feelings of love and competition towards their parents.

During this stage, children develop a conscience and values.

Example:
A boy becomes very attached to his mother and feels competitive with his father.

4. Latency Stage: From 6 to 12 years

This stage is considered a peaceful time in children’s lives, where their sexual feelings are repressed and they focus on developing social, intellectual, and language skills.

Features:

Children focus on friendships, hobbies, and academic activities.

Sexual feelings are repressed, but remain important in personality development.

The superego (moral part of the mind) becomes stronger during this stage.

Example:
The child takes an interest in sports and forms strong relationships with friends.

5. Genital Stage: After 12 years (adolescence)

In this stage, sexual feelings again deepen and manifest, but they are now mature and balanced. In this stage, the person establishes his/her identity and forms loving and emotional relationships.

Features:

The person becomes ready for sexual relationships. Love, empathy, and balanced emotions develop. A strong self-identity develops.

Example:
In adolescence, the person forms loving relationships and finds his/her direction in life.

Important points of Freud’s stages of personality development:

1. Psychosexual Stages: Personality development is based on the pleasure centers of different parts of the body.
2. Oedipus Complex: The child experiences complex feelings about his relationship with his parents.
3. Id, Ego, and Superego: These three components of personality are responsible for mental balance.

Sigmund Freud’s stages of personality development show that the formation of a person’s personality is based on childhood experiences. These stages have a profound influence on a person’s behavior, feelings, and thoughts throughout life.

Q-2 a) Explain types of conflict.

DEFINITION

A state of opposition between two or more ideas, interests, goals, etc. Conflict develops when there is a clash between two groups, between the internal and external environment.

Conflict persists until a person cannot choose one option from several.

What is conflict?

A struggle between people with opposing needs, desires, or demands.

TYPES OF CONFLICT:

According to source, conflict can be of three types:

Interpersonal conflict: Conflict between two people

For example, conflict between husband and wife, conflict between parents and children, conflict between small group and large group, conflict between boss and employee.

Intrapersonal conflict: Conflict within a person

For example, his desires, goals and objectives.

It is also called internal conflict because this conflict occurs within the person.

Conflict between person and his environment: Conflict between a person and his environment

Conflicts caused by changes in the environment such as floods, earthquakes, wars, etc.

A person has to struggle against these situations.

According to goal, conflict can be of the following types:

Approach-approach conflict: Positive positive goals

When there is a conflict between two equally attractive goals, the situation is known as approach approach conflict

For example, a person wants to go to a movie in the evening and at the same time wants to watch a cricket match.

Avoidance-avoidance conflict: Negative- Negative Goals

When there is a conflict between two negative goals, the situation is known as avoidance-avoidance conflict.

For example, a student hates to complete his school assignment, but he also dislikes the punishment he will receive if he fails to do it. He wants to avoid both if possible.

Approach-avoidant conflict: Positive – Negative Conflict

When a person is attracted to a positive goal but this goal also has some negative characteristics, the situation is known as approach-avoidance conflict.

For example, a girl may want to get married, but at the same time, she may be afraid of moving away from her home and her family.

b) Write different between short term and long-term memory.

Short term memory :

Short term memory is also known as ‘working memory’.

Various experiments have shown that memory remains in our conscious and preconscious mind for a short period of time, which is called short term memory.

The storage capacity of short term memory is very limited. Short term memory stores information for a short period of 15 to 30 seconds and can remember six to seven things at a time.

This information is made up of sound, image, word and sentence.

When new information is received, this old information is forgotten.

This short term memory can be transferred to long term memory through maintenance or rehearsal.

For example, by revising the notes given in the lecture, these notes can be stored in long term memory.

Long term memory :

This type of memory has unlimited information storage capacity.

This memory has unlimited capacity to store information for days, months, years and even a lifetime.

Long term memory is a complex process. A person stores information through various types of experiences and files the information according to categories. And reproduces it when needed.

Due to long term memory, we always remember our name, our father’s name, date of birth and personal data life time.

There are two types of long term memory:

Explicit / Declerative memory (with conscious recall)

Implicit / non Declerative memory (without conscious recall)

OR

a) Describe the controlling measures of frustration.

Controlling Measures of Frustration:

Frustration is a mental state in which a person experiences feelings of sadness, dissatisfaction, and irritation when his expectations or goals are not met. Controlling frustration is important so that a person can remain mentally healthy and achieve success in life. Below are various measures to control frustration:

1. Positive Thinking:

The most important way to control frustration is to adopt a positive outlook. Try to find positive aspects even in difficult situations. This keeps the mind calm and energized.

Example:
Develop a mindset like “I can learn something from this situation.”

2. Self-awareness and Self-reflection:

It is important to reflect on your thoughts, feelings, and behavior when you feel frustrated. Understand yourself why you feel frustrated and find the right solution.

Example:
“Why am I feeling irritable? Am I clearer about my goals?”

3. Meditation and Yoga for Mental Peace:

Meditation and Yoga reduce mental stress and provide inner peace. Keeping the mind calm through daily meditation is the best way to protect yourself from frustration.

Example:
Focus on your breathing for 10 minutes every day.

4. Proper Handling of Emotions:

When you feel frustrated, it is important to express your feelings appropriately instead of suppressing them. For this, talk to a trusted person or write in a journal.

Example:
“I have been feeling very sad today, but I will talk about it to ease my mind.”

5. Re-evaluate Your Goals:

Sometimes frustration can be the reason why our goals are inappropriate or unattainable. Re-evaluate your goals and find practical ways to achieve them.

Example:
“My goal is too big, maybe I should break it down into smaller steps.”

6. Exercise and Physical Activity:

Physical activity refreshes the mind and reduces stress. Regular exercise releases endorphins in the body, which give a feeling of happiness and peace.

Example:
Activities like running, swimming, or cycling relieve frustration.

7. Support System:

Getting help from friends, family, or counselors can help reduce the burden of frustration. Empathetic communication helps resolve personal conflicts.

Example:
“Talking to my friend about my feelings helped me feel better.”

8. Time Management:

Manage your time properly to avoid stress and overwhelm. Good time management can be beneficial when frustration arises due to workload at work.

Example:
Create a daily to-do list and prioritize tasks.

9. Taking Breaks and Rest:

When you feel frustrated, take a break for a while. A break refreshes your mind and allows you to face the situation with a fresh perspective.

Example:
“I need to rest for a while, then come back to work refreshed.”

10. Practice Patience and Trust:

Frustration often occurs when things don’t happen right away. It is important to be patient and trust in time.

Example:
“My efforts will succeed with time, I just have to be patient.”

Frustration is a part of life, but by properly managing it, life can be made more satisfying. By following the above remedies, a person can achieve mental peace and balance.

b) Write down advantages and disadvantages of habit.

Both good and bad habits play an important role in our lives.

•> Benefits of Habits

1) Efficiency
Habits allow us to perform tasks automatically without the need for much conscious effort or decision-making, which can increase efficiency in daily routines and activities.

2) Consistency
Developing good habits helps us achieve consistency in behavior over time.

Consistent habits help us achieve long-term goals and maintain positive changes in lifestyle.

3) Time Saving
Habits can save time and mental energy by performing routine tasks properly on time, which can be used for more important or enjoyable activities.

4) Stress Reduction
Knowing what to expect from habitual behaviors can reduce the uncertainty and stress in daily life.
Predictable routines can provide a sense of stability and control.

5) Skill Development
Habits help in acquiring skills and mastery in any activity.
Proficiency and improvement in different types of activities can be achieved through regular practice through habitual behaviors.

•> Disadvantages of Habits

1) Rigidity
While habits provide structure and predictability, they can lead to rigidity and resistance to any kind of change.
Conscious efforts and determination are required to break habits.

2) Unconscious Behavior
Habits often operate at a subconscious level.
Which means that engaging in habitual behavior without properly considering the consequences of the habits can lead to mindless and impulsive actions.

3) Limiting Growth
Bad habits inhibit a person’s growth and development by reinforcing negative patterns of behavior.
If a person wants to achieve any new opportunities and goals, breaking bad habits is important.

4) Dependence
Dependence on certain types of habits such as substance dependence and compulsive behavior can have a harmful effect on physical health, mental well-being and relationships.

5) Resistance to change
Habits established by any person resist changes in life, even if those changes are necessary and beneficial.
To overcome this resistance, many types of efforts and motivation are required.

6) Social impact
Some habits, especially those that deviate from social norms and values, lead to social stigma and disapproval, which can affect social interactions and relationships.

Thus, by understanding the advantages and disadvantages of habits, one can assess and eliminate negative issues and take advantage of positive issues to live a proper and balanced life.

Q-3 Write short answer (any two)

a) Write down characteristics of emotion.

Characteristics of Emotions:

Emotions are natural reactions of the human mind that arise under the influence of internal and external situations. They influence a person’s thoughts, feelings and behavior. A deep understanding of emotions helps in a person’s mental health and balance in life.

1. Response to Internal and External Stimuli:

Emotions arise when a person is influenced by internal thoughts, feelings or external situations. These stimuli arouse the person’s emotions.

Example:
Feeling happy after meeting a loved one or feeling sad after hearing sad news.

2. Physiological Response:

Emotions cause physical changes in the body such as increased heart rate, changes in breathing, increased sweating, and changes in facial expressions.

Example:
When you feel fear, your heart beats faster and your hands get sweaty.

3.Cognitive Process:

Emotions are not just physical reactions, but also mental processes. A person experiences emotions by evaluating a situation, which include feelings and thoughts.

Example:
Thoughts about success after achieving it give happiness.

4.Duration of Emotions:

Emotions can last for a short or long time. Some emotions are intense but for a short period, while some emotions affect a person’s mind for a long time.

Example:
Feeling happy during the New Year celebration, but feeling sad after a breakup lasts for a long time.

5.Subjectivity:

Emotions are based on personal experience. The same situation can produce different emotions for different people.

Example:
Speaking on stage is exciting for some, while others may find it intimidating.

6. Influence on Behavior and Actions:

Emotions influence a person’s behavior. Emotions such as anger, sadness, and happiness can affect decision-making and daily life.

Example:
A person may speak without thinking when they are angry.

7. Emotions as a Means of Communication:

Emotions are important tools for communicating inner feelings to others. Emotions are expressed in facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice.

Example:
Laughing is a sign of happiness, while crying expresses sadness.

8. Combinations of Emotions:

More complex emotions are formed with basic emotions. Such as love, jealousy, and pride, which are created by combining several emotions.

Example:
Both feelings of joy and sorrow can be experienced in love.

9. Motivational Power:

Emotions motivate a person to achieve goals. Emotions like excitement, fear, and pride generate energy and determination.

Example:
Competitiveness motivates a student to work harder.

10. Universality:

Emotions are common to every human being around the world. Emotions like happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and surprise are found in all cultures.

Example:
Tears in people’s eyes upon a tragic event are common in all cultures.

Emotions are an important part of human life that deeply influences our thoughts, behavior, and life decisions. Understanding their characteristics encourages personal growth and improvement in the quality of life.

b) Write down characteristics of mentally healthy person.

Characteristics of Mentally Healthy People:

A mentally healthy person is free from internal conflicts or stress with himself.

He feels comfortable with himself.

He understands that he is a person who is needed and is loved by others.

He can maintain a healthy daily routine and can maintain proper food, rest, physical activity and personal hygiene.

He understands the rights and needs of others.

He is capable of identifying and fulfilling his needs in life.

He can maintain good relationships and communication with other people.

He can adjust well. He can adjust his relationship with himself and other people well.

He can accept criticism from others and has the qualities of not getting upset easily.

He can tolerate the frustrations and disappointments that come in everyday life and move forward.

He is always searching for his identity, self-respect, sense of security and has faith in his abilities.

He is aware of his strengths and weaknesses and behaves in a way that can be accepted by others.

He gives respect to others and also gets respect from others.

He has good self-control and balance towards himself. So he can adjust logically and emotionally. He faces problems and solves them by using intelligence. Also, he has the quality of adapting to everyday stress and anxiety.

He accepts new changes in his environment and daily activities and adapts to them.

c) List out social problems in India and explain about dowry.

Social problems are complex and are not based on any single cause. Many factors affect social problems.
Social problems are also interconnected. To eliminate these social problems, it is necessary to understand or eliminate their basic causes.

The list of social problems is as follows.

Poverty

Prostitution

Crime

Drug addiction

Dowry system

Alcoholism

Deliciousness

Handicapped children

Child abuse

Population explosion etc. Social problems are seen in the present time.

Dowry is a social problem.

Dowry is defined as the property received by a man from his wife or her family at the time of marriage.

The bride and groom can be defined as the possessions and valuables received by them at the time of marriage.

The practice is based on the following factors.

The service and salary of the boy

The social and economic status of the girl’s father

The educational qualifications of the boy and the girl

The boy’s job and his salary

The beauty and features of the girl

The future prospects of financial security

The size and composition of the girl’s and the boy’s family

The girl’s parents continue to give money and gifts to her husband’s family not only at the time of marriage but also throughout her life

CAUSE OF DOWRY

One of the reasons for dowry is that the desire and aspiration of every parent is that their daughter should marry high and well in the family or to increase her prestige or to increase the comfort and security of the daughter.

Another reason for the existence of dowry is that dowry is given by the parents

It is difficult to change this social custom of dowry suddenly

Some people give dowry only because their parents and ancestors were associated with giving dowry

Marriage within the same caste leads to a shortage of boys who have high jobs or a good career in business.

The parents of these boys demand a large amount of money from the parents of the girls to accept their daughter as their daughter-in-law.

Dowry is given only to show their high social and economic status.

The reason for accepting dowry is that they have to give dowry to their daughters and sisters, so they look forward to their daughter’s dowry in fulfilling the responsibility of finding husbands for their daughters.

DOWRY PROHIBITION ACT 1961

This act was passed on 20 May 1961. According to this act, it is not allowed to exchange gifts exceeding ₹2,000. If a person is found to be accepting or giving dowry, he will be fined.

Violation of this act is punishable with imprisonment for six months or a fine of up to Rs. 5000 or both.

No action can be taken for violation of the act unless some complaint is made.

Q-4Write short notes. (Any three)

a) Juvenile delinquency

Crime is a social problem that occurs among adolescents (children below the age of 18).

Crime occurs in every country of the world. In many countries, crime emerged as a separate problem in the late 19th century.

Crime is often closely linked to poverty and the gap between the rich and the poor in society.

Moreover, crime is a major disruption of traditions. When major social patterns are changing, crime is seen as a symptom at the top.

DEFINITIONS

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, crime is the state of being criminal or considered as an offence.

Delinquency means failure to perform duties or responsibilities.

Juvenile delinquency is a term used to describe any offence against the law committed by a young person under a certain age.

In many countries it is considered to be a child under the age of 18 but this varies around the world.

In the United States, the policy is that when a young person is found guilty of a crime, he or she can be punished for the crime.

In addition, when a status crime is committed, he or she can be charged with a violation of a specific prohibition that applies to him or her.

A criminal is someone who behaves differently from normal behavior and in other words, they are people who have committed a crime, for example…. sexual offenses, theft, etc.

CAUSE

Social disorder

Poverty

Home situation

Drinking alcohol

Using illegal drugs

Modern way of living

PROGRAMS FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL

A special approach towards the care, protection, maintenance, training and rehabilitation of delinquent children is adopted.

The Children Act of 1960 was enacted for delinquents.

Structure of institutions for such children:

Juvenile or Children’s Court

Child Welfare Board

Remand Home

Certified School

Children’s Home

After Care Organization

Observational Home.

While making any order in relation to a child under this Act, the competent authority shall take into account the following circumstances….

Age of the children

The circumstances in which the children are living.

Report made by a professional officer.

Religious understanding of the child

Such other circumstances as the competent authority considers necessary in the interest of the child.

However, in the case of a child who has committed an offence, the children’s court shall take into account the above circumstances after recording the findings against the child who has committed the offence.

PUNISHMENT FOR CURELTY TO CHILD:

If any person has actual possession or control over the child. Attacks or abandons a child, exposes or deliberately neglects him or gives or obtains a reason to comfort him.

Such a child shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to five months or six months or with both.

b) Characteristics of culture Characteristics of culture

Characteristics of culture:

Culture is a social system that embraces all aspects of the life of a human society, including beliefs, traditions, religion, art, morals, law, and every aspect of daily life. Culture represents the identity and behavior of a human society.

Some of the main characteristics of culture are as follows:

Culture is Learned:

Culture is not acquired by birth but is learned. A child is taught the values, traditions and norms of culture by his family, schools and society.

Culture is Social:
Culture is not an individual but a social institution. It is developed and followed by people living in a group. This means that culture is not the experience of a single individual but a social practice.

Culture is Symbolic:
Culture is represented by symbols, such as language, color, or signs. The meaning can be understood through the symbols of the ideas and traditions of the culture.

Culture is Dynamic:
Culture is never static. It is constantly changing and evolving over time. New generations develop new habits, beliefs, and values ​​based on their time and technology.

Culture Shapes Behavior:
Culture shapes the behavior of a person through moral values, religion, laws, and traditions. It affects the decisions, choices, and actions of a person in their daily lives.

Culture is Transmitted:
Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next. Parents and family members teach their children the norms and values ​​of their culture, so that culture continues.

Culture is All-Encompassing:
Culture encompasses all aspects of every human being’s life, such as their food choices, clothing, housing, and behavior. Every human being has some part of culture in their lives.

Culture is Universal:
Although the cultures of different societies are different, every society has some form of culture. Every human community has its own ideas, norms, and moral values, which shape their way of life.

Culture has Norms and Values:
Every culture has norms and values, which guide people about what is right and what is wrong. These rules are believed by members of society.

These features show that culture is pervasive in all parts of human society and plays an important role in people’s lives.

c) Types of thinking Types of thinking

Types of thinking..

The following types of thinking are given.

1. Perceptual thinking.

This type of thinking is based on the basis of perception. Perception is based on any previous experiences of a person or how that person has interpreted the sensory impulses of that person. This type of thinking is also called concrete thinking. Which includes thinking about real objects or real events.

2. Conceptual or abstract thinking…

This type of thinking does not require the perception of any real object or any experience or any event. This type of thinking is done using abstract ideas or concepts. In this type of thinking, thinking is done towards new discoveries or new experiments.

3. Creative Thinking.

In this type of thinking, at the end of thinking, a new discovery or an idea comes out. Scientists or any researchers do this type of thinking. This type of thinking has no boundaries. This type of thinking increases knowledge.

4. Reasoning or Logical Thinking..

In this type of thinking, some causes and their effects can be found or the results of the causes can be found. This is a type of control thinking. In which the process is towards solving any problem and it is in a logical order. This is a very good type of thinking due to which any problem can be solved.

Inductive and deductive reasoning are seen in this type of thinking.

Inductive reasoning.

This is the process of thinking from a part to the whole. In which a person thinks about a universal idea outside of a single point.

Deductive Reasoning..

In this type of thinking, the thinking process goes from a whole event to a part, that is, from a universal idea, it focuses on a single point. In which a person who thinks that all people are bad talks to each person one by one and only then a decision is made about all people.

5. Problem Solving..

This is an important type of thinking in which a person needs this type of thinking when he wants to find a way out of his past experiences and any current situation. In this type of thinking, when any person has set any goal and there are any obstacles in reaching there, a problem is seen. This type of thinking is used to come out of this problem.

In this type of thinking, trial and error method is also used, the person’s time is also wasted. Many times failure is also seen in the end.

d) Functions of family Functions of family

A)essential function:

(1) Stable status function of sex

The main essential function of the family is the satisfaction of sexual life. Most of the relationships are accepted by the society. In the family, men and women fulfill their sexual life needs through the family within limits. This is a society’s marriage system that provides a person with life’s sexual needs. The children who are produced through the family are accepted by the society. Sexual needs and better personality adjustment are fulfilled through the family.

(2) The Reproductive Function

It is accepted by every society that children produced by a family are accepted by the society

(3) Provision of Home

The family provides a home for each of its members. Every man and woman has a strong desire to build their own home. A person remembers the house in which they are brought up better than the place of their original birth. Every member of the family lives a life of peace and security in the house. Home is the end of the earth. The sweetest place in the world is home.

(4) Socialization Function

A person learns the rules and regulations of the understanding in which he lives through the family. A person learns the behavior patterns of the society in which he is born. Every family has a unique image of itself and the person is distinguished through it. The family teaches the child the morals and ethics of the society. The family is a role model for the child and acts as an agent that makes the child a social person.

(5) Affective Function

Family provides love and expectation and security to each of its members. It provides mental and emotional needs to each of the family members. Family develops lovely relationships between each of its members. Every person gets the first feeling of love from his parents. It provides expectations to parents and siblings. Lack of expectation hinders the development of the child. A person who is deprived of the need for love and expectation in his childhood is not happy in his life.

(B) Non-essential functions:

(1) Status function

A person gets his status and position according to the family in which he is born. Thus, the family gives the person his status and position so that the person can learn well and understand the value of life and live this good life.

Family is a medium for social identity in which a person’s class, his religion, place Housing, education, etc. are associated with the family

(2) Protective function

The family protects the person physically, psychologically and economically. This protection is up to a certain limit. In the understanding, if even one person is attacked, it is considered an attack on his entire family or society and the family is responsible for it.

(3) Economic Function

The family fulfills the economic needs of each of its members. This is the traditional function of a family. In the past, the family was an economic unit and goods were produced in it. In the present time, the economic role of the family has changed. Due to industrialization, it has had a profound impact on the family. Family members cannot stop working at home. Most of the production is centralized. Production that used to be done at home is now done in factories.

(4) Educational Function

Children learn their priorities from the family. Children grow up to follow the rules of society, how to behave in society, etc. (5) Religious function

The main center for religion is family. The religion of a child is decided at the birth of the child. The first unit that gives religious training to the child is the family. The name for religion is moral. The child gets its value and the concept of God from the first family. The child learns the lesson of morality from the family, which stays with him throughout his life. In addition, it is completed by the child’s family. Through the family, religion is transferred from one generation to another.

(6) Recreation function

The family fulfills the recreational needs of the person. In the past, when the recreation facilities were very few, the person fulfilled his entertainment needs through the family. In the present time, the recreation is obtained through mass media, special movies, television. The role of the nuclear family in providing recreation is decreasing.

(7) Transmission of culture

The family performs the function of transferring the culture heritage. The customs of the family are inherited. ,Ideals, moral rules, etc., are learned by a person from the family and transferred from one generation to another

(8) Health Function of Family

This is the basic function of a family. It is its job to protect the health of each of its members and to take care of them during illness.

In ancient times, when hospitals were very few, most of the patients were taught good health habits, their importance, attitude towards health, behavior towards illness, etc., by the family at their homes.

Cultural patterns related to health are transferred from one generation to another through the family. The functions related to health are performed by the family, which are as follows:

Provides adequate food, clothing and housing to each member of the family

Maintains the health of each member through the physical environment of the family

Health standards through the psychological environment Maintain

Provide health education

Promote health through exercise and diet

Provide first aid to members

Treat the sick

Supervise medication

Meet the spiritual needs of members

Provide rehabilitation care

Consult appropriate counsel with community health care providers

(9) Government Function

The family keeps its children under some level of control and makes appropriate decisions among them. The family functions as the state, law, regulation, legislation, policy, court, etc.

Q-5 Define following (any six)

a) Psychology

The word psychology is made up of two Greek words. Psyche and Logos. Until 1590 AD, the word psyche meant soul or spirit and the word logos meant study. Here the word soul was taken in a very broad sense. Therefore, later the word mind was used instead of soul.

Towards the end of the 19th century, William Woodt used the word behavior instead of mind, so according to the new definition, psychology i.e. the scientific study of human behavior is called psychology.

William Woodt is also known as the Father of Psychology.

The scientific study of mental processes and behavior is called psychology. It also studies the mind and how it works.

e) Crime

Crime:

Crime is an act that is prohibited by law and that causes harm to an individual or society. Such acts cause physical, mental, or social harm and are punishable by law.

Crime is a set of behaviors or activities that cause physical harm, psychological stress, or social deviance. Some of its types have a direct impact on health, such as:

Violent Crime: Such as Homicide, Assault, Rape

Psychological Crime: Such as Mental Abuse, Harassment

Substance-related Crime: Such as Drug Trafficking

Main Features:

1. Violation of Law: Violation of the law
2. Harmful Consequences: Causing harm to the individual or society
3. Penalty: Facing legal action and punishment
4. Malicious Intent: Some crimes require malicious intent

Examples:

Murder

Theft

Fraud

Abuse

Rape

Thus, crime is not only a legal issue, but also has a profound impact on individual health and social well-being.

b) Interest

Interest:
Interest is a psychological process in which a person experiences attention, curiosity, and intrinsic motivation towards a particular subject, activity, or stimulus.

Interest is a powerful mental state that influences a person’s behavior and learning process.

f) Emotion

In everyday life, emotions have a powerful impact.

Our mood, choices, communication and our relationships are all influenced by emotions.

Emotions give color to our lives.

Joy, sorrow, fear, anger, sadness, jealousy are all emotions.

Emotions can be positive (such as joy, happiness) or negative (anger, sadness).

To have a healthy and peaceful life, a balance between both types of emotions is necessary.

c) Learning

Learning means a permanent change in a person’s behavior that is seen as a result of any kind of practice or experience.

A person’s behavior continuously changes and undergoes changes during the period from birth to death. This change in behavior is known as learning.

g) Motivation

Motivation is derived from the Latin word ‘movere’ which means “to move or excite or activate.” Literally, it is a process that arouses energy in a person or motivates them to move forward in an activity. Activity is stimulating, fulfills a need and reduces the pace of stress. Until that need is met, the drive does not decrease.

Motivation is often used to refer to a person’s goals, needs, desires, intentions and motives.

For example, when someone is hungry, the need is for food, and that drives the drive. When food is sought and the drive “hunger” is reduced and activity ceases, all human behavior is motivated by something.

d) Family

The family is one of the smallest social groups in the world. It is an important primary group. Within the family, the husband and wife are joined by marriage and may or may not have children, this is how the family is formed.

There are families everywhere in the world. There is no society without family.

There is a very good relationship between each member of this family.

Family is the basic unit of society.

The members living together in the family pass on every quality to their children from generation to generation according to their customs and religion.

The word family comes from the Roman word famulus which means service.

Definition of family in which family is a biological social unit. Which is made up of husband, wife and children.

Any family is legally constructed by the union of marriage between a man and a woman. People who live in a common place. They have children or they adopt children. There is a good social relationship between all the members living in the family. They are very closely connected to each other. There is a common goal between each member of this family. They share every thing in the house. They live together and eat together. There is a strong emotional bond between each member of this family.

h) Adjustment

Adjustment means the condition of any person in which he can accept the new changes or alterations around him and the act of adapting to them and getting along with them.

The act of accepting that situation due to any need or desire being blocked and coping with it and moving forward is called adjustment.

This is the act of balancing the conflicts that arise in us.

Adjustment is a part of our daily activities which we have to adjust in each of these aspects for physical, environmental, social or personal conditions.

Adjustment is a sign of a healthy person. Due to which he can remain stress free and can maintain good relations by keeping in tune with other people or environment.

Q-6(A) Fill in the blanks –

1……….is also called ecological psychology. ………… Environmental Psychology

2…………. is also called the heart of learning. ………… Motivation

3.The father of sociology is…………. Auguste Comte

4.The loss of memory is called ………. Amnesia

5.Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP) passed in ………year. 1971

(B) True or False –

1.Ego receives energy from ID. The ego receives energy from ID. ✅ True
Reason: According to psychology, according to Sigmund Freud’s model, the Ego receives energy from the ID (biological forces and desires) and controls it based on reality.

2.Every crowd has specific name. Every crowd has a specific name. ❌ False
Reason: Not every crowd is given a specific name. Crowds are usually unorganized and it is not necessary for every crowd to have a specific identity or name. Only certain types of crowds (such as religious crowds, political crowds) are recognized.

3.The wrong perception of an object is called illusion. The wrong perception of an object is called illusion. ✅ True
Reason: When a person cannot see something as it is or perceives it incorrectly, it is called illusion. For example – illusion of seeing a pond in water.

4.Membership of class identity is from birth. Membership of class identity is from birth. ✅ True
Reason: Social class is often based on birth, caste or family status. That is, a person is born into that class. However, this status can change throughout life (social mobility).

5.The internal groups are of stable nature. Internal groups are of stable nature. ✅ True
Reason: Internal groups (such as family, friendship groups) are usually closely related and are stable over time and long-term.

(C) Match the following

(A) Love → (A) Love and affection

(B) Physical need of family → (E) Food and house

(C) Social and psychological need of family → (A) Love and affection

(D) Small group → (C) Internal group

(E) Physical presence → (B) Positive moment