A. Establishing the first nursing college in India
B. Introduction of community health nursing
C. Reforming hospital sanitation and nursing during the Crimean War
D. Founding Red Cross Society
✅ Answer: C. Reforming hospital sanitation and nursing during the Crimean War
🧠 Rationale: Florence Nightingale improved sanitary conditions and drastically reduced mortality rates during the Crimean War (1854–1856).
A. Development of nursing theories
B. Reduction in soldier mortality due to better hygiene
C. Establishment of WHO
D. Introduction of midwifery
✅ Answer: B. Reduction in soldier mortality due to better hygiene
🧠 Rationale: Mortality dropped from 42% to 2% under her leadership by applying hygiene and sanitation.
A. Use of antibiotics
B. Bed rest
C. Fresh air and cleanliness
D. Strict isolation
✅ Answer: C. Fresh air and cleanliness
🧠 Rationale: Nightingale’s Environmental Theory focused on ventilation, light, warmth, and cleanliness.
A. Angel of the Battlefield
B. Mother of Modern Midwifery
C. Lady with the Lamp
D. Queen of Care
✅ Answer: C. Lady with the Lamp
🧠 Rationale: She earned the name for carrying a lamp while caring for soldiers at night.
A. 1840
B. 1860
C. 1880
D. 1905
✅ Answer: B. 1860
🧠 Rationale: She established the Nightingale School of Nursing at St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, in 1860.
A. Venn diagrams
B. Pie charts
C. Cox regression models
D. Polar area diagrams
✅ Answer: D. Polar area diagrams
🧠 Rationale: She used polar area diagrams (“coxcomb charts”) to visually represent hospital data.
A. Pure water
B. Clean surroundings
C. Use of modern medicine
D. Adequate light
✅ Answer: C. Use of modern medicine
🧠 Rationale: Her theory emphasized natural healing environments, not drug therapy.
A. Task-oriented care
B. Technology-based care
C. Holistic, patient-centered care
D. Strict hierarchical care
✅ Answer: C. Holistic, patient-centered care
🧠 Rationale: Nightingale believed in treating the person, not just the disease.
A. Art and a business
B. Profession and a science
C. Duty and sacrifice
D. Charity-based service
✅ Answer: B. Profession and a science
🧠 Rationale: She emphasized systematic training and education, laying the foundation of professional nursing.
A. May 5
B. May 10
C. May 12
D. May 15
✅ Answer: C. May 12
🧠 Rationale: Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820 — this date is honored worldwide.
A. Administering medication as per physician’s order
B. Assisting a patient with a bath while listening to their concerns
C. Checking vitals quickly during a busy shift
D. Asking a colleague to finish patient care
✅ Answer: B. Assisting a patient with a bath while listening to their concerns
🧠 Rationale: Watson emphasized transpersonal caring, involving presence and emotional connection.
A. Administering IV fluids
B. Encouraging patient ambulation
C. Opening windows to allow fresh air and light in the ward
D. Providing a soft mattress to the patient
✅ Answer: C. Opening windows to allow fresh air and light in the ward
🧠 Rationale: Nightingale prioritized ventilation, cleanliness, light, and noise control.
A. Working phase
B. Orientation phase
C. Termination phase
D. Conflict phase
✅ Answer: B. Orientation phase
🧠 Rationale: The Orientation phase is the first in Peplau’s theory where nurse and patient get acquainted.
A. Sister Callista Roy
B. Florence Nightingale
C. Virginia Henderson
D. Dorothea Orem
✅ Answer: D. Dorothea Orem
🧠 Rationale: Orem’s theory focuses on self-care and how nursing helps when patients cannot meet their own needs.
A. Documenting medication administration
B. Helping a stroke patient regain independence by adjusting to physical limitations
C. Giving IV antibiotics to a patient
D. Observing side effects of medication
✅ Answer: B. Helping a stroke patient regain independence by adjusting to physical limitations
🧠 Rationale: Roy’s theory focuses on how individuals adapt to health challenges.
A. Founding of the International Council of Nurses
B. Nightingale’s service during the Crimean War
C. Discovery of antiseptics
D. Establishment of Red Cross
✅ Answer: B. Nightingale’s service during the Crimean War
🧠 Rationale: Her work during the war led to organized training and the formal structure of modern nursing.
A. Henderson
B. Watson
C. Nightingale
D. Orem
✅ Answer: C. Nightingale
🧠 Rationale: These are core concepts in her Environmental Theory.
A. Mary Breckinridge
B. Clara Barton
C. Lillian Wald
D. Margaret Sanger
✅ Answer: C. Lillian Wald
🧠 Rationale: Lillian Wald founded the Henry Street Settlement and pioneered community/public health nursing.
A. Preventing disease
B. Assisting the patient to perform activities they would do themselves if they had the strength
C. Prescribing medications
D. Maintaining hospital administration
✅ Answer: B. Assisting the patient to perform activities they would do themselves if they had the strength
🧠 Rationale: Henderson defined nursing as assisting individuals to gain independence.
A. Founded the Nightingale School of Nursing
B. Wrote the first nursing textbook
C. Founded the American Red Cross
D. Introduced the use of antiseptics
✅ Answer: C. Founded the American Red Cross
🧠 Rationale: Clara Barton provided emergency care during wars and later founded the American Red Cross in 1881.
Q1. A nurse ensures the room is well ventilated, sunlight enters, and linens are changed daily. Which theory is being applied?
A. Roy’s Adaptation Theory
B. Nightingale’s Environmental Theory
C. Peplau’s Interpersonal Theory
D. Orem’s Self-Care Theory
✅ Answer: B
🧠 Rationale: Nightingale emphasized clean air, water, warmth, and environment for recovery.
Q2. What was Nightingale’s major contribution to nursing practice?
A. Diagnostic reasoning
B. Environmental cleanliness to promote healing
C. Intravenous drug innovation
D. Psychological nursing
✅ Answer: B
Q3. A nurse holds a patient’s hand and prays with them before surgery. This reflects:
A. Technical skill
B. Clinical efficiency
C. Transpersonal caring moment
D. Communication barrier
✅ Answer: C
🧠 Rationale: Watson focused on emotional connection and caring moments.
Q4. Watson’s theory views caring as:
A. A business obligation
B. Only physical assistance
C. The moral ideal of nursing
D. Optional emotional support
✅ Answer: C
Q5. A nurse helps a new amputee adjust emotionally and physically. This reflects:
A. Illness acceptance
B. Roy’s concept of adaptation
C. Peplau’s interpersonal relationship
D. Health promotion
✅ Answer: B
Q6. Which subsystem in Roy’s model is responsible for emotional responses?
A. Physiological
B. Self-concept
C. Interdependence
D. Role function
✅ Answer: B
Q7. The nurse-patient relationship begins with:
A. Working phase
B. Termination
C. Orientation
D. Planning
✅ Answer: C
🧠 Rationale: Orientation is the phase where the nurse and patient meet and identify needs.
Q8. According to Peplau, which role does the nurse perform during the working phase?
A. Stranger
B. Leader and resource person
C. Teacher only
D. Caregiver only
✅ Answer: B
Q9. A patient recovering from surgery cannot bathe themselves. The nurse assists. According to Orem’s theory, this is:
A. Supportive-educative system
B. Wholly compensatory system
C. Semi-compensatory system
D. Restorative care
✅ Answer: B
🧠 Rationale: When patients cannot perform any self-care, the nurse does everything (wholly compensatory).
Q10. Orem’s theory is based on:
A. Interpersonal relationships
B. Health promotion and illness prevention
C. Assisting individuals in meeting self-care needs
D. Environmental modifications
✅ Answer: C
Virginia Henderson | Martha Rogers | Faye Abdellah
Q1. According to Virginia Henderson, the main role of a nurse is to:
A. Diagnose diseases like physicians
B. Assist the patient in activities they would perform if they had the strength
C. Replace the work of the family
D. Provide treatments based only on doctor’s orders
✅ Answer: B
🧠 Rationale: Henderson’s famous definition: “Nursing is assisting individuals in performance of activities contributing to health… that they would perform unaided if they had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.”
Q2. A nurse encourages a postoperative patient to walk independently and perform hygiene. This reflects which of Henderson’s key concepts?
A. Emotional balance
B. Health restoration
C. Independence in basic needs
D. Technology-assisted care
✅ Answer: C
Q3. Which of the following is not one of Henderson’s 14 fundamental needs?
A. Maintain body temperature
B. Practice religion
C. Sexual gratification
D. Administer medication
✅ Answer: D
🧠 Rationale: “Administer medication” is a nursing task, not one of the 14 fundamental human needs Henderson listed.
Q4. Martha Rogers’ theory is best described as:
A. Physiological adaptation theory
B. Environmental care theory
C. Unitary Human Beings theory
D. Self-care deficit theory
✅ Answer: C
🧠 Rationale: Martha Rogers described humans as energy fields interacting continuously with the environment — “Unitary Human Beings.”
Q5. Which of the following actions best reflects Rogers’ concept of integrality?
A. Giving medication as ordered
B. Assessing environmental influences on a patient’s emotional state
C. Documenting vital signs
D. Delegating tasks to an assistant
✅ Answer: B
Q6. According to Rogers, the purpose of nursing is to:
A. Perform technical procedures
B. Promote harmony between person and environment
C. Replace natural healing
D. Ensure patient compliance
✅ Answer: B
Q7. Faye Abdellah’s 21 nursing problems address which of the following aspects?
A. Only physiological needs
B. Only psychological needs
C. Total patient care: physical, emotional, and social
D. Medical diagnosis
✅ Answer: C
🧠 Rationale: Abdellah’s model moves from disease-centered to patient-centered care across all domains.
Q8. A nurse teaches a diabetic patient how to self-inject insulin. This reflects which of Abdellah’s 21 nursing problems?
A. To promote optimal activity
B. To facilitate self-care
C. To maintain good hygiene
D. To administer medication
✅ Answer: B
Q9. Which of the following represents a unique focus of Abdellah’s theory?
A. Disease classification
B. Holistic diagnosis of nursing problems
C. Hospital management systems
D. Clinical pharmacology
✅ Answer: B
Q10. Faye Abdellah’s theory encourages nurses to:
A. Focus on medical diagnosis
B. Follow only physician orders
C. Use a problem-solving approach to address patient needs
D. Limit care to physiological problems only
✅ Answer: C
🧠 Rationale: Her theory uses a problem-solving approach to deal with 21 categorized nursing problems.
Leininger | Neuman | King
Q1. A nurse modifies a patient’s diet plan to respect their religious fasting days. This reflects:
A. Nutrition management
B. Cultural accommodation
C. Behavioral therapy
D. Psychological adaptation
✅ Answer: B
🧠 Rationale: Leininger’s theory encourages culturally congruent care based on patient’s beliefs, values, and practices.
Q2. Which of the following is central to Leininger’s Transcultural Theory?
A. Health promotion
B. Interpersonal communication
C. Cultural competence in nursing
D. Technological advancement
✅ Answer: C
Q3. According to Leininger, culture care preservation means:
A. Eliminating all traditional practices
B. Supporting beneficial cultural practices
C. Converting patients to Western beliefs
D. Rejecting non-scientific beliefs
✅ Answer: B
Q4. In Neuman’s model, the patient is viewed as:
A. A mechanical structure
B. A closed system
C. An open system interacting with stressors
D. A passive recipient of care
✅ Answer: C
🧠 Rationale: Neuman’s Systems Model views the patient as an open system constantly exposed to internal and external stressors.
Q5. A nurse identifies stressors in a patient’s life and plans care to strengthen lines of defense. This demonstrates:
A. Cultural integration
B. Systems theory application
C. Psychosocial modeling
D. Health economics
✅ Answer: B
Q6. According to Neuman, what is the first line of defense in maintaining health?
A. Medication
B. Environment
C. Normal physiological response
D. Flexible coping mechanisms
✅ Answer: D
Q7. In Imogene King’s theory, the nurse-patient relationship is built on:
A. Direct orders
B. Communication and mutual goal setting
C. Observation and compliance
D. Physician direction
✅ Answer: B
🧠 Rationale: King believed mutual goal setting and communication lead to effective care.
Q8. Which example best illustrates King’s Goal Attainment theory?
A. Patient ignores prescribed diet plan
B. Nurse decides care goals based on lab reports
C. Nurse and patient set walking goal together post-surgery
D. Physician explains the entire treatment plan
✅ Answer: C
Q9. According to King, nursing is:
A. Task-based and procedural
B. A series of physician-directed actions
C. A process of human interaction toward achieving goals
D. A science of disease identification
✅ Answer: C
Q10. Which of the following is not a major concept in King’s theory?
A. Perception
B. Growth and development
C. Decision making
D. Disease pathology
✅ Answer: D
🧠 Rationale: King’s theory focused on human behavior and interaction, not medical pathology.
Martha Rogers | Lydia Hall | Patricia Benner
Q1. According to Rogers, human beings are:
A. Systems with parts
B. Separate from their environment
C. Energy fields interacting with the environment
D. Mechanisms that need fixing
✅ Answer: C
🧠 Rationale: Martha Rogers emphasized humans as irreducible energy fields interacting constantly with their surroundings.
Q2. In Rogers’ theory, nursing’s role is to:
A. Diagnose and treat disease
B. Modify environmental energy fields for health
C. Promote medication compliance
D. Control physiological functions
✅ Answer: B
Q3. A nurse uses calming colors, soft music, and dim lighting to reduce patient anxiety. This aligns with which principle from Rogers?
A. Integrality
B. Adaptation
C. Cultural competence
D. Self-care
✅ Answer: A
🧠 Rationale: Integrality refers to the continuous mutual interaction of human and environmental energy fields.
Q4. In Lydia Hall’s model, the ‘core’ refers to:
A. The disease pathology
B. The physical body
C. The patient’s inner self or personhood
D. The nurse’s role
✅ Answer: C
🧠 Rationale: The “core” focuses on the emotional, spiritual, and personal aspects of the patient.
Q5. The ‘care’ component in Hall’s theory is primarily the responsibility of:
A. The physician
B. The nurse
C. The patient’s family
D. The hospital manager
✅ Answer: B
🧠 Rationale: The nurse’s role is to provide care, particularly personal care to meet basic needs.
Q6. The ‘cure’ component is mostly associated with:
A. Emotional support
B. Preventive education
C. Medical treatments and interventions
D. Discharge planning
✅ Answer: C
Q7. According to Benner, a novice nurse:
A. Relies on intuition
B. Has no professional experience and follows rules rigidly
C. Manages complex situations with ease
D. Teaches others confidently
✅ Answer: B
🧠 Rationale: Novices operate strictly by the book, lacking experience to apply context.
Q8. An expert nurse:
A. Works best with supervision
B. Focuses only on technical skills
C. Uses intuitive grasp of clinical situations
D. Depends on step-by-step checklists
✅ Answer: C
Q9. A competent nurse (Benner’s 3rd stage) typically has:
A. 6 months experience
B. 2–3 years clinical experience
C. Just graduated from school
D. Over 10 years of experience
✅ Answer: B
Q10. Which stage of Benner’s theory is associated with the ability to see clinical situations as a whole rather than in parts?
A. Novice
B. Advanced beginner
C. Proficient
D. Expert
✅ Answer: C
MOCK TEST
A. Advanced surgery
B. Clean environment
C. Expensive medication
D. Family support
✅ Answer: B
🧠 Rationale: Nightingale emphasized sanitation, ventilation, and cleanliness for healing.
A. Jean Watson
B. Martha Rogers
C. Patricia Benner
D. Imogene King
✅ Answer: C
A. Medications and procedures
B. Transpersonal caring and therapeutic communication
C. Legal documentation
D. Physiological adaptation
✅ Answer: B
A. Treating only acute conditions
B. Assisting the individual to become independent
C. Providing orders from doctors
D. Promoting drug therapy
✅ Answer: B
A. Self-care
B. Interpersonal relationships
C. Adaptation to environment
D. Cultural preservation
✅ Answer: B
A. The patient refuses treatment
B. A person cannot meet their self-care needs
C. A physician asks for help
D. Family caregivers are unavailable
✅ Answer: B
A. Behavioral therapy
B. Disease prevention
C. Adaptation in four modes
D. Medication administration
✅ Answer: C
🧠 Rationale: Roy’s modes: physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence.
A. Self-care deficit theory
B. Transcultural nursing
C. Professional socialization
D. Health belief model
✅ Answer: B
A. Managing hospital supplies
B. Cultural conflict resolution
C. Goal-setting and achieving between nurse and patient
D. Managing chronic illness
✅ Answer: C
A. List disease conditions
B. Introduce holistic, problem-solving approach to nursing
C. Promote sterile technique
D. Develop documentation systems
✅ Answer: B
A. Passive recipients of care
B. Energy fields in constant interaction with environment
C. Mechanistic systems
D. Structures to be fixed
✅ Answer: B
🧠 Rationale: Rogers viewed humans as unitary human beings — energy fields interacting with environmental energy fields.
A. Medication administration
B. Providing personal nursing care to meet needs
C. Core beliefs of the patient
D. Planning medical treatments
✅ Answer: B
🧠 Rationale: In Hall’s model:
A. All nurses start as competent
B. It includes five stages from novice to expert
C. It focuses on physiological systems
D. It emphasizes environmental adaptation
✅ Answer: B
🧠 Rationale: Benner’s theory includes 5 stages: Novice → Advanced Beginner → Competent → Proficient → Expert.
A. Rogers
B. Henderson
C. Watson
D. King
✅ Answer: C. Jean Watson
🧠 Rationale: Watson emphasizes holistic care, spiritual connection, and transpersonal relationships.
A. Interpersonal relations
B. Health promotion
C. Self-care and self-care deficit
D. Community health
✅ Answer: C
A. Primary, secondary, tertiary
B. Past, present, future
C. Focal, contextual, residual
D. Physical, emotional, behavioral
✅ Answer: C
🧠 Rationale:
A. Initial meeting with the patient
B. Evaluating goal achievement and ending relationship
C. Medication education
D. Planning treatment protocols
✅ Answer: B
A. Nurse enforces treatment plan
B. Nurse and patient mutually agree on a care goal
C. Nurse tells patient what’s best
D. Nurse focuses on technical skills only
✅ Answer: B
A. Florence Nightingale
B. Madeleine Leininger
C. Imogene King
D. Sister Callista Roy
✅ Answer: B
🧠 Rationale: Leininger introduced Transcultural Nursing Theory and culture-specific care.
A. Theory of adaptation
B. Behavioral model
C. Problem-solving method addressing 21 nursing needs
D. Illness-centered model
✅ Answer: C