d) Housing:
Location
Type
Characteristics of good housing
Basic amenities
Town planning
e) Ventilation:
Types and standards of ventilation
f) Lighting:
Requirements of good lighting
Natural and artificial lighting
Use of solar energy
: define housing:
According to WHO, housing is the physical structure that a person uses and includes the built environment, including all the necessary services, facilities, tools and equipment necessary for the physical and mental health and social well-being of the family and the individual.
🌟 to describe the location of housing:
Location of housing should be….
Elevated from surrounding
•Independent access to the street
•Away from breeding places of mosquitoes and flies
•Should be in a pleasant environment
•The ground water should be below 10 feet
to enlist the types of housing:
Accommodation is classified as:-
kaccha house
A perfect house
caravan
bungalow
Examination
Tent House
igloo
To describe the characteristics of good housing:
The characteristics of good housing are as follows:-
•Site:-
✓ Elevated
✓ Away from nuisance
✓ Away from breeding place of mosquitoes
✓ Access to Street
✓ Surroundings should be pleasant
Set back :-
✓ There should be open space around the house for lighting and ventilation
Floor :-
✓ It should be ripe and strong
✓ Impermeable
✓ Smooth and free from cracks
✓ Damp proof
•Walls :-
✓ Must be strong
✓ Having to low heat capacity
✓ Weather resistance
✓ smooth
•Roof :-
✓ Height should not be less than 10 feet
✓ Should have low heat transmittance coefficient
Room :…
💥 Topic:
🌟 Basic amenities and town planning
Meaning of basic amenities:
(Meaning of Basic Features) :
The facilities required to enhance the quality of life are called basic facilities.
He has asked the Gram Panchayat to make all facilities available to the people.
Which includes drinking water, playground etc.
List of basic amenities:
The Government of India has identified 15 basic amenities for the rural population.
The primary features are as follows:
Providing drinking water
Individual toilets
Rural roads
Playgrounds
Burial grounds
Animal shelter
Community harvesting ground
Open air theatre
Citizen service center
Skill development center
Water harvesting facilities
Roads to farms
Self employment facilities
Public libraries
Village tanks
Electricity etc.
🌟 To know the meaning of town planning:
Town planning:
Town planning is the colonization of cities with municipal, municipal planning.
It is also called town planning.
Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with land conservation and environmental use, public welfare, and the design of the urban environment, including air, water, and infrastructure such as transportation, communication, and distribution networks that move in and out of an urban area.
🌟 Technical aspect of urban/town planning:
Technical aspect of urban planning-
It includes the scientific and technological processes, considerations, and features involved in urban design of land use, natural resources, transportation, and infrastructure planning.
🌟 Importance of town planning:
The importance of town planning is as follows:
Improve quality of life
Reduce congestion
Improve sanitation
Reduces the chance of infection
Reduce environmental damage
Developing the city as a smart city in the future.
💥 Topic:
🌟 Ventilation – type and standard of ventilation
Define and explain the concept of ventilation:
Definition:
Ventilation is the exchange of air between outdoor and indoor spaces.
In other words, the entry of fresh and clean air to replace the stagnant and stale air of the room can be called ventilation.
Concept:
Exchange of impure air with clean air
air movement
Air temperature and humidity
Pleasant and infectious free air and thermal environment
🌟 Explain the various types of ventilation:
There are mainly two types of ventilation –
Natural ventilation
Artificial or mechanical ventilation
Natural ventilation (natural ventilation)-
a. simple method
b. A small building is used in school office, PHC
Components of natural ventilation:
(Components of Natural Ventilation)-
A movement or flow of air
expansion of gases
temperature
Entry and exit route
Artificial or mechanical ventilation:
There are four systems for achieving artificial ventilation.
exhaust ventilation (exhaust ventilation) –
An exhaust fan is used in this system to expel the polluted air, this process creates a vacuum in the room.
plenum or propulsion system
🌟 Explain standard of ventilation:
Important in ventilation standards are-
Cubic area of premises.
Number of inhabitants
Furniture in the room
Room lighting and temperature are some standards.
Some standards are….
An air supply of 1000 to 1200 cubic feet per person hour is considered sufficient
The air in the room should be changed 2-3 times every hour.
About 500 cubic feet per person is desirable in residential buildings
A hospital unit should have 1200 to 1800 cubic feet of space reserved for each patient
Optimal floor area should be between 50 – 100 square feet per person
A minimum distance of 3 feet should be maintained between beds in the hospital
Building height 11-12 feet
Adequate number of windows and doors and ventilators
Moderate room temperature and 50% humidity
Air free from dust, smoke smell
🌟Relationship of ventilation and health:
Lack of proper ventilation affects health in the following.
Ways :-
Fatigue, irritability
Loss of ability to work
Complaints of hot flushes and sweats
Dizziness
Loss of appetite
Insomnia and headache
Immune system weakened
Frequent attacks of cold, cough and respiratory disorders
💥 Topic:
Lighting – requirements of good light (artificial and natural lighting)
Explain requirements of good lighting essential for proper vision:
Efficiency:- Light intensity should be sufficient to carry on the work without eye strain.
Distribution – It should be uniform over the entire area of work
Absence of excessive brightness: It damages the eyes and causes road accidents.
Absence of sharp shadow: It interferes with vision
Steadiness – The light source should be steady.
to explain the measurements of lighting:
Illumination is usually measured in terms of foot candles.
A foot candle is the light drive intensity at a point placed one foot from a light source of standard candle power.
Point place: foot candles
Living rooms: 7
Reading rooms: 10-15
Bath room : 6-10
Bed room : 4-6
Stairs : 2-4
Laboratory : 20
Operation theater : 75
Kitchen : 25
🌟 Enlist sources of lighting and explain them:
Types of lighting:
Natural lighting
Artificial lighting
Natural lighting:
It is derived from the sky and reflections and depends on the time of day, season, weather and clouds.
Following factors should be considered for natural lighting while planning the house:-
The house should be north facing and south facing.
Obstructions near the building should be removed.
Windows should be properly planned respect and shape should be size.
White washing the building for better reflection of lighting.
Artificial lighting: It is mainly derived from sources of electricity – bulbs, tube lights, CFLs, LEDs etc. Tubes and EFLs are used as economical, cool and efficient lighting.
Petrolium source:- LPG, kerosene and generators running on diesel.
✒️ Topic :
🌟 Solar energy:
To define the solar energy:
The radiant energy emitted by the sun is called solar energy.
Solar energy is considered to be a major source of energy in large quantities.
It originates with thermonuclear fusion reactions in the Sun. It represents all electromagnetic radiation, visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray and radio waves.
It is the ultimate renewable source of energy.
4 To explain the type of solar energy:
Types:-
They are mainly of 2 types-
solar thermal energy
solar photovoltaic energy
solar thermal energy (solar thermal energy)-
When the sun’s heat is used as thermal energy.
Sunlight used by plants and trees
E.g. Green House, Solar Cooker, Solar Pond, Solar Conditioner Water Heating etc.
solar photovoltaic energy (solar photovoltaic energy)-
It is made by photovoltaic plates.
This plate converts solar energy into electrical energy
E.g. Solar Battery, Solar Bus, Ship, Solar Pump Set, Solar Freeze, Solar Lantern etc.
🌟 To describe the importance of solar energy:
Importance:
➤ It is a renewable source of energy
➤ It is an eco-friendly source of energy
➤ It is useful in agriculture field like solar dryer, solar cooker, solar PV sprayer etc.
➤ No harmful effect on health
➤ Solar Chulha is useful for cooking there by reducing the chances of respiratory diseases in women.
➤ It helps in achieving carbon credit
🌟 To explain the possibility of solar energy in India:
Possibility:
➤ About 300 days in a year the sun shines in clear sky in India.
➤ It is an eco-friendly source, so there is no objection from the environmental ministry.