Introduction to Nursing

a) Nursing – concept, meaning,
definitions, scope and functions.
b) History of nursing in India
c) Nursing as a profession
d) Nursing professional – qualities and
preparation. e) Ethics in Nursing-roles and
responsibilities of a nurse.
f) Health care agencies – hospital and
community service – types and
function of hospitals health team.
g) Modern approaches to nursing care
including holistic nursing care
h) Health and Disease

• Definition of health, determinants
  of health status.
• Basic human needs
• Illness and its effects on individual

INTRODUCTION TO FUNDAMENTAL OF NURSING :-

💚 Who is NURSE? :-

As soon as we hear the word nurse, a lady dressed in white comes to our mind with an injection trolley in her hand and lovingly talking to the patient. Nurse is a Latin word that comes from the word nutricus which means nurturer or Fostering, protecting, protecting from illness and preventing illness and providing treatment, all care nurses do from a small child to an elderly person. So are we all
We are familiar with the hostess. The hostess is a nurse who has feelings like a nurse, who understands her by looking at her face. The nurse also cares like a nurse in the same way.

NURSE ie
N:- NOBALITY , NURTURING-(Noble) Noble
U:- USEFULNESS (useful) understanding (under standing)
R:- RESPONSIBLE, Resourceful
S:- SIMPLICITY-Sympathetic
E:- EFFICIENT, ENERGETIC

• In today’s era, a nurse is not just a nurse but a modern nurse whose ideas and work are both modern, today’s nurse works with very modern machinery, this is a challenge for her and sometimes she does the work of women empowerment.

WRITE DOWN CONCEPT OF NURSING / what are the concept of nursing :-

Nursing is a combination of art and science. Within the nursing concept, all the mental, physical and physiological needs of the client can be satisfied and he remains completely healthy in all these aspects. The nurse protects the patient’s health and instructs the patient to self-care. Explains how lifestyle and behavior affect health.

If we look at the main points of nursing concept, they are as follows:-

Promote health Protect health Rehabilitative

To prevent diseases
-Il means sick, helping a person heal

DYING PATIENT To help the dying person die peacefully and with dignity (To Easy Suffering – i.e. the pain the patient suffers is less and the patient dies)

Keeping in mind that the client’s holistic needs are satisfied (holistic i.e. social, physical, environment etc…)

The work and service of a nurse is not only limited to the hospital, it also works for the home, school and the whole community.

💛 what is philosophy of nursing (What is the philosophy of nursing) :-

Beliefs and values ​​involved in nursing philosophy generally or specifically man i.e. man is seen as a learner and wrong beliefs of the client is removed…..
The following points are involved in the philosophy:

🤎Spiritual:- All the spiritual needs of the client should be satisfied and taken as the primary integrating factor.

🤎Moral (Moral):- The manner of dealing with the patient should be full, his dignity should be maintained. The patient should be able to tell his problem to the nurse without any hesitation. A nurse should be aware of and knowledgeable about the culture in which she works.

🤎Emotional Needs (Emotional Need):- The nurse should keep in mind his own limitations and ethics and fulfill the emotional needs of the patient and should be able to relate with others.

🤎Intellectual need (Intellectual need) :-
Nursing education should involve the following training: Memory
Direction of Imagination

Capacity strengthening and expansion can work with the organization

Make wise decisions

• If the reason is given, it should be absolutely correct and impactful
• Have good communication skills and the ability to express one’s thoughts
• NURSING OBJECTIVES:-

To provide good care to the community

Strengthening and training nurses to become experts in all aspects of health.

He should have adequate knowledge of anatomy and physiology and human body science and DCs (diseases) and be able to identify them and be helpful to the community.

A sense of responsibility comes into it

His skills and personality are developed.

And the nursing profession continues to upgrade.

💗DEFINE NURSE (Define Nurse) :-

The definition of Nurse is given by W.H.O (World Health Organization). Which are as follows.
“Nurse is a person who is qualified with basic nursing education and has been given the authority to provide nursing services in the country. So, she tries to prevent disease, to cure disease if it occurs. “Nurse is what brings the patient back to health.”

Nursing is the art and science of providing careful care to a sick person to protect his life and prevent disease, promote health and treat the sick to restore his condition is called nursing.

Definition of a Nurse as per Various Nursing Theorists (નર્સિંગ ના જુદા જુદા theorist મુજબ નર્સ ની વ્યાખ્યા માત્ર તમારા knowledge ને વધારવા અંહિ આપવામા આવી છે )

Nursing theorists have defined a nurse’s role and identity based on their conceptual frameworks, focusing on different aspects like care, environment, patient interaction, and professional responsibilities. Here are some notable definitions:

1. Florence Nightingale (Environmental Theory):

• Definition:
  A nurse is responsible for “placing the patient in the best possible condition for nature to act.”
  • Nightingale emphasized the importance of the environment (sanitation, ventilation, hygiene) in healing.

2. Virginia Henderson (Need Theory):

• Definition:
  “The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or recovery that they would perform unaided if they had the strength, will, or knowledge.”
  • Henderson viewed the nurse as a substitute, helper, and partner in meeting the patient’s basic needs.

3. Dorothea Orem (Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory):

• Definition:
  A nurse is one who “provides care to individuals who are unable to meet their self-care needs due to health-related limitations.”
  • Orem’s theory focuses on the nurse’s role in supporting self-care when the patient cannot fulfill it independently.

4. Hildegard Peplau (Interpersonal Relations Theory):

• Definition:
  “A nurse is a therapeutic agent in the interpersonal process between the patient and nurse, facilitating personal growth and understanding.”
  • Peplau highlighted the nurse-patient relationship as central to the healing process.

5. Jean Watson (Theory of Human Caring):

• Definition:
  A nurse is “one who promotes healing and wholeness through caring relationships, focusing on human-to-human connection and the integration of body, mind, and spirit.”
  • Watson stressed the importance of caring as the core of nursing.

6. Madeleine Leininger (Transcultural Nursing Theory):

• Definition:
  A nurse is a professional “who provides culturally congruent care by understanding and respecting the cultural beliefs, practices, and needs of individuals.”
  • Leininger’s theory emphasizes cultural competence in nursing care.

7. Betty Neuman (Neuman Systems Model):

• Definition:
  A nurse is “a professional who helps patients maintain stability in their system by addressing stressors and strengthening their lines of defense.”
  • Neuman viewed the nurse as a stabilizer in the patient’s interaction with internal and external stressors.

8. Martha Rogers (Science of Unitary Human Beings):

• Definition:
  A nurse is “an active participant in the human-environmental energy field, focusing on the person as a whole and their interaction with the universe.”
  • Rogers emphasized holistic care and energy flow.

9. Sister Callista Roy (Adaptation Model):

• Definition:
  A nurse is “an individual who helps patients adapt to changes in health by supporting physiological, psychological, and social coping mechanisms.”
  • Roy’s model revolves around adaptation as a key aspect of health.

10. Imogene King (Theory of Goal Attainment):

• Definition:
  A nurse is “a partner in the dynamic interaction with patients, working together to achieve mutually agreed-upon health goals.”
  • King stressed communication and goal-setting in the nurse-patient relationship.

11. Patricia Benner (Novice to Expert Theory):

• Definition:
  A nurse is “a professional who develops expertise through stages of clinical experience and practice.”
  • Benner’s theory focuses on the growth of a nurse’s competencies over time.

12. Joyce Travelbee (Human-to-Human Relationship Model):

• Definition:
  A nurse is “an individual who establishes a human-to-human relationship with the patient to provide compassionate and meaningful care.”
  • Travelbee emphasized empathy and understanding in nursing care.

13. Faye Abdellah (21 Nursing Problems Theory):

• Definition:
  A nurse is “a problem solver who provides care by identifying and addressing 21 nursing problems related to physical, psychological, and social needs.”
  • Abdellah viewed nursing as a science and an art in solving patient care issues.

Different theorists have provided definitions of a nurse that reflect their unique perspectives on the profession. While some focus on the nurse’s technical and problem-solving roles, others highlight caring, cultural sensitivity, interpersonal relationships, and holistic care.

Nursing is an Art

Nursing is an art. Not everyone has it. Different methods are used in nursing care. Skillfully care is provided keeping in mind the patient’s condition and emotional filling. To learn the art of nursing one must have tenderness, sympathy and the spirit of working for others without forgetting oneself.

Nursing is a science:-

Nursing is also a science as it involves giving treatment based on scientific method and principles. The science of nursing is universally the same. There is no substitution, so nurses must have knowledge of anatomy, physiology, microbiology, physics, chemistry, psychology, sociology, and economics to treat patients.

💙 WRITE DOWN SCOPE OF NURSING :-

Nurses work in different organizations and because of this they get opportunities to play roles in different ranges.
are as follows and they are practiced differently :-

Home Care Nurse:- The nurse who provides care to the patient who cannot come to the hospital and receive the services is called home care nurse. In India, home care nurses are less seen in some countries like Israel and others. This method is more common in developed countries

Teaching :– A nurse can also teach nursing students as a nursing teacher or tutor after completing nursing, it also improves their knowledge and develops the next generation of nursing officers.

R . N (R. N) :- RN means Registered Nurse who fulfills the requirement of professional ethics, gets practical training and works in health institutes eg:- CHC, PHC, Civil Hospital etc etc……..

School Health Nurse :- Now there is a trend in India and for many years abroad that every school has a nurse who can provide primary care, prevention of diseases, first aid care and is called school health nurse to students and His teachers observe the health of both and provide care as needed.

Community Health Nurse:- A nurse who works within the community, provides care, and is licensed to dispense certain types of drugs, provides primary care and refers to the next center through the referral system in case of more problems. is That nurse is called community health nurse.

Occupational Health Nurse:– To cure occupational hazard, there is an occupational health nurse in the industrial area who performs physical examination and treats injury, fever or infection, she is called occupational health nurse.

Mental Health Nurse:- A mental health nurse who has a Master of Science with Psychiatric Care and treats mentally ill persons.

Military Nurse:- Those who provide care within the forces and do overall health check up to take care of injuries during war are called military nurses.

Tele-nursing:- Tele-nursing means that the nurse can provide guidance to the patient with the help of telecommunication so that the people living far away do not have to travel from far away and because of this it is beneficial if there is a shortage of nurses.

Research :- PN can excel in nurse research, they can also do PIAHD in nursing and do research on different topics.

Domiciliary care nurse :- Nurses who provide care at home are called as domiciliary care nurses, auxiliary nurses include midwives.

WRITE DOWN FUNCTION OF NURSE /WHAT ARE THE FUNCTION OF NURSE
(State the functions of a nurse) :-

Care Giver :-

The nurse plays a very large role as a care giver, helping the client to return to normal, and making efforts to facilitate the healing process. She provides comprehensive care and satisfies the client’s holistic needs. But gives care without bias.

Good Communicator :-

Effective communication of the nurse is very important

A nurse’s communication is an important link between the patient and the doctor

Nurses reduce the communication gap between doctor and patient.

The nurse has more contact with the patient, so he talks about everything with the nurse.

Leader :-

The nurse plays the role of a leader

A senior or charge nurse guides his junior nurses

He understands all the responsibilities as a leader and helps him take decisions by communicating with the patient and his relatives.

She is leading the department in her capacity.

Concealer :-
Counseling or the role of a counselor to provide guidance and a genuine waiting. Often due to certain fears and misconceptions people avoid certain types of treatment (eg family planning methods).
It gives understanding about right and wrong and also guides between good and evil.

Manager :-

Managing is one of the best qualities of a nurse

She manages well both alone and in groups

She manages the work together with senior and junior

She also manages patient care

Observer:-

The nurse also acts as an observer

Observes changes occurring within the patient

It is also known whether the treatment is effective or not

Further action observes what to take

Protector:-

The nurse uses aseptic technique to protect her client from infection

Gives him comprehensive care

It encourages the patient and his relatives to lead a healthy lifestyle

Team Player :-

He coordinates with other staff members and performs team work

He discusses and evaluates medicines, diagnoses and record reports with his team.

Rehabilitator :-

• Rehabilitative means that the patient is going through any disease from which recovery and cure is impossible, the nurse teaches him why to live in that condition, it is called rehabilitation. or bring the patient to his original position.

Advocate :-

Advocates for patient rights and preferences.

Ensures patient informed consent and autonomy.

Communicates patient concerns to the healthcare team.

Researcher:

Participates in research to improve nursing practices and patient outcomes.

Applies evidence-based practices for high-quality care.

Collects and analyzes data related to patient care.

Ethical and Legal Practitioner:

Adheres to ethical principles such as beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice.

Follows legal guidelines regarding patient confidentiality, informed consent, and documentation.

Maintains professional accountability and integrity.

Maintains professional accountability and integrity.

Expanded Roles of a Nurse:

Nurse Practitioner:- Provides advanced clinical care, including diagnosis and treatment.

Nurse Educator:- Trains future nurses in academic and clinical settings.

Nurse Administrator:- Manages healthcare units or hospitals.

Specialist Nurse:- Focuses on specialized areas such as pediatrics, geriatrics, oncology, or critical care.

💖 WRITE DOWN HISTORY OF NURSING IN INDIA:-

Nursing has gained immense importance in today’s era. Today’s age is mechanical age. A hundred years ago, the profession of nursing was enjoyed a low status, but in the 19th century, forence nightingale gave this profession a special day and a special curriculum was applied.
Modern nursing is not only curative, but more emphasis is placed on preventive and promotive aspects. Prevention of disease and promotion of health in the community require more attention.

How was nursing in the prehistoric period :-.

In the prehistoric period, women used to collect herbs, roots and plants and try to heal the sick with them.

Women’s entry into nursing began around 300 A.D.

Florence Nightingale’s service during the war opened doors for women in nursing.

Let’s see how nursing was in ancient India:-

If we look at the oldest literature in ancient India, it is the Vedas and other sacred books

In India Shushruta is known and recognized as the father of surgery, giving him Shushruta Samhita.
Charak is known as the father of medicine in India.

• Hero Emperor Ashoka was the first person to improve medical care within India.
• Hippocrates is called the Father of Medicine, he dispelled the misconceptions that people get sick due to evil spirits, studied for years on physical examination and signs of disease and gave the concept of taking a patient’s history.

What did the medieval period improve :-

Charitable hospitals started in 1100 to 1200 AD

During that time, nursing care was delivered under the guidance of physicians and priests.

That was the time of midwives.

Period between 15th to 19th century:-

The work requirements and responsibilities of nurses increased because at that time there were wars, economic growth in many countries and epidemics in many countries.

At that time nurses started to be known as sisters. 19th Century :-

Florence Nightingale, the founder of nursing at that time, gave the first nursing philosophy that health maintenance and health restoration.

From the book Notes of Nursing written by him, his philosophy was metaphysical and was made keeping in mind the changes in society.
-Hospitals were built in 19th century

20th Century :-
-Scientific research began in the early 20th century in which nursing knowledge and practice began.
-Nurse embraces expanded and advanced practice
-In 1901 Army Nursing started
-Navy nursing started in 1908

Nursing specialization started in 1920

Nursing as a Profession

Nursing is a scientific and artistic profession that plays an important role in patient care, health promotion, and disease prevention. The profession is not limited to caregiving activities but extends to the areas of education, research, and leadership.

Key Characteristics of Nursing as a Profession:

Specialized Knowledge:
Nurses receive specialized training in medical sciences, pharmacology, and clinical skills, which enables them to advance professionally.

Ethical Foundation:
Nurses operate based on ethical principles such as autonomy, beneficence, justice, and confidentiality.

Professional Accountability:
Nurses operate with accountability and integrity, which is essential for patient safety.

Holistic Care:
Nurses provide holistic care by addressing physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual needs.

Education and Research:
Nurses engage in education and research to improve patient care through new techniques and evidence-based practices.

Collaboration and Leadership:
Nurses work collaboratively with healthcare teams and also take on leadership roles when necessary.

💚 WRITE DOWN QUALITIES OF NURSE (Tell or write the qualities of a nurse):-

Sympathy:- A nurse should have sympathy, that is, put herself in the place of the patient and think about how we would feel if we were treated well. A nurse should have the ability to treat the patient without hurting his feelings.

Self Confidence:- A nurse should have self-confidence. She should have faith in herself that she can completely cure the patient.

Observation:- A nurse should have the power of observation. Through observation and evaluation, it is possible to know which work to give importance to and also the effect of the treatment given to the patient should be known.

Alertness:- Nurses should be alert and successful. They should have a desire to work quickly. The good behavior of nurses increases the confidence of the patient.

Apathy:- Nurses should not discriminate in any way, they should not discriminate on the basis of caste, religion or economic status.

Honesty:- Nurses should be honest. There are articles like medicine etc. whose responsibility is on the nurse. If anything gets damaged or broken by mistake, they should be informed.

Scientific knowledge:- Nurses should work keeping in mind their knowledge and scientific principles. Not only knowledge but also experience should be used and should be applied with scientific principles. Nurses should also have intelligence.

Economical nature:- Nurses should have a thrifty nature. They should be able to do any work by saving time and energy.

Self Dependent:- A nurse should be self-dependent and should not depend on others for patient care.

Curiosity:- A nurse should always be eager to learn new things so that she can increase her knowledge over time.

Resourceful:- She should be able to fully utilize whatever resources are available for treatment.

Cooperative:- She should work cooperatively with everyone.

Kind:- She should be loving and her response should always be polite.

Impartial:- She should have the quality of caring for the patient without any discrimination, regardless of color, appearance, caste, religion, etc.

Empathetic:- ​​She should be able to put herself in the patient’s shoes and understand what would happen if she were in his place.

Good decision maker:- She should be able to make therapeutic decisions at his level.

💞 ETHICS OF NURSING (Ethics of Nursing / write short notes on Ethics of Nursing

Ethics is the principle or rule by which proper management can be done. Code of Ethics (CODE OF ETHICS) by INC (International Council for Nurses) in 1973 according to which there are four main points of the fundamental responsibility of the nurse.
1) TO PROMPT HEALTH
2) TO PREVENT ILLNESS
3) TO RESTORE HEALTH
4) TO ALLIAVATE SUFFRING
That is to improve people’s health, prevent disease and maintain healthy and patient free from pain these basic ethics are done by I.C.N.

Apart from this, the following terms are used for Ethics.

1. Autonomy :- The client can make his own decision to take medicine or not to drink or not to drink it is his decision the nurse cannot interfere in it There are two types of autonomy inward and outward autonomy; Inward autonomy means that the patient is able to take his own decision and outward autonomy means that the patient is a child or in whom he is in short he is not able to make his own decision and his decision is taken by his relatives then it is called outward autonomy. In this way, the patient has the right that he can get his own treatment without any interference from the nurse or the doctor.
2. Justice:-

Justice means serving the patient fairly, providing care fairly is one of the foundations of care, medical care is not done keeping in mind one’s ability to pay, his status, his cast etc. It means without any kind of discrimination. should

3. Non-Malefficiency:-
   Non Malfins i.e. providing treatment to the patient without causing any harm, this ethics must be followed compulsorily, it is the job of the nurse to balance the benefits and harms and treatment, this is also an obligatory ethics.

4. Beneficence ;-

To promote patient health and provide good care, to take positive steps to promote patient health. Teeth: Discomforts occur due to the side effects of the medicine, but because of the benefits, if we administer it, we can reduce the discomfort.

5. Fidelity (Fedility) :-

The nurse should work with loyalty. She should never neglect the patient for any reason.

6. Accountability :-

Nurses should evaluate their work so that their excellence can be preserved.
-American Nursing Association is an example.

7. Confidentiality :-

Privacy of patient talk reports, treatment, diagnosis, any health related talk of any patient should be maintained. Do not share anything with anyone until the client is satisfied.

💝 Ethical Behavior Expected From Nurse :-
Nursing is a coordinated operation, the nurse has to work with the patient’s relative, doctors, co-workers, technicians and hospital related persons.

For that the following points should be kept in mind.

1) The nurse should control his emotionality.
2) Everyone should be respected If we respect others, someone will respect us.
3) If we do not know something, we should not feel inferior in accepting it.
4) The nurse should take responsibility if he is the leader of his team and if he is a member of his team he should accept the orders of his leader.
5) A nurse should not show partiality at times.
6) He should not do an act that offends the faith of others.
7) He should have a sense of union while working in a team.
8) If a new nurse comes in the team, explain the work to him properly.
9) There should be no unnecessary discussion or talk in the team.
10) Appreciate the good work of others.

In order to maintain good interpersonal relationship with others, the nurse should have certain behaviors which are as follows.

💝 What is Code of Ethics:

A code of ethics is a set of rules which are applicable in all countries and which the nursing staff of all countries are required to follow. is

💝 What are the Purpose of Code of Ethics?

Set standards of behavior for nurses and provide guidelines for nursing action
-Helps distinguish between right and wrong

Enables taking correct decisions

To protect the rights of individuals

It helps to acknowledge the health care delivery system

for health which empowers the individual and makes him responsible towards health

Provides quality care

• Describe what is needed in research and practice

💝 Code of ethics for international nurses (International code of ethics for nurses):-

The International Code of Ethics for Nurses was first adopted in 1953 by the International Council of Nurses.

It has been revised and reformed many times, currently it was revised in 2003.

The following are the basic responsibilities of a nurse;

To promote health

To Prevent Illness- Medicine Reduction

To Restore Health- Do as before health

to alleviate suffering
The need for nursing is universal

Nursing respects human rights, respects cultural life, right to life and choice, maintaining dignity and treating all with respect.

Nursing care is respectful without any restriction of age, color, creed etc.

ICN CODE OF ETHICS PRINCIPLE (State the principals of the Code of Ethics of the International Council-) :-

The ICN CODE OF ETHIC has four main principles

• Nurses and People
• Nurses and Practice
• Nurses and Profession
• Nurses and Co-Worker

1. Nurses and People Satisfying people’s needs by providing nursing care is the primary responsibility of nurses.

While providing nursing care, the nurse promotes an environment in which human rights, values, customs, and spiritual beliefs, family and community are respected.

The nurse ensures that the patient has a basic level of information related to treatment and care.

The nurse takes the patient into confidence that he will not share his information anywhere

Nurses have a responsibility to take measures that satisfy health and social needs and pay special attention to the community which is vulnerable (such as children, elderly).

The nurse is also responsible for doing what he can for the natural environment to save the land from depletion, pollution, degradation, and destruction.

2. Nurses and Practice

Nurses themselves share a personal responsibility for their nursing practice and enable themselves through their continuous learning.

Nurses maintain a standard of care that does not compromise patient care.
-The nurse uses her judgment in making any decisions

A nurse maintains a personal standard that reflects professionalism and thereby instills confidence in the public.

Nurses should use scientific and technology to provide care keeping in mind the safety, dignity, and rights of people.

3. Nurses and Profession

Nurses play a major role in determining and implementing nursing standards in clinical nursing practice, management, research, and education.

• Prepares the core for nurse research with the help of professional knowledge

Nurses participate in establishing equal occupational and economic conditions through professional organization.

4. Nurses and Co-Workers

Nurses maintain cooperative relationships whether in nursing or in another field

• If the health of individual, family or community is endangered due to any co workers, then he acts as a safe guard for that.