As Per INC Syllabus :-

Sources and characteristics of safe wholesome water type

Uses of water.

Rain water harvesting

Water pollution

Purification of natural and acquired impurities

Water borne diseases plant, sewage

Water purification-small and large scale

♲ Sources and characteristics of safe and wholesome water

☔ Water

Water is the basic need of life without which life is impossible.

Water is the largest component of the human body.

Optimal health is impossible in its absence.

Safe and healthy water is the basic need of everyone.

In India and many countries, disease is caused by unsafe water.

W.H.O should try to ensure that every person can get safe water by the year 1980 so that illness does not occur and by the year 2000, the GOAL of W.H.O. on health can be achieved, which shows the importance of safe water.

☄ Sources of water:-

The water we get mainly through the smile has three main sources of supply which are rain voter surface water and ground water respectively.

1) Rain water:-

The main reputation of all types of water is rain. Rainwater is safe to drink as it is chemically soft and contains less pathogenic bacteria.

Rainwater passes through the atmosphere and mixes with some impurities coming to the ground in which 10 types of gases and bacteria mix from the atmosphere, so rainwater should be carefully collected and stored.

2) Suarface water:-

Rain water falling on the ground is known as surface water. Many procurement locations in India are based on it.

High level surface water- artificial lake, dam, natural lake

Low surface water – pond, artificial soil, water tank

(I) Lake :-

Rainwater is always stored in the lake slightly above the ground level. Where such water is stored, even though the surrounding area is clean, it should be chlorinated and stored. Such water is used in cities like Bombay, Chennai and Nagpur.

(II) River:-

River water is an important source of water. Many big cities rely on river water. The main disadvantages of this water are that it is polluted and cannot be used except for chlorination work. Many factors are responsible for this pollution. Such as sewage, washing clothes in river, dumping of industrial waste in river etc. are the main responsible causes.

(3) Pond:-

Surface water is stored in the ground by digging, this water is not safe as it is open and people have to take bath around it so it gets polluted soon.

4) Ground water:-

When the rain water goes down into the ground, it is called ground water. After going into the ground, this water is purified by the filtration process.

It is better than surface water because it does not contain any type of organism and does not require any type of treatment. And water supply is available immediately.

• Disadvantages of Surface water:-

Surface water is hard, it has to be pumped out, we can get it from a fountain or a spring

5) well :-

We have many villages in India where well water is considered a major prestige in cities. There are two main types of wells through which water is supplied.

1) Shallow well

2) Deep well

1) Shallow well:-

The place where water is found from the first impervious layer of the soil is called a shallow well. The word shallow has nothing to do with the depth of the well, but it is usually less than 10 feet, sometimes 30 to 40 feet. Most of the wells in India are of the shallow well type and the water from these wells is not safe for drinking as it is contaminated by drains, wells, latrines etc.

2) Deep well:-

The well in which water is poured after the impervious layer of the soil is called deep well. Deep well water is cleaner than shallow well but if it is an open deep well then that water is harmful. Sarvani well is a type of deep well well in which there is pressure in water, we have very few Sarvani wells there.

State the ideal well :-

1) Location:-

A special place should be selected for the well, there should be no dirt of any kind around the well, an area of ​​50 feet or 15 m should be higher than the ground, there should be no latrine or toilet around it.

2) Lining :-

The inner side of the well should have a stone wall dug up to 20 feet or 6 m and should be plastered with cement so that outside polluted water cannot enter the well.

3) Para pate :-

The top of the well should be 70+75 cm or 28 inches high and should have cement plaster on the outside and inside to prevent ingress of waste water from outside.

4) Plat form:-

There should be a plat from cement concrete 3 feet or 1 m wide around the well and there should be a slight outward slope.

5) Drain (Sewer) :-

Before the edge of the well there should be a paved drain downwards through which waste water can be disposed of through a drain.

6) Covering:-

There should be a cover of cement contractor or any other material over the well which prevents impurity in the water. Open fountain water is impure, so such water should not be used.

7) Hand pump :-

A hand pump should always be installed at the well or a clean vessel should be available to draw water from it.As far as possible buckets and ropes should not be used to draw water as it makes the water impure.

8) Quality:-

To check whether the water is fit to drink, its quality should be tested, in which the water is specially, chemically, bacteriologically tested.

9) Health education (Health Education) :-

People should be prohibited from bathing, washing clothes, cleaning utensils at the well. In this way health education should be given and how to use the well should be explained.

(6) Tube well:-

After excavating till the layer of the soil from which water is obtained, a tube is removed and a thick fitting is placed on the end of the pipe and a hand pump is placed on the upper side, it is called a tube well.

A good amount of water is available from the tube well, so the water should be kept clean. Like wells, tube wells are also of two types, cello wells and deep wells.

(7) Spring’s:-

Spring water is known as Ground water. It is of four types.

1) Shallow spring- Shallow spring is like shallow well

2) Deep spring– When deep spring like deep well does not have enough water, it is not important for water supply.

3) Mineral spring- There are some types of minerals in mineral springs but their water is not hot

4) Hot and thermal spring-Thermal spring which also has some types of minerals whose water is hot which is used as treatment in some diseases.

Safe and wholesome water

Water intended for human consumption should be safe, wholesome and available in sufficient quantity Safe water is defined as follows.

Free from pathogenic micro-organism It should not be harmful to health of any kind and it should be free from organisms.

It should be free from harmful chemicals

The right temperature and color should be colourless

A pleasant taste Etel should have a taste suitable for drinking, salty or bitter

It should be usable for domestic consumption such water can be called safe water.

♲ Uses of water:-

Water is used in many ways. Water is used for social, economic, industries. Water is used as follows.

1) Domestic use:- Water is used for domestic consumption, drinking, cooking, washing machine for bathing, cleaning.

2) Public use:- including for cleaning roads, for swimming pools, for public gardens, for fountains and as fire extinguishers.

3) Industrial use: In some industries like paper cloth etc., water is used in proportion to the surface area.

4) Agricultural use:- In which water is used to grow food from raw material and to grow crops of every question.

5) Power production:- In which hydro power is used to generate

To explain the importance of water for body

Important role in temperature. Useful in regulation.

Ingredirnt of blood

Used in waste disposal

in cleanliness

A person’s basic physiological water requirement depends on the weather, but a person should drink at least 2 liters of water per day.

This water is not necessary for a person just to live. But it is also necessary to avoid diseases caused by water deficiency.

The quality of this water should be good.

For consumption, one person needs to use 150+200 liters of water. Through which a person can do his daily work.

Explain Rain water harvesting

Due to urbanization and industrialization and drastic increase in population, the demand for water has increased tremendously and given the current environmental conditions, the rainfall system is slightly disturbed and even reduced. Also, our soil water is replaced only by rain, rain water is the main basis of our agriculture, so it is very important to conserve water, store it and improve the soil. Due to the increase in water demand, due to excessive use of groundwater, its levels are going down and many times the water stops coming from it before that time and the time comes to suffer from the water table. In order not to do so, we should give them health education and also preserve the rain water that comes and we should harvest the water by recharging the well and recharging the bore etc.

Proper use and harvesting of rain water can solve the water crisis because most of the rain water is either wasted or washed away by the river into the sea so if this water is properly conserved we can solve the water crisis in which We can collect rainwater at home by making rooftop tanks and making systems in wells and bores to collect rainwater so that it rises above it and by making large pits to store rainwater so that it is not wasted and run off. Organizations like the Central Ground Water Board and UNICEF also work to prevent this
In which the rainwater on the rooftop is made a layer in the ground through a PVC pipe and connected through a pit below, this water is discharged inside the tube well so that water harvesting can be done i.e. recharge.

describe the recharge of ground water by rain water: Recharging of ground water as follows-

Conservation of wells and tube wells

Recharge unused tube wells and cisterns

Recharge structure for multi-storied building

Recharge shaft

Recharge by ponds

Recharge underground tanks

Recharge of river water

Recharge of canal water

Recharge of spring water

♲ Impurities of water:-

From a chemical point of view, some kind of impurity and chemicals are present in the water, for example. It is full of dissolved (dissolved) or suspended (dissolvable) impurities.

Dissolved impurities:-

Dissolved impurities in water are of two types. Organic and inorganic, organic includes some gases, carbon, albumin salt etc. chemical while inorganic impurity includes leak magnesium, arsenic etc.

Suspended impurities (soluble):-

We are of two types in which organic includes green leaves, bacteria, viruses, insects, etc., while inorganic includes soil, crops, etc.

Enlist the sources of water pollution:

The sources of water pollution are divided into two parts.

1. Natural impurities
2. Acquired impurities

Natural impurities:

a. Gases soluble in water – carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen

b. Water soluble minerals – magnesium, calcium, manganese, lead, sodium etc.

c. Vegetable impurities-algae, dry leaves

D. Pathogenic agents, inorganic impurities, dust etc.- bacteria viruses, ova etc.

Acquired impurities

A. Through human activities:

a. Sewage :-

Sewage also plays an important role in water pollution. Sewage means “solid and liquid excreta from houses, streets, factories, along with foul odors and dirty water. It consists of 99% water and 1% solid material. It contains numerous organisms and bacteria which is called sewage.

Pathogenic organisms present in such water. It spreads many types of diseases due to not proper disposal of human and animal excreta and release in the water or if there is a latrine and toilet around the well, such impurity mixes with the water and contaminates the water.

b. Industrial Refuge:-

In every developing country, industrial waste is also a cause of pollution because the toxic agent released by the factories is discharged into the water, causing pollution and making the water impure.

C. Agricultural Pollutants:– Drinking water is contaminated by fertilizers used for agriculture and all these impurities are mixed in this water.

D. Physical Pollutants- Acids, Radioactive Substances

E. Inappropriate social traditions – human and animal corpses, mass bathing

Water Related Disaster :-

Flood

Draught

Tsunamis

Land Degradation

Famine

Salinization

water pollution

water epidemic

Water Born Disease

To define the water born disease:

When humans, animals or plants use polluted water directly or indirectly, either unintentionally or intentionally, it gives rise to some infectious diseases.

To enlist the causes of water born disease:

Contaminated drinking water with edible substance

for personal use (using in personal use)

Related disease or water born disease or To describe the types of water born disease::-

Due to the use of contaminated water there is a risk to the health of a person due to which many diseases are caused which are called water born diseases. Due to lack of clean water in developing countries many water related diseases are seen including diarrhoea, vomiting, cholera, dysentery, amebiasis some chemical pollution. Agricultural and industrial west pollutes water by mixing with water, which indirectly affects the person, so water born disease can be prevented by purifying such water before using it. If there is too much chloride in the water, the condition of chlorosis is produced, especially in the upper enamel of the teeth. are affected and the teeth fall out.

These are divided into two categories-

1. Water born disease is caused by infection.

A. Virus-

Viral hepatitis, polio

b. bacteria-

Cholera, Typhoid, Diarrhea, Dysentery.

c.Protozoa-

Amebiasis, giardia

D. Parasites – ring worm, guinea worm, thread worm.

2. Diseases caused by chemical changes in water.

a. Nitrate, fluorides, lead, arsenic, mercury etc. in excess amount in water causes disease due to its toxic effect.

b. Mixture of Sewage- Intestinal Disease, Infectious Diseases

Hardness of water:-

If we define hard water, the water that does not foam when mixed with soap is called hard water. or Hard water says hardness is of two types.

Temporary hardness and permanent hardness, if we look at the cause of hardness, the water is hard due to the presence of some salts in it, salts like calcium, (Ca), carbon sulphate, chloride, silicon.

1) Temporary hardness:-

Temporary hardness means the hardness of water which can be removed by boiling water such water is high in calcium bicarbonate.

2) Permanent hardness:-

Permanent hardness means that it cannot be removed even by boiling the water. This hardness water contains salts like sulphate, chloride, Ca, Mg.

Measurement of hardness:-

To measure the hardness of water, the hardness of 1 liter of water is seen. If there is less than 1 mg of salt in 1 liter of water, it can be said that the hardness of the water is low.

Disadvantages of Hardness :-

Wastage of soap Hardness leads to improper wastage of soap as soap does not lather.

Wastag of fuel Hard water causes more fuel consumption as it does not conduct heat.

Due to the internal char freezing in household utensils, it becomes difficult to clean the utensils, the utensils break quickly and there is a danger of bursting of boilers and pressure cookers.

It takes more time to wash the clothes and the clothes get torn soon.

Machinery gets damaged in industry.

Removal of hardness

Different methods are used to remove water hardness.

Removal of hardness – Permanent method -Temporary Method

1) Boiling method:-

Boiling is a simple method to remove temporary hardness. Boiling water quickly removes CO2, mg, carbonates and this method becomes very expensive on large scale and hence is not used.

2) Adding Lime :-

This is also called as Clarks process, this is a good method to remove temporary hardness in which CO2 is released by adding lime or calcium hydroxide to hard water and also removes mg and caco2.

3) By adding sodium carbonate:-

Adding makl co3 to hard water removes both temporary and permanent hardness.

4) Permute process:-

On a large scale or in large quantities, this permetic process is used more for water purification and removal of hardness. This removes the hardness of water at a low cost and can make the water soft. While passing through, Na, CA, Mg present in the water gets exchanged and becomes permuted. In other words, the hardness of water can be removed only when the hard water is passed through the permute. It is known as base exchange method. In sodium community, when When all the ma is evaporated, another closed solution of macl is added.

Purification of water:

To maintain the health of the community there is a great need for water purification which is done on two scales

1) Large scale of purification of water

2) Purification of on small scale

1) Purification of water on large scale :-

Water purification on large scale can be done by sand filtration. This filtration is of two types. which respectively

1) Slow sand filtration or biological sand filtration

2) Rapid sand filtration or called mechanical sand filtration.

Slow sand filtration:-

This was first done in Scotland in 1804 and is now used everywhere as the standard method of purification.

1. Supernatant water

In this first the upper surface is filled with raw water whose height is 1 to 1.5 meters. There the water is filtered for 12 hours or more i.e. according to the capacity of the water filter and velocity. Here the quantity of water remains constant.

2.Slow sand filter bed

In the second stage, this water is introduced into a slow sand filter, it is called a filter bed, and this bed is formed from top to bottom. It has 1.4 m of water, 1.2 m of fine sand, and 0.4 m of large silt.

3.Filter control

Sand is the main filtering medium in the sand bed. Its thickness is 1.2 m. At the bottom, there is sand, which is a layer of sand that supports the sand bed. At the bottom of the send bed, there is a pipe with holes through which the filtered water is collected. It comes through pipe to the main tank through the filter.

1) mechanical

2) Sedimentation

3) Absorption

4) Oxidation of impurity

5) bacterial action.

Vital layer or jugular layer

All these things play their small part in water purification but the important part is above the send bed or jugular layer or vital layer. This is a thin and viscous layer in which many types of alkali protozoa and bacteria are found. This layer consists of two to three layers. It takes time of the day for the vital layer to destroy harmful bacteria through the slow layer and the water becomes as pure as 98%, so it is not necessary to consume the filtered water on the new send bed until the vital layer is ready. In slow sand filtration 2 2 gallons of water can be filtered every 1 hour in a 3 million gallon water filter. If the thickness of the vital layer on the filter bed increases, water cannot be properly filtered from it and the amount of filtration decreases.

The capacity of the filter bed decreases after a few weeks or days. Which is called loss of bed. When this amount exceeds 4 feet. Water filtration is not essential. In this case, from the upper part of the vital layer. 2 to 3 cm is scratched. This scratching action is called cleaning the filter. Which should be done frequently in bed. When the thickness of the sand bed is reduced to 30 to 40 cm, it is closed. And the process is restarted by reconstructing the bed. The main disadvantage of slow sand filtration is that it requires frequent bed changes!

Remember :-

Raw water-1 to 1.5 meters

sand bed-1.2 m

Advantages :- 99.2 water

Rapid sand filtration or mechanical filtration :-

The first rapid sand filtration started in 1885 in the U.S.A. There are two types of rapid sand filtration.

(1) Pressure type

(2) GRAVITY TYPE.

Following steps are used for rapid sand filtration.

(1) Coagulation

(2) Mixing chamber

(3) flocculation.

(4) Sedimentation

(5) filtration.

Coagulation :- In this raw water is first chemically coagulant. Dohlash is done using alum. The dose of alum is 5 to 40 mg/liter as per dose.

Mixing chamber :– After adding alum, some water is kept in the mixing chamber for some time. And alum is added to the water with a special tool! After the alum is mixed properly, it is allowed to go to the third step.

Flocculation:– In this the water is passed through a flocculation chamber while it is slowly stirred for 30 minutes with a special equipment due to which the aluminum hydroxide is cut to a greater extent.

Sadimantation:- In this step the water is filled in the sedimentation bank where it is kept for 2 hours to 6 hours so that aluminum hydroxide and other impurities settle to the bottom of the tank and the water becomes pure.

5) Filtration:- 99% water is purified in this stage. Rapid send filtration water is like 510 W send filtration. The slow sand filter jugular layer that comes is similar. Due to filtration, impurities accumulate on it. So it gets dirty quickly which is called bed washing process.

=> The impurity of sand bed is purified by reverse water leaving Raw. The time for this cleanse is about 15 to 20 minutes. The bed is then ready to use again.

=> The method of slow sand and rapid sand is slightly different. Because once water is filtered in slow sand, the entire bed is regenerated. When in rapid sand after bed washing filter bed can be used.

Chlorination or chlorification :- Chlorination is the final step in water purification. It destroys harmful bacteria. Sporeform bacteria are not destroyed. If chlorination is done in high dose. Virus is destroyed. Chlorin as oxidizing agent to destroy odor producing elements due to Aryan, MN, Hydrogen sulphide etc. Capacity is generated.

Action of Chlorine :– Hydrochlorine and hydrochloric acid are formed when chlorine is added to water. Hydrochloric acid makes nutri light from the basicity of water. And H+ ions give hypochloric acid. This works in the action of chlorination as a fine jar size.

Chlorine demand of water :– Before chlorination, chlorine requirement in water should be measured so that chlorine can be added to the water accordingly. What is the requirement of CL in water? If we look at its definition, the amount of CL required to destroy bacteria and organic impurities in water is called chlorin demand of water. This can be determined by the lab.

(1) Break point :- The point at which CL requirement is completely met in water is called break point. If CL more than this is added to the water, free chlorine is found in the water.

• (2) Free Residual Chlorin = By putting a little more CL in the water than the chronic demand, this excess CL is called free residual chlorine. The amount of this in father water is 0.5 mg / liter. Which is kept after chlorination. The purpose of keeping free residual chlorine is to prevent contamination during storage and distribution.

Ortho toludint test :– This test is done to know the amount of CL in water. For this test it is mixed with water. By adding reagent to water, if there is more CL, it becomes yellow in color! This yellow color water is kept in tube stand! A compressor is kept with it! With which this water is compared! How much chlorine is in the water after testing like this! Or it can be determined whether or not chlorination has taken place.

To know the quality of water, the reading should be taken within 10 minutes after mixing this reagent

• method’s of chlorination:- Any one of the following chlorine methods can be used to _ a large amount of water.

(1) Chlorine gas

(2) chloromin

(3) perth Loren or high Test hypochloride

(4) Bleaching powder

1) Chlorine gas :- Chlorine gas is a good choice for purifying large quantities of water. It is important to know the benefits of chlorine gas which are as follows!

• It is very cheap.
• Its work is fast.
• It is more active and effective.
• It is easy to use.

Chlorine gas is found in cylinders. It is very irritating to the eyes. And there are also poissons. There are also special tools for that. Which is called chloro nomine. By using which chlorine gas can be supplied in proper amount. Chloronomic is in every water works.

(2) Chloramine :– Chloramine is used instead of fluorine in some water works. It contains both chlorine and ammonia. A small amount of chlorine gas is constantly present in water due to ammonia. The main disadvantage of this chloramine is that it is not as effective or disinfecting as chlorine. So this is used sparingly.

(3) Perfluoran :– Perfluorin contains calcium as well as 65.75% fluorine in calcium compound. It also works as a water disinfectant. Community water supply is used abundantly.

Disinfection of well: Well water is the main source of water in villages in India so it should be disinfected from time to time because the well water gets polluted soon the main reason is that every person uses different ropes and rest to draw water from the well so the pollution in the water soon. Due to spread of gastrointestinal style diseases like dysentery, dabria etc. well water should be disinfected by bleaching powder.

steps of wheel disintegration:-

1) Management of will:– In order to detect the water in the well, first the measurement of the amount of water in the well is taken. For this, a string is used to measure the depth and width of the well so that the size of the well and the water in it can be determined. .

2) amount of filter:- After measuring the height and width of the well, the following formula is used to measure the water in the well.

A) Using clum-H in meters to measure water depth

B) Using colam-D to measure the width of the well Taking the above management measurements and putting H and D as per the formula

3.14×d2×H

4×1000

Accordingly, the amount of water can be determined, it is important to remember that one cubic meter is 1000 liters using this formula to measure the water in the well.

3) amount of bleaching poulder :- Use 2.5 gm of good coletti bleaching powder in well water for 1000 liters of water by which water can be chlorinated well in which direct chlorination is called direct chlorination operator blank space equipment is used to know the requirement of chlorine in water.

0.7gm of clearing is required in 1 liter of water.

4) Mixing of bleaching powder:- The bleaching powder which is to be added to the water is first put in a bucket and a thin paste of bleaching powder is made by adding little water to it, then more water is added to it and then it is allowed to settle. is so that the lime salt will sit at the bottom of the stomach and take the above water which contains chlorine in another bucket and throw the water with increased lime salt below as it increases the hardness of the water.

5) (Addition) Addition of bleaching powder:– The bucket filled with chlorine solution in the market is lowered into the well by a rope and immersed in the water and slowly the Clarine solution is mixed with the well water.

6) contact period:- After chlorine is completely mixed in water, 60 mi of pathogenic bacteria are destroyed, which is called contact period. If possible, chlorination of the well should be done at night so that the water can be used the next day. It is necessary to test so that it can be known whether the organism has been destroyed.

7) Orthotaludin test :- After 1 hour after purification of well water, orthotoludin test should be done in which amount of preresidue chlorine is present in the water. It can be known. If its content is less than 0.5 mg / Li, more bleaching powder needs to be added. It can be proved.

A tool comes to test this. In which 0.1 ml orthotoludin reagent is mixed in 1 tube filled with chlorinated water. And water is matched with different colors in it. By which chlorination in water is to be done properly. That can be known. Chlorination of water is especially done in this way during cholera epidemic.

• Double pot method of water purification :- This is a very modern method to distnfect water. Which can be known as continuous chlorination process for 2 to 3 weeks from this method discovered by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute.

It has two pots. In the interpot of which bleaching powder and 2 kg fine sand mixer is filled. This pot is kept in outer pot. and is closed. Both pots have a hole. whose diameter is 1 cm. In the inner pot the hole is at the top and in the outer pot the hole is at the bottom. This pot containing bleaching powder and sand is floated in the well water up to 1 m deep by a string. And then it is tied with a rope. This double pot bleaching meets continuously. In this way keeping the pot in water for 2 to 3 weeks can make the water better.

• examination of water :- The following three things are particularly necessary to thoroughly examine the water.

(1) Sanitary Survey

(2) Sampling

(3) Laboratory exam

(A) physical examination

(B) chemical examination

(C) bacteriological examination

(1) Sanitary Survey :-

A sanitary survey can be done in two ways by inspecting the site of water intake and by inspecting the area around the water intake.

(2) Sampling :– In which at least 2 Li of water is required for physical, chemical and bacteriological examination of water sample. Fill the water in a clean covered bottle and wash the water three times with the same sample water before filling the bottle. For Bacterio logical exam sample should be collected in 250 ml capacity bottle. Its lid should also be made of glass. The water bottle is not taken for the exam. Until then it should be kept in ice.

3) Laboratory examination:-

A) special examination:- in which color of water, turbidity smile and test etc. are seen.

Drinking water should always be clean, it should not have any kind of smell and should be tasty. Safe water is not considered suitable only by physical examination, but for that, chemical and bacteriological examination of water is very necessary.

B) chemical examination:- For this exam, carbonate, nitrate, ammonia, O2 and other elements are found in the water and the amount of lead, mg, arsenic (as) etc. and the hardness is also seen. The following elements are generally found in drinking water. And should be in proportion.

Element. Proportion

Arsenic 0.01(P)

0.7

0.3

Barium. 0.003

Boron. 0.05(P)

Cadmium. 0.07

Copper. 1.5

Cyanide. 0.01

Fluoride. 05 (P)

Lead. 0.001

Monganess. 0.07

Morcury. 0.02

Molybdenum

Niall

Nitrate (asno3). 50

Nitrite (asno2). 3(P)

Selenium. 0.10

bacteriological examination:-

This is a very test to see the purity of the water, in this Microsopy examination of the water is done and it is seen whether there are any harmful bacteria in it.

Distribution of Ulster:-

Two methods are very popular for distribution of water which are known as continuous method and intermittent method respectively. In continuous method water is available for 24 hours while intermittent system is available for certain specified time only.

The sudden vanity of W. H. O decided in 1965 that water supply should be available to every person for 24 hours. Disadvantage of intermittent system is that when water supply is off, it pollutes water due to leakage in pipeline and dirt filling.

Swing pul:- People get many types of diseases due to Swing Sul e.g. Useful infection 1 Warts in ear, nose, throat infe respiratory infe intestinal tract infe so it becomes necessary to maintain cleanliness of swimming pool.

*Points to maintain cleanliness of sailing pool:-

1) Personal regulation: People who go swimming should take a bath with soapy water and go to the swimming pool wearing a scorpio. Besides, they should not have any kind of eye or skin infection, cold, cough, ear discharge should not come out and urinary bladder should be empty. There should be etc. rules should be followed after going to pul, rinsing in pul water, snejig should be strictly prohibited. pul surrounding environment should be completely disinfected.

Filtration and chlorination of water:-

For continuous filtration and chlorination of swimming pool water, this water should have refid and filter facilities. Pool water should be chlorinated. Bacteriological quality of this water should also be maintained. Swimming pool should be filtered and refilled from time to time. In addition to this water, 15% water should be added daily. should do

harrx oprater:- This is an instrument for testing water. To dislinfect 100 gallons of water some bleaching powder is required which can be known from horrx oprate which is composed as follows (100 gallons = 455 liters)

• Composition:-

1) 6 cups should have enough capacity to hold 200 ml of water as the white ane stool. Each cup is filled with water completely.

2) A black animal cup with numbers for measurements written on the inside and a white ring.

3) Two metal spoons each spoon capacity 2 gm bleaching

The powder should be able to stay.

• 6 glass row (row) (glass rods)
• Pipet

-Cadium, starch, iodine, indicator, solution

Usage:-

These operators are used as follows

First, add 2 spoons of bleaching powder to make a paste of bleaching powder, shake it quickly until it reaches a white ring inside the cup and fill it with water, which is called stock solution. From the keypad, drop 1 drop in the first cup, 2 drops in the second cup, 3 drops in the 3rd cup, in this way put the stock solution in the 6th cup, then shake the water of each cup with a different glass rod, after half an hour add 3-3 drops of KDM crown and iodine. After putting it in each white cup and shaking it again with a glass rod, it is noted that the water turns blue in the first program. For example, in the third cup, it can be determined that the first blue color bleaching powder in that type of water is 6gm in 100 gallons.