Waste:

Waste is defined as unwanted or unusable material.

These are substances that are discarded after primary use and are now useless.
✫ Define refuse and discuss it’s health hazards :

Refuse is discarded waste.
It ranges from home, street cleaning, commercial, industrial and agricultural operations.

Health hazards:

Favors fly breeding

Attracts rats and vermins

Contamination of food by dust and flies

Water and land pollution

present unsightly appearance
✫ Discuss excreta and its health hazards:

Excreta is the excreta of animals.
It contains many pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa, helminthic and parasitic and their eggs.

It should be disposed of hygienically to avoid the following health hazards:-

Soil pollution

Water pollution

Contamination of food

fly breeding
✫ Explain sewage and its health hazards:

Sewage is community water that includes solid and liquid excreta from homes, streets, factories, etc.
It looks like dirty water with unpleasant smell.

Health hazards:-

foul smelling

Water pollution

Soil pollution
💥 topic:
✫ Waste management – collection, transportation and disposal
Define waste management:

Waste management refers to all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.
✫ To explain waste management:

Garbage is collected at its place of origin in different colored bags and bins.

The bags are eco-friendly. The waste is divided into 4 categories and collected as follows:-

Sharp waste-
Puncture proof blue bag or bin
needle
blade
Shards of broken glass

Non-sharp waste – red bag and bin
Dirty and infected plastics
syringe
dressings
gloves

Anatomical –
Yellow bag and bin
The placenta
body parts

General non infectious –
Green/black bag and bin
Packaging material
cartons
Peel fruits and vegetables
✫ To explain transportation of waste:

The waste is highly contagious and dangerous and should be handled with care.

Important points to keep in mind while transporting waste are-

Always collect waste in covered bins
P
Empty bins when they are not more than 3/4 full.

Never store waste for more than 48 hours.

Transport in a closed container to avoid spilling.

Never drive through crowded areas.
✫ To explain waste disposal:

Waste is disposed of according to its nature.
Their disposal is as follows-

Deep burial (deep burial)-
Generally sharp waste is disposed of by this method.
Solid waste is buried deep in a burial pit at the site as long as it is protected by a fence or wall and away from any water source.

Autoclave and decontamination – non sharp waste, plastics that are first autoclaved or
Decontamination and then cutting.

Burning (Burning)-
Solid infectious waste (anatomical parts) such as the placenta and other body parts are disposed of by burning in incinerators.

Composting:
Composting is similar to burial pits except that household waste is dumped into the pit and covered with soil every day until the pit is full.
After 5-6 months the pit is opened and the compost is taken out.

Dumping-
Non-infectious waste is dumped in low-lying areas to level the land.

Feeding the animal –
Non-infectious feed material is fed to animals