SOCIETY:

INTRODUCTION OF SOCIETY:

• Man is a social animal.
• No person can live alone, he needs society to live.
• SOCIETY is the whole big group from which a person comes.
• Which means that every person is directly or indirectly connected to each other and talks to each other and forms SOCIETY.
• Thus all the people together form SOCIETY.
• SOCIETY is a whole complex group, they have a very close relationship between them and they remain connected to each other. And talk to each other and help each other.

DEFINITION (Definition) :

• SOCIETY is a large group consisting only of individuals. That means that all individuals are directly or indirectly connected to other individuals.
• ” SOCIETY is a complex of organized organizations and institutions within a community.” A community is an area of ​​social life marked by some degree of social cohesion. A community is a part of society.
• “The term society does not refer to a group of people, but to the norms of interaction that arise between and among them. is.”

SOCIAL GROUP AND PROCESS:

• No person can live alone. A person is a social animal.
• Any person’s activity starts immediately after entering the family group.
• A person communicates with different people in the group and shares his ideas and feelings.
• This means that a human being lives in a social group and lives his life and develops his personality.
• A social group is a group of people who are connected to each other.
• People in a social group have similar objectives.
• There are many people in a social group and people of many races live in it.
• A social group is not static, it is always changing and its activity keeps increasing.
• In a social group, there are more than two people who talk to each other, get to know each other and form a whole unit and know each other.
• Social groups are very important for their people and society.
• Social groups perform many activities that are very important for society.
• Social groups vary from two individuals to very large political parties.

FEATURES OF GROUP STRUCTURE ( Feature of Group Structure):

STATUS (Status) :

The rank or position of any person in any group is called the status of the person.

NORMS (Norms):

Norms are the expected behavior of any group of people.

ROLE:

A person has a status in a group and according to that, any person performs an activity.

COMMUNICATION ( Communication ):

Communication means conversation. People communicate with each other in different ways in groups.

INTERACTION WITHIN GROUP (interaction within group):

People communicate by talking and interacting in different ways in groups.

PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENTS (physical arrangement):

In this, people make changes according to the group and adjusts itself according to the group.

RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP (Reciprocal  Relationship):

Any person in a group communicates with each other and builds relationships with each other that are necessary for the group.

SIMILAR BEHAVIOUR (Similar Behavior):

In this, any person behaves in the same way to form his status in that group and to fulfill his interest.

IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL GROUP (Importance of Social Group) :

MOTIVATION (Motivation):

In this group, the members influence and motivate each other to do any work.

TASK MOTIVATION (Task Motivation):

In this, any person It works to achieve any specific goal.

SATISFACTION (Satisfaction):

In this, the combined activity of the social group gives a reward after completing any goal.

WE FEELINGS ( vs. Feeling):

In this, the social group gives a we feeling.

PROVIDE SOCIAL IDENTITY, SOCIAL REALITY,SOCIAL SUPPORT (Social Identity, Social Reality and Social Support):

In this, people in society have a social identity, a social reality and there is social support between people.

AFFECT THE ATTITUDE ( Affect the Attitude ) :

People’s attitude remains good due to motivational behavior in social groups. And people have good behavior.

CLASSIFICATION OF GROUPS:

TYPES OF GROUPS:

According to cooley:

 A) primary group Group),

 B) secondary group.

 According to summer (According to summer) :

  A) In group (in group),

  B) out group (out group),

 According to f.h.giddings:

A)Genetic,

B)congregate

According to miller ( According to F. H. Miller ) :

 A)Horizontal ( horizontal ) ,

 B)vertical

According to Leopold:

 A)crowds

 B)groups

 C)Abstract collection

GROUP have been classified as:

 a)class (class),

 b)caste,

 c)Tribe

PRIMARY GROUP (Primary Group):

• In a primary group, people have a lot of relationships,
• People can talk to each other face to face,
• A primary group is small and has a nucleus.

THE EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY GROUP (The Example of Primary Group):

FAMILY:

• Family a The basic unit of society.
• Primary groups such as family members form the social nature and different ideas of an individual.
• Primary groups are those where there is mutual understanding between people.

CHARACTERISTICS  OF PRIMARY GROUP (Characteristics of Primary Group):

In primary group, people have very close relationships and they stay together.

close  contact (close contact):

People in the primary group are closely related to each other and are close to each other

stability (stability):

It is very important to have stability in the primary group.

Because of this, people have very close relationships and good relationships between family members.

less number of members i.e.small size (small number of members i.e. small size):

Primary group has small size and there are few people so good relationship is maintained between them.

cooperation (cooperation):

In primary group there is complete cooperation between all the people so in any kind of situation they solve it and they move forward

common interest (common interest):

In this family, all the members have a common interest and they work together.

similar background (similar background):

All the people of the primary group have the same experience and their intelligence level is the same is.

IMPORTANCE FOR INDIVIDUAL :

• A person can learn their own culture.
• People can shape their own personality.
• A person can get along.
• A person can express their emotions and anger.
• Moral support between people increases  is.
• Can create feelings of togetherness among people.

IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY GROUP FOR SOCIETY:

• Maintains social control among people.
• Maintains the process of socialization among people is.
• It teaches people to work according to the rules.
• It supports people to work together.
• Thus, the primary group is very important, it is necessary for any person, community and society.

secondary group (secondary group):

• Secondary groups are very large
• In secondary groups, individuals rarely come into contact with each other.
• There is no face to face contact in a secondary group.
• There is no close relationship between them.
• There is only a formal relationship between people.

Characteristics of secondary groups (Characteristics of secondary groups):

• A secondary group is a very large group with many members.
• In a secondary group, people interact with each other in a formal way. There is a relationship.
• In a secondary group, people do not have a close relationship with each other.
• Being a member of a secondary group is not mandatory for people in any way.
• A secondary group is created to achieve any kind of goal.
• There is indirect communication between people.

ACCORDING TO SUMMER, GROUPS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO ( ACCORDING TO SUMMER ) :

 in group (in group),

 out group (out group).

IN GROUP (In Group):

This is a group to which a person belongs or from which the person comes. In this group, individuals respect and support each other and have a strong bond with each other. They have the following characteristics. They have somewhat similar attitudes and reactions. They have feelings of belonging. There is a feeling of sympathy and respect between them. There is a feeling of support and affection between people towards each other. There is a feeling of brotherhood between them. In this group, people are ready to sacrifice anything for others. The example of in group are: family, college, institution, hospital etc. –>

OUT GROUP (Out Group):

• In this, the person does not come from any kind of group but is outside the group.
• There is no close relationship between them.
• All individuals are different.

There are the following characteristics among individuals.

Common descent:

• That is, individuals in a class have the same ancestry.

Same occupation:

• Individuals The occupation is almost the same.

similar mode of life:

• In this, the individuals have a similar lifestyle.

 similar form of behaviour:

• In this, the behavior of the individuals is similar There are.

same level of education ( Same Level of Education) :

• In this, the education of people is also almost the same.

SOCIAL CLASS INRELATION TO SOCIAL SCALE (Relationship of social class with social standard):

Social classes are defined based on the behavior and standard of living of people.

type ( type ) :

Society is divided into three parts.

capitalist (capitalist),

middle class (middle class),

proletariat (proletariat).

capitalist (capitalist):

• Capitalist means that the person has political power and enjoys high status.
• In this, the person is the owner and he gets work done from the workers and gives them employment.

middle class (Middle Class):

• This middle class does not have any kind of political power but includes doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers etc.
• Based on their income and standard of living, they are divided into three types: upper middle class, middle class, lower middle class.

proletariat (Proletariat):

• This includes people working in industries or who have to work to maintain their standard of living.
• In this group, people work and earn their living.

POLITICAL GROUP (Political Group) :

• A political party is a group of people who are organized to fulfill a political aim and have their own views.
• A political group is a group of people who are organized to fulfill any political aim. Comes.

Aim of political party :

To seize and control political power.

type of political party system :

Following are the type of political party :

Non partisan (non partition) :

This does not include any official political party in non-partition.

single dominant party (single  dominant party) : In this type of political power, one political party exists and it holds the executive power.

Smaller parties maintain the leadership of influential parties, for example in China.

two dominant parties ( two dominant parties): In this, two political parties exist.

These two parties come together and work together and work to achieve any political goal and there is a close relationship between the two parties.

multiple parties:

This is a system in which there are more than two parties that share political aim  Working to get.

Example: India, Canada, this type of political system exists.

Indian National Congress (भारती राष्ट्रिय क्यांग्स):

• This party was formed in 1885.
• A.o. Hume was its first president.
• This was one of the largest Indian political parties, and the National Congress Party was formed after splitting from this party.
• Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi are members of the Indian National Congress Party.

Bhartiya janata party ( Indian Janata Party):

• The Bharatiya Janata Party is known as BJP.
• The President of Bharatiya Janata Party is Mr.M.Venkaiah Naidu.
• This party is spread all over India.

the communist party of india (दे कॉम्यूनिस्ट परित्र आफ इंदिया):

• This party was formed in 1996.
• This party was created by marxian ideology.

the samata party (दे समता पर्ति):

Samata Party is a case-based Janata Dal party is.

Bahujan Samaj Party (bsp):

Shiv Sena

other parties : Telegu, desam, Dmk, trinam ool, and AIADMK. All these parties are political parties.

ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES (Roll of Political Parties):

• A political party performs the following tasks.
• A political party conveys the public’s opinion to the government.
• Political parties convey the public’s opinion to individuals of different political parties.
• A political party identifies and implements the needs of the individual.
• Trains different publics is.
• So, there are political parties and they have a whole separate group.

TRIBE (tribe, tribe):

• A tribe is a social group that shares a common territory, a common religion, a common language, and a common culture. culture (similar customs), common political organisations (similar political organisations) Blood relationship.
• A tribe is a whole social group that has the same territory, blood relations, and who practice the same religion. Thus, a tribe is a whole group of people in which many families live and live in a specific area, their language, culture, and history are the same.
• A tribe is a group of many families who have the same name, speak the same language, and have the same occupation, live in a specific area, and they do not intermarry.

Characteristic of tribe (characteristics of tribe):

• common name,
• blood relationship,
• Common language,
• unity,
• common territory,
• common political power,
• worship common ancester.

CAST (Cast):

A caste is a group of people who have a common name, a hereditary profession, a similar physical structure, live in a particular area, and follow a similar culture.

Society is divided into many castes, in which the caste people belong to depends on their birth, including high and low castes.

Brahmins are the highest caste and sudras are the lowest caste.

• Brahmins (Brahmins)
• kshatriyas (Kshatriyas)
• vaishyas (Veshyas)
• sudras (Shudras).

Earlier, castes were also divided into castes and people were given the name of their caste according to their birth.

brahmins:

Brahmins perform any function, whether it is a puja, a naming ceremony for a new born child, a Brahmin works, gives dates for different functions, a Brahmin performs birth, death or any kind of puja.

Nai (barber):

A barber cuts hair. In some social and religious programs, he cuts the hair of children and adults. Thus, a barber cuts hair.

kumhars:

Kumhars make pots from clay and also make large pots for storing clothes and food.

Chamar:

Chamars make and repair slippers by stripping the skin of animals and making them.

bhangi:

Bhangis work as sweepers and sweepers, they clean the garbage from the streets.

 bania:

Banias sell necessary goods to people and earn money.

Barhi:

A barhi is a carpenter who makes doors, windows and furniture.

lohar:

A blacksmith makes tools for farmers and is also called a blacksmith.

sunar:

Sonar is the work of making ornaments and making ornaments for different ceremonies.

RELIGIOUS GROUP (Group of Religion):

• Religion is considered as the belief in a power that controls and directs human life.
• Some people believe in supernatural and mysterious powers and some people believe in the power of religion. Believes in immortality.
• Some people believe that religion is healthy and materialistic to achieve any specific goal.
• Religion is what drives people towards religiosity.

According to Anderson and Parker, every religion has the following four components.

• faith in super natural power ( अलोकिक शक्ति मा विश्वस्त),
• man adjustment to supernatural power ( people cast themselves on super natural power) .
• act defined as a sinful act.
• method of salvation.

belief in super natural force ( people cast themselves on super natural power) :

Man believes that all human conditions are caused by supernatural power.

man’s adjustment to supernatural power:

People adjust themselves to supernatural power by doing any kind of religious activity like praying, chanting, etc.

Act defined as sinful (sinful deeds):

When a person does not do something according to his religion, people believe that that person has committed a sin and God punishes him and he has to bear God’s wrath.

method of salvation (path of salvation):

People use certain methods to behave in a way that is pleasing to God and to remove their hatred It is the path of liberation.

People perform such processes to get rid of bad deeds and get liberation.

MOB (Mob):

• Mob means a disorderly crowd.
• A disorderly crowd or an organization of criminals.
• A mob is a group of people who have taken the law into their own hands. It is a group in which people have gathered for a specific reason and have gathered to take the law into their own hands and punish any person for committing a crime.
• Often we think of a mob as a We hear about people getting trampled or people getting run over by people who get out of hand.
• Riots occur after sporting events, causing extensive damage to property or injury to people.
•  Groups have incredible effects on individual behavior, and the behavior of a group is more likely to be a terrorist than the typical behavior of its individual members. Mobs are a powerful force in changing people’s behavior and mobs result in antisocial behavior.
• Human behavior changes in response to social situations. Each individual behaves differently in a small group or a large crowd. And behavior in a crowd is influenced by numerous factors. A mob is a group of people who are out of control. A mob is usually involved in robbery. A mob is a group of people who are possessed by someone through fraud. A mob is a group of people who are made up of individuals who exploit or commit violence.
• The word mob is usually derived from the Latin word group ‘mobile vulgus’ which means a mob that can be easily moved. Occultism is a word that means to threaten or intimidate by a crowd or a group of people or by constitutional authorities. Mob threats are often because they are destructive in nature.
• Sometimes mobs oppress needy or independent minorities who are effectively controlled by the protections afforded to individuals by democratic governments under the rule of law.
• Mobs influence policies. Mobs that resort to violence when they do not accept the decisions of the mob cause fear and intimidate large numbers of people and try to win the day. If someone is accused of doing something healthy by rejecting them, mobs will resort to violence and make general demands. Mobs are manipulated by political leaders. Mobs also gain power and win during revolutions and change policies.

CROUD :

A crowd is a group of people who come together to achieve a specific goal. For.

According to Maclver:

A crowd is a group of people who come into contact with each other for a short period of time and gather together.

According to Horton and hunt:

 A crowd is a gathering of people for a short period of time to accomplish some kind of goal.

A crowd have a following charactaristic

• People are physically present in the crowd.
• This is a short-term group.
• This is a temporary organization.
• A crowd is anonymous. The individuals in the crowd are free to do any work that they can usually control and the people in the crowd are the ones who issue that work.
• The people in the crowd cannot tolerate opposition. They blindly accept whatever is convenient and resist and reject instructions.
• People in the crowd are emotionally attached and they get lost in the crowd for a moment.
• In the crowd There is no sense of responsibility.
• They have no nature or culture of their own.
• Crowds are generally destructive in nature.

KINDS OF CROWD:

A crowd is a group of people who are related to each other by race and class or have no relationship at all.

on the basis if this le bon has classified in to parts :

Homogeneous crowd ( Homogeneous Crowd ):

Anyone made up of a particular caste or class.

Heterogeneous crowd ( Heterogeneous Crowd ):

A crowd does not belong to any caste or class. Each person comes from a different caste.

According to Blumer,crowd are:

The casual  crowd

The expressive crowd

Conventional crowd

On the basis of Active or passive participation :

Active crowd.

Inactive crowd.

Active crowd:

An active crowd is a gathering of people who actively participate and behave in a common way to achieve a common end. Active crowds are formed accidentally and are transient.

For example, students collectively stand in front of the principal’s office and shout slogans or break the office window from outside and all the people are active to fulfill any specific purpose.

AGGRESSIVE CROWD (Aggressive Crowd):

Aggressive crowds include people who are aggressive in nature and who cause destruction by aggressive behavior. Thus, in an aggressive crowd, for example, during the anti-medal movement, students participating in agitational activities are all excited and their members imitate each other in the crowd. People in such a crowd are sometimes gathered under the influence of rumors and are mostly uneducated and made up of people like laborers, rickshaw pullers.

PANICKY CROWD (fearful crowd):

This crowd is formed out of fear and its members run here and there with the intention of saving their lives and there is no leader in this type of crowd.

ACQUISITIVE CROWD:

In this type of crowd, people gather to get something. For example, old people gather in front of the office to get their pension.

EXPRESSIVE CROWD:

In this type of crowd, people gather to get their demands met or their grievances resolved and become aggressive. For example, students sit in front of the principal’s office and They chant slogans and slogans to get their grievances resolved.

INACTIVE CROWD:

This crowd is one in which people gather for peaceful purposes to get information and the inactive crowd is like an audience. The inactive crowd is further classified as follows:

conversation crowd (for conversation),

Information seeking crowd (for getting information).

INTERGROUP RELATIONSHIP:

Intergroup relationships refer to People in the group they belong to think and feel about themselves and act towards others.

INTERGROUP RELATIONSHIP(Intergroup Relationship):

Social caste is the most important social institution. Caste behavior is deeply embedded in people’s values, reflecting hierarchical equality and other forms of people’s everyday interactions. Any kind of food, gender, and other social relations between castes are permissible if they are of equal status.

 INTERGROUP RELATIONSHIP (Intergroup Relationship):

 ECONOMIC:

Economic inequality and caste-specific occupations have resulted in economic interdependence between and among groups.

All high, middle and low-class groups come into contact with the blacksmith-washer.

 INTER GROUP RELATIONS:

POLITICAL:

The writer participates in the national politics of regionalism and participates in the debate. are those who have feelings for each other. Intergroup relations are gradually increasing in the larger political context of society. People help each other to create a peaceful environment.

 INTER GROUP RELATIONS:

Ritual and Religious:

Most caste groups celebrate religious rituals and festivals that are celebrated by the people and help to reduce the structural divisions between them.

Group behavior ( Group Behavior ) :

• According to Thenmozhi, group behavior arises from factors that contribute to group effectiveness.
• Well-defined roles and statuses Hierarchy of leadership Well-developed norms and strong focus Group thinking increases the range.
• Definition is made in this way that they develop unique group characteristics including structure, coherence, role perceptions and processes as they impair mental efficiency Reality testing and group cohesion Moral judgment and reaction.

Types of society Society) :

Types of society are not the same everywhere and have been the same throughout human history

Theee types are is.

1.tribal society

2.agrarian society

3. Industrial society (Industrial society)

Tribal society:

• A tribe is a group of people who share a common territory, a common name, religion, and culture.
• People are bound by blood ties.

Some feature of tribe:

• Common territory (common Region)
• Sense of Unity
• Common Language
• Endogamous
• Blood Relationship
• Common Culture
• Common Religion
• Tribal society is a primitive society.

It can be found even today in the area of ​​Africa, Asia ,Europe

The main economic activities of these people are hunting, fishing and food gathering.

Agrarian society (Agriculture Society):

• In an agricultural society, the economic activity of almost all people is agriculture, for example, India is an agricultural society.
• Agrarian society is associated with the raising of plants and animals.
• In an agrarian society, people live a simple life. People have a sense of “we”.
• In this society, people live with cooperation and collaboration.
• In an agrarian society, its main part is in the villages. In the villages, people help each other and people live happily and joyfully. The people of the villages are simple and there is a sense of unity among them and people are religious.

Industrial society:

• The economic activity of industrial society is a factory production.
• The emergence of the modern family in the traditional way is the first feature of industrial society.
• Thus, men and women have equal rights and work together in factories.
• Industrial society is characterized by a new system of product distribution and exchange.
• In industrial society Division of labor is the relationship in an industrial society that is more moral than personal.
• In this society, class differences are more visible than gender differences.
• The status of women is higher in this society.
• People are busy with many activities and they do not have time for their children and themselves.
• The number of divorces is increasing day by day. On the other hand, the cases of drug abuse, crime and murder are increasing day by day.