INTELLIGENCE:

INTELLIGENCE (Intelligence):

DEFINITION AND MEANING Definition):

• In daily life, in the social environment, we often classify some people as bright, some slow, some can solve problems very easily, some It takes a long time to handle a situation, etc. All this is possible due to different levels of Intelligence in individuals.
• The word “intelligence” comes from the Latin word Intelligere, which means “to understand”. According to the Oxford Dictionary, intelligence means, “the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.”
• Different definitions of intelligence have been given by different psychologists and some of them are as follows.
• “Intelligence means “the ability to adjust to one’s environment”
• “The overall or global ability of individuals to act purposefully, to think cognitively rationally, and to deal effectively with their environment.
• Intelligence is, “the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adjust to new situations.” “The mental quality of being able to use”
• Intelligence can be defined as the ability to assimilate factual knowledge, to re-enact recent or remote events, to reason logically, to manipulate words,
• It can be defined as the ability to represent in words that which has no form and to transform the abstract into words in analysis and synthesis.

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE (Individual Differences in Intelligence) Variation):

• Francis Galton (1822-1911) was the first scientist to study individual differences in a systematic way. According to his opinion, the level of intelligence varies from person to person.
• The difference in intelligence is due to various factors, some of the main factors are:
• GENES are the main factors that are responsible for the variation in the score of INTELLIGENCE TEST.
• Environmental factors such as living condition, social – economic status, training in school etc. are some of the environmental factors that affect the intelligence level of people.
• Any abnormality in the brain and central nervous system results in a low intelligence score.
• “Individual differences are found in all characteristics such as – physical  mental abilities, knowledge, habits, personality and character.”

TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE:

• There is a difference in the level of INTELLIGENCE among different individuals.
• Individuals can be classified based on their intelligence level from super-normal (above 120 IQ) to idiots (0 to 50 IQ).

DIFFERENCES DUE TO MOTOR ABILITY:

There are differences in motor ability. These differences appear at different ages. Some people can perform mechanical tasks easily, while others, despite not being at the same level, find it very difficult to perform these tasks.

DIFFERENCES DUE TO SEX:

• Gender makes one person different from another.
• Women are more skilled in memory while men have more motor ability.
• Women are better at hard work while men are better at math and logic
• Women show more skill in making sensory distinctions of taste, touch and smell etc., while men show more reaction
• Men are stronger in mental strength.

DIFFERENCES DUE TO AGE (Differences due to age):

• Age is another factor that is responsible for bringing about INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES.
• The ability to learn and the ability to adjust naturally increase with age. This happens along with maturity and development as the child grows.

ADVANTAGES:

• Intelligence tests measure a wide variety of human behavior better than any other measure.
• They allow professionals a uniform way to compare.
• These tests also provide information about cultural and biological differences among people.
• Intelligence tests are excellent predictors of educational  achievements and provide a profile of a person’s mental abilities and weaknesses.
• These scores indicate talent in many people, which leads to improved educational opportunities.
• Teachers, parents, and psychologists can design an individual curriculum that matches the person’s developmental level and expectations.

DISADVANTAGES:

• Many intelligence tests produce a single intelligence score.
• This single score is often inadequate to explain the multidimensional aspects of intelligence.
• A single score can vary greatly in the expression of their various talents.
• Knowing performance on different scales can influence an individual’s understanding of their abilities and how these abilities are expressed.
• For example, two people have the same score on an intelligence test. Even though both people have the same test scores, one person may have scored higher due to strong verbal skills while the other person may have scored higher due to strong skills in understanding and organizing various tasks.

MENTAL ABILITY:

• Mental ability is the ability to acquire knowledge and understanding.
• Lewis Leon Thurstone was the first to discuss this
• Thurstone classified Mental ability into two subtypes: Primary & secondary Primary and secondary.

Primary Mental Ability:

Primary mental abilities can be described as latent core structures that can explain almost all cognitive differences. There are 7 important aspects of primary mental abilities (cognitive skills):

1. Associative Memory

2. Number facility

3. Spatial orientation

4. Perceptual speed

5. Inductive reasoning

6. verbal

7. Word fluency

secondary Mental Ability:

It is a framework, which is made up of a group of primary abilities and is used to describe someone’s intelligence structure.

NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE:

• The nature of intelligence is the ability to learn, adjust and think well.
• Ability to learn: Intelligence is the ability to learn more in a shorter period of time.
• Ability to adjust: Intelligence is the ability to adjust to the surrounding or new environment.
• Ability to think: Intelligence is the ability to think independently and to carry out abstract thinking that helps in solving problems.\
• Intelligence is the ability to learn more in a shorter period of time. Not only that, but also the ability to benefit from the experiences of others.

Nature of Intelligence (Nature of Intelligence):

Intelligence is the unique ability of the human brain, which gives a person the ability to think, reason, solve problems, and evaluate circumstances. Intelligence is a complex and broad concept in psychology, which is influenced by many factors. The nature of intelligence depends on many factors, such as physical, mental, and environmental.

Some key characteristics of the nature of intelligence

1. Intelligence is a multidimensional concept (Multidimensional Nature):
Intelligence is not just one type. It includes many abilities, such as linguistic proficiency, mathematical ability, social intelligence, understanding of the world, and creativity. All of these together make up a person’s ability to reason.

2. Intelligence is adaptive (Adaptive Nature):
An important feature of intelligence is that it gives a person the power to adapt to different situations and circumstances. Coping with changes or challenges in a person’s life in a proper way is a sign of intelligence.

3. Intelligence is the ability to learn and apply experience:
Intelligence is what allows a person to learn and respond appropriately to new situations from their past experiences. It helps a person to deal with new situations by using experience and knowledge.

4. Problem-Solving Ability:
The nature of intelligence is seen in the ability that helps a person find solutions to life-threatening problems. It has the ability to think logically and find the right solutions.

5. Ability to Communicate and Express:
Intelligence is also the ability that gives a person the power to express his thoughts and feelings appropriately. It can be done through language, writing, painting, music, and various other media.

6.Capacity to Acquire Knowledge:

The nature of intelligence is that it gives a person the power to absorb new knowledge and apply it in a way that can be followed in his life. It can continuously develop a person’s skills and alertness.

7.Dynamic Nature of Intelligence:

Intelligence is not static. It can change at different stages of life. Intelligence can develop or decline through learning, experiencing, and being influenced by the environment.

8. Influenced by Various Factors:

Intelligence is influenced by genetics, environmental factors, education, social status, and life experience. All these factors together shape a person’s intelligence.

Overall, intelligence is a broad concept that encompasses a person’s ability to learn, think, express, and solve problems.

DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENCE  (Development of intelligence):

According to psychologists, intelligence continues to grow until adolescence and declines in old age. Intelligence growth peaks between the ages of 16 and 20, after which it stops. Knowledge and skill development can continue throughout a person’s life, although INTELLIGENCE plays a major role in the development of intelligence.

Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge or skills.

• The following are ways to increase intelligence.
• Read more and make notes.
• Set and create goals in life.
• Meditate and exercise daily to improve memory and intelligence
• Have a good breakfast and drink plenty of water every day. Eat yogurt which promotes the growth of neurons
• Eat foods that are good for brain health such as green vegetables and nuts.
• Do mathematical calculations as it will exercise the  brain and make it stronger and faster.
• Make connections between ideas
• Get enough sleep and rest to keep the brain working.
• Work on vocabulary Do.
• Practice focusing on tasks and avoiding distractions.
• Adopt a NEVER GIVE UP attitude.

ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE :

INTELLIGENCE varies from person to person and exists in a certain amount Which again is not the same in every person.

There are many INTELLIGENCE TESTS to measure intelligence

TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS:

INDIVIDUAL TEST:

INDIVIDUAL TEST is applied on an individual basis. Since this test involves one to one interaction, therefore, it works for diagnostic purposes. For good results, it is IMPORTANT to have a good interaction with the participant before administering the test.

GROUP TEST (Group tests):

• GROUP TEST can be applied to a large number of people at the same time.
• This test was developed to recruit people into the army during World War I.
• Army Alpha Test (AAT) and Army Beta Test (ABT) was designed.
• The AAT was administered to individuals who were literate and knew English, while the ABT was administered to individuals who were foreign-born and could not read English.
• Some other examples of GROUP TEST are: cognitive abilities test, scholastic assessment test

Based on language and response, INTELLIGENCE TEST is classified as:

VERBAL TEST (Verbal Tests):

• VERBAL TEST Verbal tests are conducted using verbal instructions that should be given according to the language of the participants.
• Army Alpha and Stanford-Binet are examples of VERBAL TESTs.

NON-VERBAL TEST (Non-verbal tests):

• NON-VERBAL TEST is not based on the patient’s language. Therefore, this TEST is not based on the literacy of the Participants.
• Raven’s Progressive Matrices and Culture is a fair TEST NON-VERBAL TEST.

PERFORMANCE TEST (Performance Tests):

• PERFORMANCE TEST is based on the performance level of the Participants.
• This test is completely based on the motor responses of the Participants. Based on.
• Bhatia’s Battery of Performance Tests, Alexander’s Pass Test are some of the performance tests.

Classification of Intelligence Quotient (IQ):

IQ (Intelligence Quotient) is a number used to measure a person’s intelligence. Using an IQ score, the level of mental ability or intelligence is determined. A person’s intelligence is divided into different categories based on different IQ ranges.

Range of IQ classifications:

Below 1.70 (Intellectual Disability):
People in this range have low mental ability. They need help with daily tasks of life.

2.70-79 (Borderline Intelligence):
People in this range have a lack of intelligence, but with help they can do normal tasks.

3.80-89 (Below Average Intelligence):
People in this range have a little less intelligence, but they can perform normal tasks and can also be successful in life.

4.90-109 (Average Intelligence):
People with this range have average intelligence. Most people fall into this category. They are able to perform normal work and academic tasks.

5.110-119 (Above Average Intelligence):
People with this range have good intelligence. They can think in fascinating ways and perform more complex tasks than normal.

6.120-129 (High Intelligence):
People in this range are very intelligent. Their thinking power is stronger and they are able to solve complex problems.

7.130-139 (Gifted Intelligence):
People in this category are very intelligent and talented. They achieve special abilities and achievements.

8.140 and above (Genius or Near Genius):
People in this range are known as geniuses or near geniuses. They are extremely superior in intellectual achievements and excel in specific fields.

According to this classification, IQ is used to measure a person’s level of intelligence, but this score only gives an idea. Success or power in a person’s life does not depend only on IQ, other factors also play an important role.