THINKING AND REASONING:

INTRODUCTION (Introduction) :

• Thinking is Thinking.
• Humans are different from animals because humans have the power of thinking and the power of speech.
• Therefore, due to the power of thinking, humans can learn better than animals and adjust anywhere.
• According to Aristotle 2000 years ago, humans are animals with the power of thinking. The word used for humans is Homosapiens. Which means a person with the power of thought or a thoughtful person.
• We are always thinking about something whenever we are awake during the day, and we also think in our dreams when we sleep. The act of thinking continues continuously.
• Humans think about their past experiences, upcoming situations and external reality, etc.

Definition ( Definition ) :

• Thinking is a higher mental process that involves verbal symbols, internal visual and auditory images, ideas, concepts and mathematical symbols.
• Thinking is the perceptual relationship used to solve a problem.
• Thinking is a cognitive activity in which information is processed and any problem is solved. It is always goal-directed.
• Thinking is a pattern of behavior in which internal representations of objects and events are used to solve some specific purposeful problem. such as signs and symbols

Reasoning:

What is Reasoning? (What is Reasoning?):

Description:

• Reasoning is a cognitive mental process in which a person uses information, logic, experiences, and previously learned knowledge to reach a certain conclusion or decision.
• Reasoning is the ability of the brain that we use for problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking. It is not possible to logically assess any situation without reasoning.

Main Types of Reasoning:

There are mainly three types of reasoning:

1. Deductive Reasoning:

This type of reasoning reaches a specific conclusion from a general rule or principle. That is, you are deriving the meaning of a particular situation from a universal truth.

Structure:
Rule (Rule/Premise) → Observation → Conclusion

Example:

• All medical doctors have an M.B.B.S. degree.
• Dr. Harsh is an M.B.B.S. degree.
• That is, Dr. Harsh is a medical doctor.

In a medical context:

All patients with high blood pressure should reduce their sodium intake.

Marina’s blood pressure is high.

That is, Marina should reduce her sodium intake.

Features:
Deductive Reasoning Scientific Logic It is, because it follows universal rules.

2. Inductive Reasoning:

In this, a person reaches a general rule from specific observations. That is, a conclusion is reached by analyzing the observation.

Structure:
Observation → Pattern → Hypothesis → Conclusion

Example:

• Patient A benefited from taking antibiotic A.
• Patient B also benefited from the same medicine.
• That is, Antibiotic A is usually effective for such infections.

In a medical context:
If you test a particular drug on many patients and repeatedly get positive results, you conclude that the drug is likely to be effective for everyone – even if that conclusion is not 100% scientific certainty.

Features:
Inductive reasoning is useful for generating hypotheses and for primary research.

3. Abductive reasoning Reasoning):

Abductive reasoning is the process in which a person seeks the Most Plausible Explanation when all the facts are not available.

Structure:
Incomplete Observation → Best Possible Explanation

Medical Example:

• A patient has a fever, cough, and sore throat.
• Based on symptoms, the doctor believes that he may have viral pharyngitis.
• Abductive reasoning is often useful for clinical diagnosis and treatment planning, especially when resources or data are lacking.

Where is reasoning used? (Where is reasoning used?):

1. Medical Diagnosis:

To determine the possibility of a disease from the patient’s symptoms and test reports.

2. Research and Data Analysis:

To find patterns from data and make hypotheses.

3. Case Studies:

To develop a general understanding from a specific patient case.

4.Clinical Decision Making:

Using reasoning in drug selection, imaging or surgical decisions.

5.IQ Tests and Competitive Exams:

Solving logical puzzles, series, analogies, etc.

6. Treatment Planning:
Preparing a treatment plan based on individual symptoms and response.

Reasoning is a strong foundation in every field, especially in the medical and scientific fields. It gives a person the ability to observe, analyze and reach conclusions.
For students, reasoning is not just a subject but the foundation for every decision-making in the future. It is impossible to interpret any situation logically without reasoning.

Nature of thinking:

• Thinking is an Active Process:

Thinking is an active mental process in which we deal with thoughts and ideas. Our mind controls and regulates these ideas.

Thinking is Cognitive Activity:

Humans have a Humans are considered superior to animals due to their thinking power. Computers, robots, satellites and the discovery of new inventions are the result of human thinking, reasoning and problem solving ability.

Thinking is directed towards goals:

Thinking is directed towards goals or purposes. Humans use their thinking ability to solve problems.

Thinking involves use of Symbols And Language:

Symbols are used in the thinking process. Symbols represent certain events or things in the world. Images, concepts, symbols, and languages ​​are used as tools for thinking.

Thinking is a problem-solving behavior:

From birth to death, humans face some problem, which they use the thinking process to solve.

Thinking is a motivated and purposeful activity. purposeful activity ) :

We think because we want to find the truth or we want to understand and solve a problem. We think about our future plans. Thus thinking is a purposeful activity.

Types of thinking (Types of thinking):

Perceptual or concrete thinking:

• Perceptual thinking is a simple form of thinking.
• This type of thinking is based on perception. Perception is a process in which sensory impulses are interpreted based on experience.
• Perceptual thinking is based on any previous experiences a person has had or how that person has interpreted their sensory impulses.
• Perceptual thinking is also known as concrete thinking. Because it works on the perception of real and concrete objects and events.
• This type of thinking is more common in young children and animals.

Conceptual or abstract thinking:

• This type of thinking does not require any real object or experience or perception of any event.
• Conceptual thinking is also known as abstract thinking because abstract ideas or concepts are used in this type of thinking.
• This type of thinking is superior to perceptual thinking.
• This type of thinking is economical because it is associated with new discoveries and experiments.
• Language plays an important role in this type of thinking.

Creative thinking:

• Creative thinking is a boon to society. Because they enrich the knowledge of mankind.
• The purpose of creative thinking is to create something new.
• In this type of thinking, a new discovery, idea or event comes out at the end of thinking.
• Creative thinking includes analysis, open-mindedness, problem solving, organization and communication.
• The thinking of scientists or researchers is of this type. Which includes reasoning and imagination.
• Creative thinking has no boundaries and can be used every day. As a result of creative thinking, a person’s knowledge increases and a person becomes capable of doing everything.

Reasoning or logical thinking:

• This is a controlled thinking. In this type of thinking, thinking is problem-oriented. Every factor involved in this type of thinking is in a logical order.
• Reasoning is a process during which a person becomes aware of a problem and identifies it and thinks to find a solution to that problem.
• This is the best thinking that can find causes and effects. So that a person can solve the problem in the best possible way. Especially for solving immediate problems.
• A person uses his past experiences to find a good solution to the problems that arise.
• Inductive and deductive reasoning are seen in this type of thinking.

Problem solving:

• Problem solving is an important type of thinking in which a person uses his knowledge, facts and data to solve a problem.
• This type of thinking is seen when a person finds it difficult to understand his past experiences and current situation and find a way out of it.
• This type of thinking is seen when a person experiences obstacles in reaching his set goals.
• This obstacle can be physical, social or economic. Which prevents a person from reaching his/her set goal or his/her progress towards the goal.
• Problem solving can be done using trial and error method or insight learning. But this method is time-consuming and often leads to failure.

Step of problem solving:

1) Identify Problem :

• Evaluate how effective the solution we have selected for the problem is. And to observe how much the problem has been solved.

Apart from this, thinking is classified into two other types:

Controlled thinking:

In controlled thinking, there is a sense of control over the thinking process. Our thoughts are closer to reality and are meant to achieve a specific goal.

Free thinking:

In free thinking, there is no control over the thinking process. In this thinking, the person does not have the desire to achieve a specific goal. This type of thinking is not based on reality, time and space.

Importance of creative thinking for a nurse:

• Creativity is an important skill for solving problems and getting new ideas.
• As a result of creative thinking, nurses can improve their thinking.
• Therefore, creative thinking is very important in nursing.
• With the help of creative thinking, nurses can use various methods for problem solving.
• A nurse has to deal with many patients every day. Therefore, she has to face many problems and often needs to make decisions. Therefore, a nurse needs creative thinking.
• If a professional nurse has a good habit of creative thinking, then she can solve her professional problems well, in addition to this, she can also solve her personal problems.
• Apart from this, it also helps in planning career, solving problems of family life.
• Creative thinking helps in dealing with the technological system in the hospital.
• Creative Thinking Nursing helps tutors improve student learning experiences through methods such as multimedia and storytelling.
• Creative Thinking helps nurses overcome challenges related to funds, supplies, various medicines and medical equipment.

Way to improve thinking:

Focus on a single current topic:

• Working on multiple topics at once can confuse our mind, so Focus on the topic itself. So that good results can be achieved in it.
• Allocate one hour for our most important work:
• Focus on the most important work for an hour and get solitude. This increases productivity and creativity.
• Enhance visual senses and creative talent:
• Coming into contact with art stimulates the visual senses and creative talent within us. So we should take an art book and spend time with nature.
• Make a mind map:
• This is a great practice through which we can visualize our project and organize it in our mind. Thus, the mind mapped memory is remembered for a long time and helps in organizing the thoughts. Hence, make a mind map.
• Take a break in between:
• When our mind gets heavy or feels stressed, stop thinking and relax. When a topic is worked on for more than an hour, our concentration and focus are disrupted. So take some rest and refresh yourself and then think.

Alteration in thinking:

• Dilution:

In a delusion, a person holds a false belief about external reality. In which the person feels that evidence is being gathered against them and a conspiracy is being hatched against them. This
is all outside of the person’s education and cultural background.

Delusions are classified as follows:

# Persecutorial Delusion:

In this type of delusion, the person feels that they are being persecuted, followed, deceived, spied on, or ridiculed by someone.

# Delusion of reference:

In this type, the person believes that gestures, remarks, passages from books, newspapers, songs, or other environmental cues are directed specifically at them.

# Delusion of erotomaniac:

In this type of delusion, the person believes that someone with high daily
values ​​is in love with them.

# Somatic delusion :

In somatic delusions, a person feels that they have a physical defect or disorder.

# Delusion of Influence :

In this type of delusion, a person feels that an outside person is controlling their actions.

# Delusion of Sin and Guilt:

In this type of delusion, a person feels that they are responsible for any bad situation or thing. The person believes that he has committed a crime.

# Delution of Grandeur:

– In this type of delusion, the person believes that he is grandiose.

# Nihilistic delusion:

– In this type of delusion, the person believes that he does not exist and has no internal organs.

Thought Broadcasting:

Thought broadcasting is when a person feels that their thoughts are being broadcasted on TV or radio and read by other people.

Thought insertion:

In which a person feels that thoughts are being inserted into their mind by someone.

Thought Withdrawn:

In this, the person feels that his thoughts are being forcibly taken away by an outside person.