LEARNING

(Introduction) :

One of the most important human characteristics is learning.

The process of learning starts from birth and continues till death.

A child begins to understand the world around him through learning.

Experiences from the environment prepare the individual for modification or change in his behavior.

Learning means change in a person’s behavior.

Our personality, habit, skill, knowledge, attitude, interest and character are mostly the result of learning.

Language development, development of basic values ​​and knowledge about various aspects of life is achieved through learning and training.

(Definition)

Learning is a permanent change in a person’s behavior that occurs as a result of any kind of practice or experience.

During the period from birth to death, a person’s behavior constantly changes and changes. This change in behavior is known as learning.

(Law of Effective Learning)

Laws are general principles that people follow when they learn something new.
These rules give us an idea of ​​what usually happens when we learn something new.
Laws for learning are as follows:

• Law of Readiness:

• Law of Readiness states that one should be mentally ready to learn anything.
• If a person is mentally prepared then he can learn anything well and get satisfaction from it.
• If a person is not mentally prepared then he will find it difficult to learn that subject.
• One can learn better if one is prepared to learn willingly.
• For example, a student is more interested in cricket than studying. Then that student will have more information about cricket and can play cricket well. When studying, his poor performance will be seen.

• Law of Exercise or Practice:

According to the Law of Exercise we learn what we practice and we don’t learn what we don’t practice.

• If a person repeats a task over and over again, that task becomes easier for him and he can do it well.
• An activity that is not used or practiced for a period of time is likely to be forgotten.
• Most nursing skills and procedures can be learned by practicing in the ward and community field.
• As we can learn better through practice like inserting IV cannula and taking suture etc.
• We can become proficient in games, music, dance etc. through exercise and practice.

• Law of Effect:

According to the Law of Effect, any person can learn well if he is given some benefit or prize as his response to learn something. – For example, if a child brings a number in an activity, he should be encouraged by giving him chocolate. This will make it fun for the child to learn something new. – If a child is given punishment, the child stops learning. For example, if a child has a bad habit like stealing, if he is given punishment, the child will stop that thing.

• Law of Attitude:

According to Law of Attitude, a person’s attitude is very important for learning anything. – If a person has a positive attitude towards learning that subject then he will be able to learn the subject well. – For example, if the attitude of a student nurse towards a procedure is positive, he will be able to perform the procedure well.

• Law of Analogy:

According to the Law of Analogy, learning is based on an individual’s response to learning something and past efforts at that subject. In which a person acts on any new situation based on what happened to him in the past.

• Law of Multiple Response:

• Any according to Law of Multiple Response

It on the individual’s response to a new situation

A lot of effort done by a person affects and

Of those many attempts at last any one true

A response is seen.

(Type of Learning)

(motor learning)

• In our daily life

Motor activity involves most actions

is called A person in his own life

By bringing regularity one learns something. Example

Like walking, driving, running, climbing

All these activities use muscles

happens

(Verbal Learning)

• Use of language in this type of learning

happens Speaking, means of communication

Use, sign, picture, figure, sound

We did this kind of learning through etc

can

(Concept Learning)

• Special types of brain in this type of learning

Tasks are required. Thinking, Intelligence, Reasoning

etc. are examples of this type of learning. of this kind

Learning we learn from childhood. Example

As we see the dog and the word dog

We understand. So we understand that the dog

It is the name of a particular animal. This type of learning

It is useful for identifying something.

(Discrimination Learning)

• Appropriate to Stimulae and Stimulae

Differences between responses as discrimination learning

is identified. For example different vehicles

Sounds like bus, car, ambulance

(Learning of Principal)

• A learner should understand different principles of science,

Language is learned by means of grammar etc. This

Using each makes one’s work easier.

(Problem Solving)

• This is a high level learning. To learn which

Requires cognitive ability. such as thinking,

Reasoning, observation, imagination etc. are very useful

is Which helps people to solve their problems.

(Attitude Learning)

• Attitude directly affects our behavior.

We develop attitude towards people from childhood.

Our behavior can be negative or positive

Depends on our attitude. For example

Nurse’s attitude towards her profession and patient.

(Factor Affecting Learning)

• Successful learning depends on three elements: 1) Learner 2) Learning material 3) Learning method

(learner)

A learner means to learn or to learn anything

The learner is a very important factor. Without a learner

Learning cannot happen. The following factors with the learner

are linked which primarily affect learning.

Age:

• Age is the main factor affecting the learner. Age is a major factor affecting learning capacity. Children cannot learn anything easily as they are younger than adults.
• Intelligence:
• Intelligence mainly affects learning. A person who has a good intelligence level can learn anything easily and in a short period of time.
• Attention:
• A learner can learn well if he can concentrate well. If a learner cannot concentrate properly then he cannot learn anything easily.
• Maturation:
• Maturation is important for a learner to learn anything well. Anything can be learned well if there is continuous encouragement to learn it. If there is no motivation in the learner, no matter how hard he tries, he fails.
• Readiness and Will Power:
• Learner’s readiness to learn is very important for good learning. If he is physically and mentally ready, he will be capable of learning anything and will be able to maintain his interest. The will power in the learner will make him succeed even in difficulties.
• General Health:
• Good mental and physical health of the learner is very important for learning. If the physical health of the learner is good, he can learn well, but if he has any physical defect like shortsightedness, nearsightedness, etc., the condition affects the action of learning. Along with physical health, mental health also affects learning. A person’s anxiety, stress, tension etc. affects learning activities.
• Fatigue and Rest:-
• If a person is tired and not rested enough, he will not be able to focus on anything and will not be able to learn well. Hence rest is very important for the learner.
• Ability of the Learner:
• Which includes learner’s intelligence, creativity, ability etc. Which is very important for learning.
• Level of Aspiration and Achievement:
• If a learner has a high achievement level, he works harder and achieves more. Along with this, the level of achievement also depends on the ability of the individual.

(Learning Material)

• The nature of learning material is very important for learning. If the learning material is such that the learner can understand it well and can maintain his interest, then the learner can learn it well. But if the learning material is complex and without its interest, learning cannot be learned well.

(Learning Method)

The method used in the learning process is very important for good learning. If this method suits the learner and keeps his interest then learning can be done well.

Principles of Learning

• Definite Goal :

• For good learning and continuous improvement, the goal should be clear so that learning can be done easily.
• Exercise and Repetition:
• To learn anything new it is very necessary to repeat and practice that thing often. Any complex and difficult material can be better understood and learned through repeated exercises and repetitions.
• Parts Learning :
• If any learning material is long then breaking it into different parts makes learning easier.

Reward and Punishment:

• Reward and punishment are very effective for learning. If a person learns well, he is appreciated through rewards. But if a person is studying badly then he is given punishment.
• Result as a Feedback :
• Taking result and review and feedback from time to time improves learning.
• Good physical atmosphere:
• Sufficient light and ventilation, quiet and clean space, suitable room temperature and necessary furniture etc. affect the learning process.
• Over learning:
• Research has proven that overlearning increases memory and enables better learning.

(Theory of Learning)

• Psychologists try to explain how people learn and why they learn. For this they have done many experiments on animals and children and based on them they have decided that animal or person learns through some method which is called theory of learning.

Many books treat this theory as a type of learning. The term learning is a broad term. which covers a wide range of activities that cannot be explained within a limited framework.

1. (Trial and Error Learning Theory)

• The first scientific study of learning was done by American psychologist Edward Thorndike.
• Edward Thorndike is called the father of educational psychology.
• This theory is given by Thorndike. It states that a person or an animal learns by trial and error method. According to him learning is a gradual process. According to this theory, repeated trials reduce the amount of error. For this he did many experiments on animals.

• Experiment:

• He put a hungry cat inside a puzzle box. He kept a piece of food at a distance outside the puzzle box. So if the cat wants to reach the food, he has to open the door of the puzzle box.
• If the cat pulls the loop off code in the puzzle box and presses the lever, the door opens.
• The cat made several unnecessary movements to open the door but the door did not open. In this way, after several repeated attempts by the cat, it inadvertently pulls the loop and the door opens. Thus the cat reaches the food.
• After many trials in this way, the cat learns that by straightening and pressing the lever, the door opens and it can reach the food.
• There is a gradual decrease in the time from the first to the last try and the unnecessary moment to reach the food. Thus the cat learns by trial and error. According to Thorndike, error rate can be reduced by repeated attempts. Through these actions the animal learns.
• We also learn swimming, cycling etc through this method. A child also learns to walk, sit, run etc. through this method. But this method wastes a lot of time.

• Trial and error method can be used as follows.

• When the learner is completely overweight and his goal is clear.

(Here cat is the target and food is the goal.)

• When perception and other learning activities are not sufficient.
• When the learner fails to get the solution of the problem through perception, understanding, intelligence.

1. (Theory of conditioned reflex)

• Conditioning means adapting to a new situation or adjusting to that new situation.
• There are two types of conditioning: • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning

Classical conditioning:

(Classical Conditioning)

• This method was invented by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. He received the Nobel Prize in 1904 for the discovery of this method.
• Classical conditioning is called the theory of response to any stimulation.
• Experiment was done on dogs by Ivan Pavlov.
• According to Pavlo’s experiment, he applied a capsule to measure salivation in dogs. Which was the slow measure of Salaivesan.
• A bell was arranged to ring when the dog was given meat powder and the time was also recorded.
• Pavlov trained the dog. He was given food immediately after the ringing of the bell. The act of giving food immediately after the ringing of the bell continued for some time.
• During this training he measured salivation. For that he rang the bell and measured the flow of salivasan.
• He noted that the sound of ringing a bell increased the salivation of dogs.
• He spent a lot of time with both the bell and the food. Then he simply measured the fruit of Salivason with the help of the sound of the bell.
• He noted that after training in dogs, even just ringing a bell increased salivation. This is a conditioning response.
• This theory shows that if even a common object like a bell is combined with meat powder, the capacity of the bell sound to produce salivation also becomes the same as that of the meat.
• Theory shows that when conditioned stimulation is combined with unconditioned stimulation, conditioned stimulation is just as effective as unconditioned stimulation.
• According to this theory, there is a connection between these two conditions in the brain. The brain functions the same under both conditioned and unconditioned stimulation. As a result unconditioned stimulation automatically elicits a response.
• Humans and animals use the principles of classical conditioning in the following areas: ~ Good habit can be developed in a person by using this principle of classical conditioning. ~ By using this principal, any bad habit can be given up and the fear of the situation can be removed. ~ These principles can also be used to train animals. ~ These principles can also be used for some psychotherapies. Useful to change the behavior and attitude of a person.

Operant conditioning:

(operant conditioning)

• This is another method of conditioning learning which was developed by the American psychologist BF Skinner.
• This method is also called instrumental conditioning.
• This method works on the principles of Law of Effect and is based on the base of Rain Force.
• Skinner popularized instrumental conditioning. For this he has also experimented on pigeons, rats and humans.
• Skinner put the rat inside a glass box. This box is called Skinner box.
• A skinner box is a small chamber made of glass. In which shock was produced by speaker, signal light, lever, food dispenser, dispenser pallet and electric grid floor.
• A rat placed in a Skinner box was able to move freely within the box. When the lever in the box is inadvertently pressed by the rat, the food outside the box falls inside the box. Thus, based on the rat experiment, it was found that when the liver is pressed, it gets food in return. Food is the stimulation here.
• Rats repeatedly pressed the navel lever and received food each time. So mice learn slowly. Here the lever pressing by the rat gives food is the rain forcement. The rat learns that pressing the lever gets food so it presses the lever repeatedly.
• Animals and humans learn by this method in our daily life.
• Reinforcement is the major factor here. This action prompts the animal to repeat it.
• Skinner noted that if we reward an activity, it is often repeated.
• Instrumental conditioning is involved in many of our actions. Thus many aspects of this method are reinforcement.
• in which positive reinforcement is useful for revolved training. And negative reinforcement such as punishment is useful in preventing unwanted behavior.
• This method is very useful for modification and also useful in treating mentally retarded persons and phobias and drug addicts.

Reinforce :

• Reinforcement is any event that strengthens and increases behavior. There are two types of reinforcers: 1) Positive reinforcement 2) negative reinforce

1) Positive reinforce:

(Positive Reinforcement)

• Positive reinforcement involves giving a reward or gift to appreciate a liked activity or behavior. For example, if a child gets good marks in studies, he is appreciated by giving a gift.

2) Negative reinforce:

(Negative Reinforcement)

• Negative Rain Force is also known as Punishment. Punishment is used to deter unwanted activity or behavior. Like punishing a child for living in a manor.

Following are the uses of operant conditioning:

Shaping:

• To give an opportunity to the individual to learn as he wishes. In which it is taught step by step. In this method, after a person learns one step, another step is taught.
• Unwanted behavior can be made into appropriate behavior with the help of shaping. Here learning is done at one’s will. When a child learns to speak for the first time, the first word is spoken. Later gradually mama, uncle learn to speak.

Behavior modification:

• Operant conditioning is used to treat the patient. This is called behavior modification therapy.
• In this method the person with behavior problem is taught the behavior that is accepted and accepted by the society. With this method a person can be taught with little effort.
• Mostly mentally retarded children can be easily taught their vital activities by this method. This mostly includes proper dressing, proper eating and drinking habits and toilet training.
• Apart from this, phobia, drug abuse and alcoholic patients can also be treated with the help of this method. Such patients can be given appropriate treatment with the help of psycho therapy and behavior modification therapy.

1. (Cognitive Theory of Learning)

• Perception, knowledge and cognitive processes play an important role in learning.
• According to cognitive theory, stimulation and response are not only related to learning but the cognitive structure in memory provides the information necessary for learning. Understanding is important to cognitive theory.

There are two types of cognitive theory:

• Insight theory of learning

• Sign theory of learning

• Insight theory of learning: (Insight Theory of Learning)
• Kohler who was a German psychologist who conducted experiments on the basis of internal learning theory.
• On the basis of this experiment, he proved that a person or an animal learns quickly from its intuition without going through trial and error. Mostly problem solving, puzzle solving is done by this method. This method saves a lot of time.
• Kohler did this experiment on chimpanzees. The name of the chimpanzee was Sultan.
• He put the Sultan in a cage and placed a banana outside the cage at some distance from the cage.
• These bananas were not easily accessible from Sultan. Two sticks were placed inside the cage. These two sticks could be extended by fitting into each other.
• The hungry sultan tried to reach the banana with his first hand. But failing that, he tried to reach the sleeping banana with a piece of stick but failed.
• So the Sultan gave up trying to reach the banana and started playing with the stick. In which all of a sudden while playing both the sticks got fitted to each other and the stick became long. With the help of which the Sultan immediately got the bananas and started eating them.
• The thought of reaching the banana with a long stick suddenly occurred to the Sultan. It is called inside.
• Kohler did many experiments for this. He noted that animals learn based on experience rather than just trial and error.
• Kohler’s experiments prove that problem solving is not only possible through trial and error, but problem solving can also be learned based on experience.

Sign theory of learning

• The sign theory of learning was given by Edward Tolman. -According to him learning is a process which takes place through cognition. So learning does not require stimulation or reinforcement.
• Cognition includes knowledge, thinking, planning, purpose etc.
• The term cognitive map was given by Tolman. That is, one follows certain signs and signals according to the map created by one’s mind and finally reaches the goal.
• The learner recognizes certain cues and signs through his experience and reaches the goal.

1. (Social Learning Theory)

• There is a lot of learning that we cannot explain with conditioning.
• Like certain actions we learn through observation. Social learning theory is based on the foundation of observation.
• Social learning theory is based on modeling. According to this theory, a person imitates others by looking at them.
• Imitation is based on this theory. It is useful for learning many skills.
• For example, a student nurse learns to administer an injection by watching and imitating a staff nurse.

Bandura experiment:

• Albert bandura and other researchers did many experiments. And he explained the contribution of observation in learning.
• He took a total of 72 children in pre school. The children were divided into three groups of 24-24.
• He first played a Bobo doll model in front of a group of 24 children. In which the adult was behaving aggressively against the Bobo doll. He was kicking the bucket, tossing it in the air and misbehaving with it.
• He played the role of Bobo doll in front of 24 other children but did non-aggressive behavior with the Bobo doll. That is, there was no misbehavior with Bobo Doll.
• When he didn’t do any kind of role play against the third 24 kids.
• He observed that when the Bobo doll was placed in front of the first 24 children, the children showed aggressive behavior towards him which he observed in the role plane. Those kids were kicking around with Bobo Dolls tossing them in the air.
• When the Bobo doll was placed in front of 24 other children, those children did not engage in any aggressive behavior with the doll because they had not seen it in role playing before.
• While 24 children of the third group were behaving normally towards the Bobo doll.
• From this experiment it can be said that we learn as we observe. Hence this theory is also called observational learning theory.

The practical importance of this theory is as follows:

• Both children and adults learn through observation and imitation.
• A child learns language, social skills, habits and behavior from watching his parents and other children.
• Academic, athletic and musical skills can be learned through this learning method.
• Plays an important role for the child’s personality development.
• Children with fear can reduce their fear with the help of this method.
• This method is useful in patients with phobias to remove their fear.
• Modeling is used in weight reduction and smoking cessation programs.

Modeling process:

• Not all observed behaviors are effectively learned. Both the model and the learner play an important role in social learning. For which some steps have to be considered. The steps are as follows:
• Attention:
• If anything is to be learned then attention is required for it, if that thing is not given proper attention then it has a negative effect on learning.
• Retention:
• Storing the information received is also important for the learning process.
• Reproduction:
• Along with attention and retention, practicing that thing is equally important. A thing cannot be learned properly if it is not practiced.
• Majority:
• Large observation is also necessary for successful observation learning. Behavior modeled requires us to be mature. Reinforcement and punishment play an important role in maturation.

Nature of Learning

• Learning Is Universal:
• Learning is universal. Every creature that lives learns. In which man learns the most. Thus, every living being in the world learns differently in different places.
• Learning is a process of modification in behaviour:
• Whatever we learn changes our behavior.
• Learning is adjustment to situation:
• Learning teaches a person to adjust to any situation. As one learns new things, one’s efficiency increases and one becomes able to adjust well to new situations.
• Learning is Continuous:
• Learning is a lifelong process. Learning continues as long as humans live.
• Learning Is Through Experience:
• Man and animal learn a lot through experience.
• Learning Comes from All Sites:
• Something new can be learned from everywhere. Children learn from parents, teachers, environment, media etc.
• Learning is a purposeful and goal directed process:
• Learning is a goal directed and purposeful process. One cannot learn well if the goal is not clear.
• Learning Comes as a Result of Practice:
• Learning becomes more effective through practice and repetition. With practice we can become master of anything.

(Transfer of Learning)

• The learning process continues throughout a person’s life. The effect of past learning is seen on whatever we learn
• How quickly we learn depends on how much we have previously learned.
• Most learning is transferable. A person easily learns from one situation to another modified situation.
• The total or partial knowledge, skill, habit, attitude etc. acquired by a person is acquired from one situation to another.
• Hence transfer of learning is a process in which we apply what is learned in one situation to another situation.

Type of transfer of learning:

• Positive transfer:

(Positive Transfer)

• When the knowledge of a previously learned situation helps the learner to learn in a new situation, it is called positive transfer. For example, if a bicycle is handled well, a motorcycle is easily handled.
• Negative transfer: (Negative Transfer)
• The difficulty a learner faces while moving from one task to another is called negative transfer. For example, the difficulty a right-handed person has in writing with the left hand.
• Neutral transfer: (Neutral Transfer)
• Knowledge that a person previously learned does not work in a new situation is called zero transfer. For example, knowledge about history is of no help to a person in learning to drive a car.

Theory of Transfer Learning

• Theory of Mental Discipline:
• According to this theory, whatever new we learn, we find application in another field so that we can understand the other field better. Like Logic, Grammar, Science, Mathematics etc. For example, if we have learned logic well, we can use it to solve problems.
• Theory of Identical Elements :
• According to Thorndike, knowledge transfer occurs when the elements in one situation match with the elements in another situation, that is, knowledge transfer occurs only if the elements of both situations match. For example, after learning a bicycle, while learning a car, there are some common elements like steering movement, traffic rules, etc.
• Theory of Generalization:
• According to Charles Judd, due to certain experiences one derives certain conclusions and generalizations from them such as certain rules, principles, laws. He then applies these principles, rules, to new situations.
• Gestalt Theory:
• Transfer of learning occurs only when the person understands the information and idea well and uses that information and idea in their daily life experiences.
• Theory of Ideal:
• According to Bagley ideals are deeper than generalizations so ideals are an important basis for mutual learning. Ideals, once adopted, apply in all situations. Ideals such as curiosity and a spirit of inquiry are transferable from one situation to another.