1) define tendinitis (give the definition of tendinitis):=
Inflammation of muscle tendons is called tendinitis.
2) define traction
The application of force on a part of the body is called traction.
3) define strain:=
Musculo stendinous injury is called strain (musculo stendinous injury its called strain).
4)define sprain:=
Injury to the ligaments and soft tissue of a joint is called a sprain.
5) Define Kyphosis
Kyphosis causes increased curvature of the spine.
6) define scoliosis
This involves lateralization of the spine.
7) Define Lordosis. (Define Lordosis)
Lumber curvature of this spine increases.
8) Define abduction. (Define abduction)
The body is momented away from the center line or median line of the body.
9) Define Adduction. (Define adduction).
In this, the body parts are moved towards the center part or median part of the body.
10) define splint. (Define Splint).
A type of device that is designed to maintain the alignment of affected body parts and provide support for their immobilization.
11) define allograft. (Define Aloe Graft).
In this tissue is obtained from a donor to provide a graft in any other donor.
12) Define arthroscope. (Define Arthoscope).
A surgical instrument used to examine the internal structure of a joint.
13) Define Amputation. (Define amputation).
In this, the parts of the body are removed (removal of body part (limb)).
14) define RICE.( define RICE):=
R:=REST,
I:=ICE ,
C:=COMPRESSION
E:=ELEVATION .
15) Define arthrodesis. (Define ortho dashes).
In this surgical fusion of the joint is done.
16) define arthroplasty:=
This is a joint replacement in which an artificial joint i.e. a prosthesis is used.
17) define Resorption
Ama bone is dissected.
18) Define arthrodesis. (Define Ortho Decis).
In this, fusion of the joint takes place.
19) Define phantom limb pain. (Define phantom limb pain)
This pain is received from the amputated limb.
20) Define atonic. (Define atonic.)
There is no tone in these muscles.
21) Define periosteum. (Define peri ostium).
Fibrous connective tissue that covers bone.
22) Define Atrophy. (Define atrophy).
These muscles shrink.
And its size decreases.
23) Define paresthesia. (Define paresthesia).
This has the feeling of an ab normal sensation. Like burning, tingling, numbness sensation.
24) Define Avascular necrosis. (Define avascular necrosis.)
Tissues die due to insufficient blood supply.
25) define osteomyelitis. (Define osteomyelitis.)
This bone becomes infected.
26) define bursa. (Define Burza)
There is a fluid filled sac that is mainly located in the connective tissues of the joint.
27) define osteoporosis. (Define Osteoporosis).
This results in loss of bone tissue.
28) define bursitis. (Define Bursitis.)
Inflammation of the bursa is called bursitis.
29) define osteogenesis. (Define osteogenesis).
Bone formation is called osteogenesis.
30) define brace. (Define Brass)
Bras is a device that is applied externally that moment the back of the body and prevent it from injury.
31) define osteocytes. (Define osteocytes)
There are mature bone cells.
32) define cancellous bone. (Define cancellous bone).
This is a lattice bone structure.
33) Define osteoclast. (Define osteoclast.)
This is bone reabsorption cell.
34) define callus.
This is the fibrous tissue that lies on the fracture side.
35) define osteoblast. (Define osteoblast.)
These are bone forming cells.
36) define cast.
A cast is a rigid immobilizing device that keeps the body part contoured.
37) define ossification. (Define ossification).
Such is the process in which minerals are deposited in the bone matrix.
38) define contracture.
This involves abnormal shortening of muscles or joints or both.
39) Define meniscus. (Define Meniscus)
The meniscus is a crescent shape fibro muscular cartilage that is located in the knee joint.
40) define contusion. (Define Contusion)
This is a blunt force injury that occurs in soft tissue.
41) define joints. (Define joints).
This is the area where bone end meets and which provides mobility and flexibility.
42) define crepitus
Crepitus is a grating sound that occurs as bony fragments rub against each other.
43) Define fracture reduction. (Define fracture reduction).
Restoration of this fracture fragment is done in its anatomical position.
44) define debridement: = (Define debridement)
In this, contaminated and devitalized tissue and foreign material are surgically removed.
45) define fracture. (Define Factor)
A break down in the continuity of the bone is called a fracture.
46) define Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis.
47) define fasciotomy. (Define Fashion Tommy).
Fasciotomy is a surgical procedure in which muscle facia is constricted, due to which muscle tissue pressure is reduced.
48) define disarticulation. (Define Disarticulation)
Amputation from a joint is called disarticulation.
49) define facia
Fascials are fibrous tissues that cover, support, and separate muscles.
50) Define dislocation. (Define Dislocation)
In this the joint surface is separated.
51) Define external fixator. (Define external fixator)
This is an external metal frame that is attached to the bone fragment to maintain the stability of the bone.
52) Define endosteum. (Define endosteum)
It is a thin membrane that covers the cavity of the bone marrow that lies in the space of the cancellous bone.
Nursing management of patients with musculoskeletal disorders and diseases.
assessment.
history,
physical examination,
diagnostic test. subjective data
explain musculoskeletal assessment
location (place of pain),
characteristics
(characteristic of pain),
duration of pain,
2) Assess the range of motion
Whether the patient has limited mobility or affects his daily routine activities.
Mobility of the joint.
The moment is the alter.
Stiffness.
Swelling of muscles.
3) associated symptoms
Any type of bony nodules or
Dfore meet or not.
Weight loss or not.
fever and Malay or not.
Assess for any type of sensory or motor deficit such as weakness in walking.
Explain how to take health history
medical history
Ask the patient if there are any chronic diseases that can immobilize the body.
Like casting, traction, surgery.
Asking if the patient has any type of prostate, breast, or lung cancer.
If female, ask if any type of estrogen replacement therapy has been used or not.
Ask if any type of corticosteroid has been used.
Ask the patient about his cultural beliefs.
Asking if any family members have osteoporosis or arthritis.
Asking whether the patient gets sun exposure or not.
Asking the patient whether he has any smoking habit or not.
Asking the patient whether or not he participates in any kind of sport activity.
Ask about the patient’s lifestyle.
Asking about the type of occupation of the picker.
objective data (focused on musculoskeletal system)
Assess the patient’s posture, gait and cerebral function.
The patient’s normal structure,
Bony deformity,
Length discrepancies,
alignment,
Amputation.
To see whether the patient has abnormal motion or not. Limbs measurement
assess joints and test joint movements.
Assess the patient for range of motion exercises.
To stabilize the patient’s joint.
note deformity associated with contracture or dislocation.
assess muscle strength and range of motion.
Assess the patient’s moment coordination.
Inspect the size and contour of the muscles.
Palpate muscles tone.
Identify range of motion.
Includes neuromuscular aspect
Assessing the circulatory status of the patient includes assessing the skin color, temperature, peripheral pulse, capillary refill response and pain level of the extremity.
To assess reflexes of the patient’s extremities.
compared all uninjured/unaffected extremity.
skin component
Check the patient for any traumatic injury (cuts/bruises).
Assess the patient for any chronic conditions (dermatitis/stasis/ulcer).
To assess the patient’s hair distribution and nail condition.
Assess the warmth and coolness of the skin.
Assess patient’s range of motion exercises.
Explain how to talk history of patient with musculoskeletal system disorder
Collect information about the patient’s biographical data, his chief complaint past and present family and current dis-orders in the health history of the patient.
1) Biographical data
Biographical data of the patient
age,
sex,
occupation,
Dietary pattern,
Habit,
Asking the patient about etc.
2) Chief complaint
Ask the patient if any pain, weakness, muscle weakness, joint stiffness moment decrease, and accessory changes are complaints.
If the patient has any of these problems, take a complete description.
2) pain level:=
Taking a description of the pain intensity, location, duration and what steps can be taken to relieve the pain.
3) Sensory changes
The patient does not have any kind of abnormal sensation and for that, it is necessary to look for numbness, tingling, complete information about whether such sensation occurs or not.
4) Swelling
Ask the patient about any swelling in the bones and joints. Inquiring about factors that reduce swelling include elevating the swollen part.
5) deformity and immobility. (deformity and immobility)
One of these questions is how the deformity occurs and how it affects mobility.
Asking if you use any type of supportive equipment such as crutches, a walker, or wheel chair.
6) Past health history
In the past health history, ask whether the patient has had any trauma, accident or surgery of the musculoskeletal system.
Ask about whether the patient uses any type of medication, including corticosteroids, NSAID drugs, and relaxants.
7) Family health history
In this patient has arthritis,
Osteoporosis,
Gout,
Ankylosis and spondylitis, muscular dystrophy and scoliosis Ask if there is any disorder in this or not.
8) Psychosocial history
Ask the patient about his daily activity, exercise, nutrition, habit, and safety.
physical examination.
three are of musculoskeletal assessment are:=
inspection,
palpation,
And range of motion is used by the patient
posture, gait, bone integrity, joint function and muscle strength and size.
inspection.
This includes inspecting the patient’s posture and gait.
Assess whether the patient uses mobility aids such as a cane or walker.
When inspecting the spine, examine the back, buttock and legs.
Assessing the curvature of the spine for lordosis, scoliosis, and kyphosis.
To see if there is any deformity and temperature increase in any joints and muscles in hands, feet, or not.
If there is severe pain in the joint, check for any effusion, swelling and inflammation.
Joint deformity is mainly contracture, dislocation, sub-location and disruption of structure.
General nutritional status of the patient.
To see the strength of the muscles, their movement, and whether there is contraction or deformity or not.
To assess the neurological function of the patient, to assess reflexes, sensation and motor ability.
palpation.
After inspection patient’s warmth, swelling, tenderness,
Redness,
Palpation of muscles mass.
The tissue surrounding joints is nodule formation.
Rheumatoid arthritis,
Gout,
Osteoarthritis may produce char
range of motion.
Assess the mobility of the patient’s joint.
Assess the range of motion exercises.
To see if there is any abnormality in the patient’s range of motion.
Assessing the patient’s daily routine activity.
Range of motion in the patient’s daily routine activities
Also observe how much exercise you can do.
Patient’s temporomandibular joint cervical spine, lumber spine, finger, wrist,
Assess elbows, shoulder, toes, ankles, toes, knees, hip joint.
muscles strength and size.
In this, the muscular system assesses the strength and coordination of the muscles.
Weakness of a group of muscles might such as polyneuropathy,
Electrolyte imbalance,
Myasthenia gravis,
Polio,
Muscular dystrophy is a cess.
Explain the diagnostic evaluation of musculoskeletal system.
explain Arthrography
Arthrography is a diagnostic imaging procedure used to visualize the interior structures of a joint, such as ligaments, cartilage, and the joint capsule, using contrast media, fluoroscopy, or advanced imaging techniques like CT or MRI.
Arthrography is primarily performed to assess joint pain.
This is mainly done to identify whether there is a tear in the acute or chronic joint capsule and its supporting ligaments such as knee, shoulder, ankle, hip, or wrist etc.
In this contrast iodine solution is injected into the joint area to highlight the joint area.
An x-ray of the joint is taken using a fluoroscope.
And in this the image of the joint is shown.
explain Bone densitometry.
Bone densitometry, commonly known as Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA), is a non-invasive and precise imaging test used to measure bone mineral density (BMD). It helps in assessing the strength of bones and the risk of fractures.
This test is mainly done to assess bone mineral density.
And it is done to assess the amount of osteoporosis.
DEXA:= DUAL ENERGY X RAY absorptiometry
(Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) This is mainly done to assess the density of wrist, hip, and spine.
explain X Ray
Bone x-ray is done to assess the bone density, its texture, erosion, integrity and whether there are any changes in the bone.
explain ct scan Explain CT scan
A CT scan is mainly done to assess for any tumor or injury to the ligaments and tendons.
A CT scan is mainly done using a contrast agent.
CT scan is mainly done to assess any tumor or ligament and tendon injury.
explain MRI
M.R.I. It is mainly done to treat any avascular necrosis, osteomyelitis, tumor, disk abnormality, ligament or cartilage tear.
explain Bone scan
A bone scan, also known as a nuclear bone scan or bone scintigraphy, is an imaging technique used to evaluate abnormalities in the bones. It involves injecting a small amount of a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream, which accumulates in areas of increased bone activity. A gamma camera is then used to detect the tracer and create images of the skeleton.
A bone scan is mainly done to identify any unusually active bone formation.
This is mainly done to identify any arthritis, osteomyelitis, metastatic or primary bone tumor and necrosis.
This is mainly done to identify metabolic or primary bone tumor and necrosis, bone tumors, osteomyelitis, certain fractures, and necrosis if present.
explain endoscopy studies
This is mainly done to assess the internal surface of the joint.
This is mainly done to assess patella, meniscus and sinus membrane for any disease or not.
explain ultrasonography
It is mainly done to identify any inflammation around the joint.
explain Biopsy
Biopsy is mainly done to identify the structure of bone marrow, its composition, bone, muscles and synovium if there is any disease.
After the biopsy, ice is applied to the biopsy site.
Gulline thallium scans (Explain Gulline thallium scans.)
Gallium and thallium scans are nuclear medicine imaging techniques used to detect abnormalities in tissues, particularly for identifying infections, inflammation, and cancers. These scans involve the injection of radioactive isotopes (gallium-67 or thallium-201) that localize in specific tissues, allowing a gamma camera to create detailed images of the body.
This test is essentially the same as a bone scan but is a more specific and sensitive diagnostic test.
Gullium is a migraine not only in the bone but also in the brain and breast tissue and can easily lead to dysentery.
Electromyography (EMG) (describe electromyography)
Electromyography is mainly done to assess the electrical impulses of muscles.
explain myelogram
A myelogram is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses X-rays or computed tomography (CT) and a contrast dye to evaluate the spinal cord, nerve roots, and surrounding structures. It is commonly used to diagnose abnormalities such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, tumors, or infections.
In myelogram, contrast media is injected into the subarachnoid space due to which the spine and spinal cord can be easily visualized.
This involves asking the patient to keep his head in a down position that allows the contracture to come to the level of the mid-neck.
explain arthrocentesis. (Weave arthrosynthesis).
Arthrocentesis, also known as joint aspiration, is a minimally invasive procedure in which a sterile needle is inserted into a joint to withdraw fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is commonly used to evaluate joint disorders or relieve pain and swelling caused by excess joint fluid
Arthrocentesis involves removing synovial fluid from the joint to examine it and remove extra fluid from the joint.
Synovial fluid is mainly clear, pale, straw color and scanty in volume.
Explain arthroscopy.
Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to diagnose and treat joint problems. It involves inserting a small camera (arthroscope) through a tiny incision to visualize, diagnose, and perform repairs inside the joint.
In arthroscopy, the surgeon directly visualizes the joint.
This mainly involves direct examination of the internal surface of the joint using an endoscope.
explain laboratory test of musculoskeletal system (Write the laboratory test of musculoskeletal system.)
Explain RA latex test.
The Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Latex Test is a laboratory test used to detect Rheumatoid Factor (RF), an antibody often found in the blood of patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune diseases. It involves a latex agglutination method where latex particles coated with human immunoglobulin G (IgG) react with RF in the patient’s serum.
The RA Latex Test detects Rheumatoid Factor (RF) by mixing the patient’s serum with latex particles coated with IgG. If RF is present, it binds to the IgG-coated latex particles, causing visible clumping or agglutination.
RA latex blood test It is mainly done to assess whether RA factor antibodies are present in a person with rheumatoid arthritis.
Look, if the rheumatoid factor is at a very high level, that person has rheumatoid arthritis and any other autoimmune disease.
explain serum muscles enzyme
Serum muscle enzymes are proteins released into the bloodstream when muscle cells are damaged or injured. These enzymes are commonly used as diagnostic markers to assess muscle health, detect muscle damage, and monitor diseases affecting skeletal or cardiac muscles.
When the muscle tissue is damaged, the enzyme is released into the blood in large amounts.
including skeletal muscles creatinine kinase (ck-mm),
Aldosterone (Ald),
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST),
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),
Mainly increases diseases of muscles like muscles dystrophy, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis.
explain myoglobin.
Myoglobin is a protein that is present in skeletal and cardiac muscles.
And this is mainly the red color of the muscles.
When the skeletal and cardiac muscles are damaged, the myoglobin level in the blood increases.
explain alkaline phosphate
Alkali phosphatase is an enzyme that increases when bone and liver tissue is damaged.
explain serum calcium and phosphorus
Bone disorder is mainly done to assess whether there are any changes in calcium and phosphorus level.
Calcium and phosphorus levels are regulated by calcitonin, which is secreted by the thyroid and
Released from the parathyroid gland.
When this gland is not functioning properly, the level of calcium and phosphorus gets altered.
explain ccp (cyclic citrullinated protein antibody)
The Cyclic Citrullinated Protein (CCP) Antibody Test is a blood test used to detect anti-CCP antibodies, which are specific autoantibodies produced by the immune system in response to citrullinated proteins. These antibodies are strongly associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and are considered a specific marker for diagnosing and predicting the severity of RA.
Ccp test helps in diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis.
Explain sedimentation rate.
This test is mainly done to evaluate the non-specific activity of the infection.
This is mainly done to assess inflammatory conditions, autoimmune disorders, and plasma cell dyscrasias.
Explain antinuclear antibody test.
The Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Test is a blood test used to detect the presence of autoantibodies that target structures within the nucleus of cells. These antibodies are commonly found in individuals with autoimmune disorders, particularly those affecting connective tissues.
This is mainly done to check the immune system.
It measures whether the body’s immune system has made antibodies that are attacking the body’s own cells.
explain complete blood count
A complete blood count is mainly done to check for low hemoglobin levels after any trauma or surgery.
Wbc level increase is done to assess any inflammatory disease, acute infections, trauma, hemorrhage, and tissue necrosis.
Explain uric acid test.
The uric acid test measures the levels of uric acid in the blood or urine. Uric acid is a waste product formed when the body breaks down purines, which are found in certain foods and drinks, as well as in the body’s own tissues. Abnormal levels of uric acid can indicate various health conditions, including gout, kidney disease, and metabolic disorders.
Uric acid test is mainly done to assess the amount of uric acid present in the blood.
Uric acid is mainly a waste product that results from the breakdown of cells and is mainly present in the blood and urine.
If the amount of uric acid is elevated, it is diagnosed as gout which is a form of arthritis.
If the patient has osteomalacia, an enlarged parathyroid gland, the serum calcium level increases.
Phosphorus levels increase when there is any tumor in the bone and when the fracture is healing.
Rheumatoid factor is used to assess rheumatoid arthritis.
CRP is done to rule out any inflammation and arthritis.
ESR increases when there is any inflammation.
Uric acid helps diagnose gout.
Creatinine kinase (CK) is done to diagnose muscle trauma or disease.