MSN-1-2018

Q-1 a. Explain about anesthesia. Explain about anesthesia

Definition:- Anesthesia is a group of chemical agents that cause partial or complete loss of sensation.

Purpose of Anaesthesia:-

• Obtain patient cooperation
• To reduce or eliminate pain
• Keeping body muscles relaxed
• To make the surgery process comfortable

b. List the types of anesthesia.. List the types of anesthesia.

c. Describe any one type of anesthesia in detail. Describe any one type of anesthesia

There are three types of anesthesia.

1)Local Anesthesia:-

• It affects a limited area of ​​the body (local part). This usually affects the area of ​​the body where the surgery is to be performed or the area that needs to be numbed.
• The following chemicals are used in local anesthesia.
• Xylocaine hydrochloride
• Lignocaine hydrochloride
• Amethocaine Hydrochloride
• Procaine hydrochloride

2) Spinal Anesthesia :-

It is of two types-

1) Epidural Anesthesia:-

• When anesthesia is injected into the epidural part of the spinal cord, it is called epidural anesthesia.

2)Spinal anesthesia:-

• When anesthesia is injected into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, it is called spinal anesthesia.

Uses of Spinal Anesthesia:-

• Orchidectomy
• Cesarean
• Hernia surgery
• Hydrocele surgery
• Penile surgery
• Prostate surgery

Complication :-

• Urinary retention
• Meningitis
• CSF leakage
• Hypotension
• Paralysis
• Allergies

3) General Anesthesia:-

• When the sensation is to be loosed in the whole body, the person is rendered unconscious. It is called general anesthesia. General anesthesia can be given as follows-

• by intravenous
• by inhalation

By Intravenous:-

• I.V. The following drugs are used in general anesthesia by injection
• Thiopental sodium 2.5%
• Hexabarbitone 10%
• Methohexital Sodium 1%
• Propofol
• Midazolam
• Fentanyl
• Ketamine hydrochloride
• Droperidol

Inhalation anesthetics:-

• This anesthesia is given through inhalation which renders the patient unconscious.
• Before this anesthesia is administered, the patient is given some sedative, then an endotracheal tube is inserted into the airway and this is administered.
• In this the following medicines are used.
• Sevoflurane
• Nitrous oxide
• Ether
• Cyclopropane
• Methoxyflurane
• Enflurane
• Panthrene

Responsibility of Nurse :-

• Administration of anesthesia is done by anesthesia doctor or anesthetist but nurse helps in it and responsibilities of nurse are as follows.
• First of all, ask the name of the patient to be given anesthesia
• Obtain written consent
• Questions asked by the patient about anesthesia should be answered appropriately by the nurse so as to reduce the patient’s anxiety.
• Prepare the necessary equipment
• The nurse prepares the patient for anesthesia by donning a gown, shoe cover, cap, etc
• Clean the anesthesia site with aseptic technique
• Medicines required for anesthesia should be kept in proper place
• Continuous observation of the patient during anesthesia
• To check patient’s vital signs
• To check the conscious level of the patient
• The nurse observes for complications due to anesthesia
• Preparing for surgery after giving anesthesia
• Maintaining records and reports
• Clean the anesthesia machine after giving anesthesia.

OR

Q-1 A .What is Diabetes Mellitus. What is diabetes mellitus?

Diabetes is an endocrine disease. In which the amount of glucose in the body increases due to the deficiency of insulin hormone secreted from the pancreas (spleen). So glucose starts coming out of the body through urine. An increase in the level of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) is called diabetes mellitus.

• It has three main features – (3P)
• Polyuria
• Poly dipsia
• Polly Fagia

Q-1 B.Write the signs & symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus Write the signs and symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus.

• It has three main features in which
• Polyuria
• Poly dipsia
• Polly Fagia
• Other features include:-
• Nocturia
• Decrease in body weight
• Hyperglycemia
• Fatigue
• Dehydration
• Metabolic ketoacidosis
• Glycosuria
• Retinopathy
• Nephropathy
• Postural hypotension
• infection
• Nocturnal diarrhea
• Gangrene
• Nozia
• Glycosuria

Q-1 C . Write in detail about complications due to Diabetes Mellitus. Write about complications due to diabetes mellitus.

• Diabetic coma
• Gangrene (necrosis of cell and tissue)
• Retinopathy
• Nephropathy
• Atherosclerosis
• Autonomic neuropathy
• Recurrent U.T.I.
• Renal failure

Additional Information:-

Types of Diabetes:-

Diabetes mellitus is divided into two categories.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus or IDDM:

• The cause of this diabetes is deficiency of insulin hormone. So this is called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

• If the amount of insulin in the body becomes normal then the diabetes goes away whereas the deficiency of insulin causes diabetes. This usually occurs before the age of 30

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus or NIDDM:

• In this, the amount of insulin in the body is usually normal but the cells of the body become insensitive or resistant to insulin due to which the metabolism of glucose or carbohydrates becomes uncontrolled. It causes diabetes.
• In this type of diabetes, there is no effect on the amount of insulin in the body. For this reason, it is called non-insulin dependence diabetes mellitus.
• is called So this is not treated with insulin.
• This is usually seen in obese people after the age of 40.

Special point :-

• Langerhans cells in the spleen contain alpha cells that secrete glucagon
• Beta cell insulin
• Gamma cell. Secretes the hormone somastatin.

Etiology:-

• Obesity
• Chronic emotional or mental status
• Pregnancy
• Using certain drugs
• Tooth :- Thiazide
• Adrenal corticosteroids
• Age more than 40 years
• Eat more salt
• Hereditary

Diagnosis :-

• History Collection
• Physical exercise
• Checking the level of glucose in blood serum
• Ophthalmic examination
• Urine analysis

Medical management:-

• Insulin is given to the patient. Injection-Insulin is given subcutaneously
• As insulin   Human Ectrapid
• Human Mix Tard, Human Insulitard is used
• Oral antidiabetic drugs are given to the patient. such as
• Metformin
• Phenformin
• Chlorpropamide
• Glipizide
• Glucazide
• In a patient with gangrene, the affected area is surgically removed

Nursing management:-

• To maintain patient’s electro light im balance
• Take necessary steps to reduce anxiety in the patient
• Keep checking the patient’s blood glucose level
• Giving the patient a low carbohydrate diet
• Giving the patient a prescribed insulin rich diet
• Regular observation of the patient
• If there is any complication, it should be asked and noted
• To check regular vital signs in the patient
• If there is any edema, bleeding, difficulty in breathing in the patient, then inform the doctor immediately
• Ask the patient to rest adequately
• Administer necessary electro light I.V fluid therapy as per doctor order
• If necessary, give sedative to the patient at night

• The patient should not be disturbed while sleeping at night. Q.2 Write a nursing care plan for pneumonia patient. Write a nursing care plan for a patient with pneumonia.

• In patients with pneumonia, the nursing care plan and care includes the patient’s medical history, assessment of respiratory status every four (4) hours, physical examination, and ABG assessment. Other treatments include oxygen, suction, hydration and mechanical ventilation.

Nursing Problem Priorities:-

• Nursing priorities for patients with pneumonia are as follows.
• Improving airway patency
• Improve tolerance activity
• Maintain fluid volume
• To prevent complications

Nursing Assessment:-

• Collecting the patient’s past, present history and seeing the chief complaint
• Look for signs and symptoms associated with pneumonia in the patient
• To collect subjective and objective data on the patient

Assess for the following subjective and objective data:-

• Changes in the rate and depth of respiration are seen
• Abnormal breath sounds are seen
• Dyspnea and tachypnea
• Use of accessory muscles is seen
• Cough may be seen with or without sputum
• Cyanosis
• Breath sounds are absent in the affected lung
• Hypokalemia
• Decrease in vital capacity is seen
• Mucus is seen in the airway

Nursing Diagnosis:-

• Nursing assessment is followed by nursing diagnosis. In which a framework is prepared for providing care.
• Nursing diagnoses are prioritized according to the patient’s needs. And after that goal settings are done.

Nursing Goals:-

• To improve ventilation in the patient
• To maintain normal gas exchange in the patient
• Perform airway clearance
• To minimize the symptoms of pneumonia

Nursing Interventions or care plan :-

Ineffective breathing pattern related to impaired exhalation and anxiety:-

• Assess the patient’s respiration rate
• Assessing breathing patterns
• Put the patient in Fowler position
• Giving oxygen to the patient
• Check ABGs and oxygen levels to determine treatment effectiveness

2.Ineffective airway clearance related to increased production of secretions :-

• To assess mucus production in the patient
• Checking the color and consistency of sputum
• Assist the client in effective expectoration
• Encouraging intake of oral fluids to thin secretions
• Increase the humidity of the room
• Give the patient steam inhalation
• Giving the patient a nebulizer
• Doing chest physiotherapy
• Frequent oral care every 2 hours

3. Activity intolerance related to inadequate oxygenation and dyspnea:

• Check the level of dyspnea
• Giving oxygen to the patient
• Reduce or stop activity if changes in respiration are noticed
• Active exercise after respiration therapy

4.Anxiety related to acute breathing difficulties and fear of suffocation:-

• Stay with the patient when the patient has difficulty breathing
• Keeping a calm environment
• Teach the patient breathing retention and relaxing techniques
• To clear all doubts of the patient
• Giving the patient diversionary therapy

5. Disturbed sleep pattern related to dyspnea and external stimuli:-

• Assessing the patient’s sleep pattern
• Ask not to use sleeping pills
• The patient should be given a ventilated room
• Give the patient oxygen if necessary

6. Administering Medications and Pharmacological Support

• 7.Initiating Measures for Infection Control & Management
• 8.Managing Acute Pain & Discomfort
• 9.Maintaining Normal Body Thermoregulation

10. Promoting Optimal Nutrition & Fluid Balance
11. Promote client education

b. Explain Postural Drainage :-

Definition:– Postural Drainage is a procedure that involves the removal of excess fluid accumulated in the body cavity by gravitational force. This is a method to remove the secretion accumulated in the body cavity by giving different positions to the patient. With which different techniques are also used.

Indication :-

• Pleural effusion
• Ascites
• empyema
• Lung abscess
• Recurrent infection

Contraindication :-

• Head injury
• Head surgery
• Neurogenic shock
• Head edema

Procedure:-

• In postural drainage, the part of the body where the infected fluid collects is raised, causing the fluid to flow downward and out of the body.

Nursing Responsibility:-

• Full details of postural drainage are explained to the patient to get your cooperation
• To make postural drainage more effective, the patient is encouraged to take steam inhalation and nebulization.
• Administering broncho-dilator drugs like Theophylline, Asthalin etc. if required
• During postural drainage, the patient’s infected site is gently percussed. Due to this the mucus discharge gets out easily.
• The patient should be kept in proper position.
• After postural drainage, the patient should be given a comfortable position.
• If necessary, suction should be done.
• The amount and nature of drainage should be noted during the procedure.
• If there is any complaint during or after the postural drainage procedure, bring about its solution.

OR

a. List the types of Meningitis and describe pyogenic meningitis. List the types of meningitis and describe pyogenic

Definition:- Meningitis is inflammation of the meningeal layers that cover the brain and spinal cord, such as the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Types:-

• Bacterial meningitis
• Viral meningitis
• Fungal meningitis
• Non-infectious meningitis

Pyogenic Meningitis:- Pyogenic meningitis is a type of bacterial meningitis. This is a life threatening CNS infection. These bacteria, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis etc. are responsible for meningitis.

Etiology:-

• Caused by the following bacteria:
• Haemophilus influenzae bacteria,
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Neisseria meningitidis
• E-coli

Symptoms:-

• Fever
• headache
• Steph Neck
• Flu-like symptoms are seen
• Photo phobia
• Confusion

Complication :-

• Caesar
• Memory problem
• Balance, movement, co-ordination problems
• Speech issues
• Vision or hearing problems
• Learning Differences

Diagnosis:-

• Physical Examination
• C.S.F. Analysis of

Management :- Antibiotics are given along with corticoids to reduce inflammation.

Additional Information:-

Symptoms of meningitis :-

• Brudginkisign
• Kernig sign
• Fever
• headache
• Anorexia
• Photophobia
• Diplopia
• Tachycardia
• Chills
• Malays
• Diagnostic Evaluation:
• Physical Examination
• History Collection
• Lumbar puncture in which protein and glucose levels are increased
• Blood culture
• Chest X Ray
• E.C. G
• C. T. Scan of head

Complication:-

• Encephalitis
• Delirium
• stupor
• Coma or death

Treatment:-

• To prevent meningitis, the child should be given the influenza vaccine
• Antibiotics are given
• ampicillin,
• Cefotaxime
• Ceftriaxone
• Nafecillin
• Steroids such as dexamethasone are given to the patient for the blood brain barrier
• A diuretic is given to lower the patient’s intracranial pressure
• The patient is given anticonvulsants like phenobarbitone, valproic acid
• Sedatives are given to the patient if needed

Nursing management:-

• If there is fever, temperature should be taken and antipyretic drugs should be given as per doctor and cold sponge should be given.
• If the patient is experiencing seizures, the doctor should be informed and continuous monitoring should be done and anti-seizure medication should be given as per the doctor’s order.
• To maintain electrolyte balance in the patient, IV fluid should be given as per doctor order and intake and output chart should be maintained.
• To reduce anxiety in the patient, a calm environment should be provided and the confidence of the patient should be developed
• To check patient’s vital signs
• An intracranial chart of the patient should be maintained
• Checking Sp o2
• If there is any complication, inform the doctor immediately.

b. Explain Glasgow com scale-

• The Glasslow Coma Scale is used to assess the patient’s level of consciousness by stimulating them.
• Its score is 3 deep coma and 15 normal. Mainly the following parameters are assessed and scored accordingly.

Eye opening response:- Spontaneous4To voice3Pain2None1

Verbal Response:- Oriented5Confused4In appropriate word3Incomprehensible sound2None1

3.Motor Response :- Obeys command6Localize pain5With draw4Flexion (Decortication)3Extension (Decerebrate)2None1

Total score :- 3 to 15

Q-3. Enlist autoimmune diseases, how autoimmunity develops in the human body? List the autoimmune diseases. Explain how autoimmunity develops in the human body.

List of Autoimmune Diseases:-

• Addition Diseases
• Celiac disease
• Dermatomyositis
• Graves’ disease
• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Myasthenia gravis
• Pernicious anemia
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Systematic lupus erythematosus
• Type 1 diabetes
• Psoriasis
• how autoimmunity develops in the human body? Explain how autoimmunity develops in the human body.

Answers

• Autoimmune antibody means that the antibody attacks the cell of its own body and damages its own body.
• The immune system protects us by fighting viruses and bacteria from the outside, but auto-immune is when our body releases a protein called an antibody that attacks cells from our immune system that attack the skin, joints, and other parts of the body. Affects and damages organs.
• The cause of the autoimmune disorder is unknown. But it can happen after any infection or injury.
• Each disease attacks in a different way.
• T cell energy breakdown: When energy breaks down, T cell produces self antigens. Dental Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriasis

Failure of activation induced cell death :- Apoptosis is seen in this

Loss of T regulatory cell function :- This suppression is responsible for immunity. If suppression occurs when immunity is lost, an auto-immune disorder occurs.

B cell helped by T cell: B cell produces antibody against self antigen while T cell helps it.

Teeth :– Drug induced hemolytic anemia

Sequestered antigen :-

• That is, hidden antigens, some antigens are hidden in the blood.
• Molecular mimicry
• b. Explain Hemodialysis –
• Explain about hemodialysis.

Definition:-

• Hemodialysis is a method of removing excess waste (metabolic waste product) from the body in case of renal failure, in which excess waste is removed from the blood.
• After removing harmful substances, purified blood is returned to the patient’s body.

Purpose :-

• To remove excess waste from the patient’s body.
• To make the body’s buffer system positive
• To remove excess fluid from the body
• To reduce water retention
• To maintain the level of electrolytes in the body
• To prevent other complications

Indications:-

• Acute renal failure
• Chronic renal failure
• Uremia
• Renal encephalopathy
• Severe edema
• Metabolic acidosis

Procedure :-

• Hemodialysis consists of a machine (dialyzer) for blood purification. In which impure artery blood is taken from the patient’s body and sent to him. The wastes in the blood are filtered out and then become pure blood which is injected into the patient through a vein.

• In hemodialysis, a fistula (connection of artery and vein) is created. From where the impure blood is expelled and the pure blood is introduced.

• This fistula can be made on wrist, arm and neck.

Complication:-

• Dehydration
• Hypo volemia
• Hypo tension
• Hypovolemic shock
• Septicemia
• Death

Care during hemodialysis:-

• Checking and recording the patient’s weight.
• Written consent is obtained from the patient for dialysis.
• Explaining the procedure of dialysis so as to reduce their anxiety
• Position the patient comfortably
• Ask the patient to discontinue antihypertensive and vasodilator medications before dialysis, if any, because dialysis causes hypotension.
• Check and monitor vital signs
• If there is any problem during dialysis, the patient should be asked about it and if necessary, the doctor should be informed immediately.
• Check the patient’s fistula site regularly because the use of heparin during the procedure slows the clotting process and increases the chance of bleeding.
• All emergency medicines should be kept ready with the patient
• Necessary medicines should be given to the patient.
• After completion of hemodialysis, the patient’s weight should be rechecked
• After hemodialysis the patient should be given the necessary drugs.

Q.4 Write Short notes (ANY THREE)

Q-4 a. Defense against injury – Defense against injury

Any way the body fights or protects against micro-organisms is called a defense mechanism. Due to this defense, the body can get protection from infection.

Types:-

1) Specific :-

This protects the body by fighting against specific micro-organisms.

Dat :- Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa

2) non specific

In this, the body protects against all micro-organisms and not against any specific one. This

Does not act on particular micro-organisms.

1) Anatomy and physiology barriers

Skin and mucous membrane

Skin is the first line defense mechanism of the body. Microorganisms enter through the pores in the skin, but due to the sweat gland on the skin, microorganism does not grow, which acts as a barrier.

B) Nasal passage :-

There are tiny hairs and mucus secretions in the nasal passages. Due to which the air is filtered and the micro-organisms are trapped there and they are expelled by sneezing.

Cilia are located in the nasal passages. It also gets the micro organism stuck in the throat and gets out through cuffing and if it doesn’t get out and goes into the stomach, it gets killed due to the acidic medium.

C) Oral Cavity:- (Saliva)

Saliva is produced in the oral cavity which contains enzymes that kill micro-organisms.

D) eye:-

Tears are produced in the eye and when bacteria enter the eye, tears wash them out, if they do not come out, the lysosomal enzymes present in the tears kill them.

E) G.I.tract :- No bacteria can survive due to highly acidic medium.

F) Urine flow :- It acts as a bacteriostatic in that it does not kill bacteria but inhibits their growth.

2) Inflammatory response:- This works as a protective mechanism when any bacteria or virus injures the body’s cells by inflammatory response to protect our body.

Sign:-

• Pain
• Swelling
• Redness
• Heat
• Stages:-
• Vascular and cellular responses
• Exudate response
• Reparative phase

Q-4 b. Hemorrhoids :-

Definition:-

• Hemorrhoids are dilated superficial veins of the anus or rectum, both internal and external.

Types:-

External Hemorrhoids:- In this, the blood vessels in the lower part of the anal sphincter swell.

Internal Hemorrhoids:- In this, the blood vessels inside the anal sphincter become swollen and a proctoscopy is done to see this.

Etiology:-

• Portal hypertension
• Prolong sitting or standing
• Chronic constipation
• Spicy food
• OBCT
• Pregnancy
• Low fiber diet
• Anal or rectal infection
• Alcoholism
• Liver disease
• Colitis

Clinical Manifestation:-

• Constipation
• Melina
• Burning defecation
• Anal pain
• Anal itching
• irritation
• Anemia

Diagnostic Evaluation:-

• History Collection
• Rectal examination
• Stool examination
• Blood examination

Management:-

• Local anesthetic jelly is given to the patient
• The patient is given a high fiber diet
• Sclerotherapy is given to the patient if required
• Advise to drink more fluids
• Kehvu to take soft diet
• Advise to take hot milk while sleeping at night
• Give a mild laxative
• Avoid prolonged sitting
• Do light exercise
• Endoscopic ligation
• Hemorrhoidectomy
• Cryosurgery
• Perform peri-operative nursing management

Q-4 c. Hyperstrial|vity – Hypersensitivity

• Hypersensitivity reaction means that the body overreacts when a foreign antigen enters the body or cannot maintain self-tolerance so that the tissue is damaged.

• Autoimmune disease begins when the body’s immune system reacts against its own antigens.

Classification:-

Type I, II, III are types of hypersensitivity antigen-antibody reactions. And this is the type of humoral immunity. Type IV is the type of delayed hypersensitivity.

And this is antigen-lymphocyte reaction and cell mediated response.

1. Type I – IgE Mediated Response:-

Type 1 is anaphylactic reaction (Hypersensitivity). This is seen in individuals who are sensitive to specific allergens:- Type 1 is seen in those who are highly sensitive to bee or wasp venom, drugs.

And the body produces IgE in response to the allergen, which is accompanied by mast cells and basophils

Allergic symptoms:-

• Hypotension
• increased secretions of mucous,
• itching,
• allergic rhinitis (hay fever), allergic conjunctivitis
• Hives and anaphylactic shock are common reactions.

2. Type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity:- Type II reaction is caused by an exogenous antigen. In this, the normal structure of the body that the body perceives as a foreign body is called cytotoxic hypersensitivity.

The reason for this may be cross reactions of antibody. As a result cell and tissue damage is seen.

In this the IgG or igM antibody wraps around the cell. As a result, an antigen antibody reaction occurs and destroys the cell to which the antibody is bound.

This type of reaction is seen in Myasthenia gravis, hemolytic anemia, Rh-hemolytic disease of newborn, thyroiditis.

3. Type III Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity:- This type of reaction occurs when the antigen binds with the antibody and forms an immune complex.

This type of reaction is seen in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.

4.Delayed Type (Type IV) Hypersensitivity:-

This hypersensitivity is also known as cellular hypersensitivity. This cellular hypersensitivity is seen 24 to 72 hours after exposure to the allergen.

Tooth :- Contact Dermatitis

Its symptoms include redness, itching, and thickening of the part exposed to the antigen.

d. Nursing management of immunotherapy- Nursing management of immune therapy

Q-4 e. Difference between Active and Passive immunity.. Difference between active and passive immunity

A) Innate Immunity –

(a) Species Immunity

(b) Racial Immunity

(c) Familial Immunity

(d) Inborn Immunity

(e) Individual Immunity

(B) Acquired Immunity:-

(1) Active Immunity –

(A) Natural:-

Attack of Disease

Inoculation

(B) Artificial

Vaccine

Toxoide

(2) Passive Immunity:-

(A) Natural

Placental

Colostrum

(B) Artificial

Antiserum

Modified Toxin

Innate immunity:-

Innate Immunity means resistance to disease acquired from birth. which is received from parents. which provides lifetime protection.

A person has innate immunity based on his genetic and constitutional makeup. Because it is not stimulated by specific antigens, innate immunity is usually non-specific. It is different from acquired immunity and is also called natural immunity.

Active Immunity:-

• When a person is exposed to a live pathogen, a natural adaptive immune system is formed. Primary immune response when disease occurs.
• Artificially acquired active immunity is deliberately administered by substances containing antigens. Which is known as vaccine.
• The antigen present in the vaccine stimulates a primary response against the antigen even in the absence of any disease symptoms. Active immunity provides permanent immunity and the body is protected from disease for its entire life.
• Active Immunity is produced when a person comes in contact with a pathogen.
• The body then produces antibodies against that antigen.
• In this way specific immunity is generated for a particular disease. E.g. Typhoid, chicken pox or measles
• Immunity can be acquired either by infection with a pathogen or by vaccination. Active immunity may last a few weeks to a few months but may last a lifetime.

Passive Immunity:-

• Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunity to diseases introduced into the body by direct injection of antibodies. And this is not produced by the recipient cell.
• Naturally acquired passive immunity is the transfer of immunity from parent to child. During this pregnancy, the mother’s antibodies enter the baby’s bloodstream.
• Due to this immunity, fits are protected from harmful substances.
• Passive immunity is also provided to the fetus due to IgA antibodies present in breast milk. which protects them against intestinal bacterial infections.
• Passive immunity is not permanent it is temporary.

Q.5 Write Definition (ANY SIX) Write the definition. (any)

A. Symptoms :-

• It means physical evidence or physical disturbance that causes a disorder in the body. A patient who has symptoms. In this case any problem is described by the patient which cannot be checked or verified by us.
• Symptoms are the subjective type of evidence that appears to be a disease in a person’s body. Symptoms are felt by the person, often cannot be seen or measured.
  eg: pain in abdomen It can be seen and measured in its own compare
  Eg: body temperature (if fever has occurred)

B. Ischemia:-

Due to obstruction in the arterial blood flow, the blood supply to the body part is reduced due to which the condition seen is called ischemia.

➡️ When the blood supply of any organ is reduced or there is not enough blood supply, it is called ischemia. Its causes are as follows: 1. Ischemia occurs in the heart when the blood cholesterol level increases and blocks the arteries of the heart.

Due to wearing anything tight e.g. T. tourniquiet

Due to over exercise (due to increase in blood supply demand and non-fulfillment)

Due to excessive exposure to cold (vasoconstriction occurs, peripheral blood supply decreases and ischemia occurs) eg. Frost bite
Symptoms: tingling sensation, numbness, cynosis (bluish discoloration)

C. Inflammation:-

Redness, swelling is seen in the body due to infection or injury in the body, this condition is called inflammation. Mainly this is a condition caused by any microorganism.

In inflammation, inflame means burning when any foreign substance enters the body which affects that body part, an inflammatory response occurs in which vasodilation is seen and increases the permeability of blood vessels and the affected area. Fluid, exudate, leukocytes, fibers are filled in, the causes of which are physical injury, ischemic injury, pathogenic, trauma, chemical, immunity etc.
Characterized by: redness, warmth, swelling, pain, loss of function etc.
Inflammation is a body’s primary response.

D.Idiopathic:-

• Any disease or condition arises suddenly on its own. The reason for which is unknown. No specific reason is known for the occurrence of this condition.

• Idiopathic is the terminology of the medical field that is used when the cause of disease
• When the cause is unknown and the disease is spontaneous, it is called idiopathic.
• Eg : Pulmonary fibrosis
• Alzheimer’s disease

E. Hyperthyroidism

• It is called excessive secretion of thyroid gland hormone. In this, the secretion of all the hormones of the thyroid gland increases.

• Hyper is a disease of the thyroid gland in which thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) are secreted in excess and alter the body function. The normal function of the thyroid gland is metabolism but in hyperthyroidim there is overmetabolism due to: grave’s disease (autoimmune), plummers disease (forms nodules), thyrotoxicosis, carcinoma etc. The symptoms of which are as follows: exopthalmus
• Increased blood pressure, weight loss, lack of sleep etc

F. Bronchiectasis

• Due to which the bronchi in the lugs get damaged, they dilate, become loose and scars are seen there.

• Bronchiectesis is a permanent, abnormal, irreversible over dilatation of the bronchi in which the entire bronchial tree can be involved from one bronchi, due to which mucous forms and becomes fibrous tissue due to repeated infections. goes and bronchi are overdilated which can be recognized by symptoms like cynosis, clubbing, rhonchi, night coughing, hemoptysis.

G. Pneumothorax:-

• Lugs and the presence of air or gas in the chest cavity cause the lungs to collapse. Air collects in the pleural cavities around the lungs.

Abnormal accumulation of air within the pneumothorax can lead to lung collapse of which 2 main causes are or type

Closed and 2. Open
1) Closed :
➡️ which is seen due to spontaneous rupture of bleb (air field structure hoi which is seen outside in upper lobe of lung)

Found in smokers

• If there is a hole in the esophagus

Due to mechanical ventilation etc.

2) open :
➡️ When there is any opening in the chest or an open wound (wound) or injury, air directly enters the pleural space and pneumothorax occurs eg. Direct gun shot on chest etc.

H. Pleurisy

Infection of the pleura leading to impaired lubrication function leading to pain during breathing.

Q.6 A fill in the blanks

1. Endoscopy procedure is done for the direct visual examination of the Gastrointestinal tract.
2. Accumulation of purihant material in the plural space is known as empyema.
3. Inflammation of gastric mucosa is known as gastritis. Gastric mucosa is infected.
4. Blood present in the sputum is known as hemoptysis

What is blood seen in sputum called?

5, paralysis occurs in one limb is known

monoplegia

B. State whether following statements are True or False

1. Stone formation in urinary bladder is known as cholelithiasis. Stone formation in the urinary bladder is commonly called cholelithiasis.:-False
2. Hyposecretion of insulin is known as diabetes insipidus. Decreased insulin secretion is called diabetes insipidus. False
3. A simple goiter is the result of lack of lodine. Simple goiter is caused by iodine deficiency. True
4. A sudden momentary loss of muscles tone is known as atonic or akinetic. False
5. Head Trauma is the most common risk factor for Alzheimer disease A major cause of Alzheimer’s disease is head injury. True

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