ENGLISH GNM-T.Y-CHN-II-GNC-PAPER-SOLUTION-11-01/09/2020 ⏩Q-1 🔸a) What is Demography? What is demography? 02
Demography Definition:
Demos Means People
Graphene Means the Record.
Demography
The scientific study of human population and its elements ie size, composition and distribution is called demography. Demography means the scientific study of population.
Concept of Demography
Demography is a branch of science which studies human population with special provision on only three elements.
1) If there is any change in the size of the population i.e. the size increases or decreases.
2) Structure of Population (basic of age and size).
3) Geographical distribution based on state or territory.
🔸b) Write down stages of demography, lakhs about the stages of demography.06
There are mainly 5 stages of demographics.
1) First stage = high stationary stage,
2) Second Stage = Early Expanding,
3)Third Stage = Late Expanding,
4) Fourth Stage = Low Stationery,
5) Fifth Stage = Decline Stage
1) First Stage = High Stationary Stage:
In the high stationary stage there are no changes in the size and composition of the population.
Birth Rate : ↑High
Death Rate : ↑High
Because it has high birth rate and high death rate i.e. both cancel each other and due to which the population remains stationary.
Until the middle of the 17th century, the world population was in this stage and India was in this stage till 1920.
Ex: India in 1920
2) Second Stage = Early Expanding:
In the second stage, early expanding stage, the death rate decreases as the health condition improves and the birth rate remains unchanged.
Birth Rate : ↑Unchanged
Death rate : ↓decline
In the early expanding stage the birth rate does not change but the death rate decreases due to which there is a slight increase in the size of the population.
The world population was in this stage from the middle of the 17th century to the middle of the 19th century. India was in this stage from 1921 to 1950
Ex: South Asia, Africa
3)Third Stage = Late Expanding:
In the third stage, late expanding stage, the death rate declines slightly and the birth rate declines slightly.
Birth rate: ↓slide (slight) decline
Death rate :↓further decline
In the late expanding stage the birth rate declines a little while the death rate declines a little more but because the birth date is a little higher than the death rate, there is population growth.
Ex: China, Singapore and India
4) Fourth Stage = Low Stationery:
In the fourth stage, the low stationary stage, the birth date is low and the birth rate is also low, due to which the population is observed to be stationary (stable).
Birth Rate : ↓low
Death Rate : ↓low
In this stage there is stability in population due to low birth rate and death rate and this is usually seen mainly in developed and industrialized countries.
Australia recorded zero population growth during 1980-1985.
Ex:=Australia in 1980-1985.
5) Fifth Stage = Decline Stage:
In the fifth stage decline stage the birth date is further reduced while the date remains unchanged due to which a decrease in population is seen.
Birth Rate : ↓Further Lo
Death Rate : ↓Unchanged
Thus in this decline stage there is a decrease in population due to the decrease in birth date and death rate which is usually seen in Germany and Hungary.
Ex:= Germany and Hungary.
The demographic cycle helps explain how populations evolve and transition through different stages of development, affected by socio-economic factors, technological advancement and cultural changes.
🔸c) Write down objectives of family welfare. 06 lakhs for family welfare purposes
Objectives of Family Welfare:
OBJECTIVES OF FAMILY WELFARE Improving the overall health and well-being of the family is a broad spectrum goal of family welfare.
The objectives of family welfare are as follows:
1) Promoting Re-productive Health:
Ensuring that families have access to reproductive health related services to maintain their reproductive health including,
Family planning, maternal and child health care, and prevention and management of reproductive tract infections. Their involvement takes place.
2) Reducing Maternal Mortality Rate:
Maternal death and complications can be reduced by providing skilled care to the mother during pregnancy, child birth, and the postpartum period.
3) Reduce Infant and Child Mortality:
Child morbidity and mortality rate can be reduced by providing proper nutrition, immunization and proper health care services to infants and children.
4) Promoting Family Planning:
To encourage individuals or couples to use contrasitive methods to have space in pregnancy and to plan pregnancy according to choice.
5) Ensuring Safe Motherhood:
Promotion of safe child birth practices, prenatal care and postnatal care to improve maternal health outcomes.
6) Improving Nutrition and Hygiene:
Assessing malnutrition and promoting hygienic practices to improve the overall health and well-being of families.
7) Preventing and Management of Communicable Diseases:
Identify and treat infections affecting reproductive health such as sexually transmitted and other communicable diseases.
8) Social Support:
In social support, providing a social support system to families and mainly vulnerable populations such as single-parent, households, low-income families, and families with disabilities and long-term chronic illnesses.
This support involves financial assistance, counseling services, and community-based support.
9) Promotion of Small Family Names:
To encourage families to voluntarily choose small family sizes to improve maternal and child health outcomes and overall family well-being.
10) Promotion of Spacing Method:
Advise to use contraceptives to space between pregnancies. Because of this, the healthier outcome of the mother and her child can be promoted.
11) Ensuring Access to Contraceptives:
Ensuring adequate contraceptive access to all ineligible couples to properly adopt family planning.
12) Prevention of Unwanted Birth:
Providing information and services to prevent unintended pregnancy, which can lead to better health of the mother and improvement in socio-economic outcomes for families.
13) Promotion of Planned Pregnancy:
Encouraging couples to plan and prepare for pregnancy so as to promote the health of both mother and child.
14) Promotion of Birth Spacing:
Advising families to keep adequate space between pregnancies so that overall well-being of mother and child can be maintained and complications due to close pregnancy can be reduced.
15) Age Appropriate Childbearing:
Advising families to plan an appropriate pregnancy at the same time can reduce complications due to early pregnancy or late pregnancy.
These objectives collectively aim to empower individuals and families to make informed choices about their reproductive health and family planning,
This improves overall health outcomes and increases the quality of life for families.
🔸d) Write Advantages of small family. 06
Advantages of Small Family:
1) Better Financial Stability:
A primary advantage of a small family is that it maintains financial stability. To support fewer children, parents can allocate more financial resources per child. It involves involvement in education, health care services, extracurricular activities, and overall quality of life.
A small family has less expenses compared to a large family due to which more savings, investment, college fund, and better planning for future expenses like retirement can be done.
2) Closer Parent Child Relationship:
In a small family, parents can give each child more individual attention and emotional support. Because of this, a close relationship forms between parents and children and also increases communication between parents and children.
Children from small families may experience less rivalry and competition with siblings for parental attention, thereby developing a strong sense of security and self-esteem in the child.
3) Reduces Environmental Impact:
Small families use less resources and produce less waste than large families.
This makes a positive contribution to environmental sustainability by reducing carbon footprints, energy consumption and overall ecological impact.
4) Imprude Education Opportunity
Parents in small families have more financial resources available to invest in their children’s education. This may include tuition, enrichment programs, tutoring and educational materials for private schools.
Children from small families have better access to educational opportunities and can receive more personalized educational support from parents and teachers.
5) Enhance Career Opportunity and Mobility:
Smaller families have greater flexibility in career choice, job relocation, and professional development opportunities.
Without the constraints of large family responsibilities, parents have more time and energy to focus on advancing their careers.
Due to this flexibility, there is also improvement in job satisfaction and an increase in earning opportunities is also seen due to which a better life is passed out.
6) Healthier Parental Wellbeing:
Parenting fewer children can reduce stress and physical strain on parents, especially mothers. It provides opportunities for good maternal health before, during and after pregnancy.
Multiple pregnancy related challenges are less common in small families. Like risk of maternal complication and child birth.
Thus, Small’s family has advantages such as,
Financial stability,
Along with these benefits of close parent-child relationships, and low environmental impact, they also present challenges related to social dynamics, parental expectations, and family support systems.
🔸OR🔸
⏩Q.1🔸 A) Write the definition of occupational health? 02
Write the definition of occupational health.
Definition of Occupational Health:
Occupational health is the branch of public health concerned with the identification, evaluation and control of health risks associated with the workplace, including physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychological factors. It aims to prevent occupational diseases, injuries and accidents to the highest of all occupational workers. The degree involves promoting and maintaining physical, mental and social well-being.
The general aim of occupational health is to promote and maintain the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations,
Protecting workers from risks resulting from health-advancing factors Placement and maintenance of workers in occupational environments appropriate to their physical and psychological needs
🔸b) Explain about occupational health hazards. 06
Explain about industrial health hazard.
Occupational Health Hazards:
Occupation hazards involve a wide range of risks that workers may experience depending on their specific job role and environment.
Occupation hazards are potential risks or hazards that health care workers are exposed to.
Exposure occurs in the workplace environment.
These hazards arise from different aspects of the workplace such as,
physical condition,
Chemical Materials,
Involvement of biological agents, psychological factors, and mechanical hazards etc., these factors pose a risk to the health, safety and well-being of the works and if proper precautions and safety measures are not taken, injuries, illnesses or even loss of life may occur. can
Occupation workers may be exposed to the following hazards:
1) Physical Hazards,
2) Chemical Hazards,
3) Biological Hazards,
4) Mechanical Hazards,
5) Psychological Hazards.
1) Physical Hazards:
Physical hazard is caused by exposure to heat and cold. Workers are those who come in direct exposure to high temperature of sun like farmers, builders, laborers etc.
Even within valleys with high temperatures, such as the Kottar Gold Valley in Mysore, some industries will have local ‘hot spots’ of ovens and furnaces that radiate heat such as bakeries, metal works, asbestos factory engine rooms, etc.
Effects of high temperature include extreme heat, heat allergy, heat exhaustion, muscle cramps.
Many workers are exposed to low temperatures like ice factories, high altitudes, cold storage, cold laboratories etc. This worker may experience chills (when excessive exposure to cold causes pain, itching, and swelling in hands and feet due to poor blood supply), erythrocyanosis and respiratory difficulties.
Hi humidity:
High humidity, along with exposure to extreme temperatures in industries such as textile, paper and ice factories, exacerbates the effects of heat and cold.
Noise:
Loud noise is produced in steel, oil, textile and automobile factories. Loud noise is harmful to health. Its effects depend on the intensity and duration of exposure to loud noise. Loud noise can cause fatigue, nervousness, irritation and partial or complete hearing loss.
Light:
Works may come into contact with poor or glaring and bright light. Poor light causes eye strain and pain, eye fatigue, headache. Blurring and bright lights cause discomfort, blurring of vision, irritability and visual fatigue.
Vibration:
Vibration occurs while working on machines like grinding, cutting, drilling, boring machines etc. Vibration can cause fatigue, nervousness and local effects such as hand and joint injuries.
Radiations:
Exposure to radiation from X-rays and radioactive isotopes can cause skin and blood cancer, which can result in genetic changes, malformations, sterility etc. A person working in radiology department, working in watch factories, ammunition factories come in contact with ionizing radiation. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation such as during welding causes conjunctivitis and keratitis. Ultraviolet radiation can cause sunburn. Road builders, sailors, shepherds and farmers can be affected by ultraviolet radiation.
2) Chemical Hazards:
Factories use some or other chemicals. Chemicals work in 3 ways.
1) Local Action
Some chemicals can cause conditions like dermatitis and eczema.
2) Inhalation
Inhalation of gases and vapors can cause respiratory diseases.
3) Ingestion
Mercury, lead, arsenic, zinc, chromium and cadmium, phosphorus etc. cause various diseases.
Types of Witch are Hazardous
•Gases like carbon monoxide, ozone, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and cyanide etc.
Fumes and vapors from various types of acids, mercury vapour, etc.
Mistus
Mist from the electroplating industry.
•Dust: Small particles broken down by crushing and grinding of rock, ore, metal wood etc.
Chemical agents that are harmful to the skin, respiratory system and gastrointestinal interstitial system.
Skin problems involve dermatitis, eczema, urticaria, ulcers and cancer etc.
•Respiratory problems include various types of pneumoconiosis. Silicosis due to quartz dust,
Anthracosis due to coal dust,
Byssinosis due to cotton dust,
Asbestosis due to asbestos dust,
3) Biological Hazards:
Biological hazards are caused by infectious and parasitic agents like viruses, rickettsia, bacteria. Due to this, hookworm infestation can also occur in farmers. Leptospirosis can occur in workers working in valleys.
Various zoonotic diseases like brucellosis, mycotic infections, parasitic infections and anthrax can occur in tanning factories, veterinary hospitals and dispensaries, zoos, circuses, agricultural workers, butcher houses etc.
Health workers working in hospitals/dispensaries may be exposed to patient infections such as tuberculosis, tuberculosis, HIV and serum hepatitis etc.
4) Mechanical Hazards:
Various accidents and injuries can occur due to unprotected machines and their protruding and moving parts and machines with low safety can cause partial and permanent disability.
5) Psychological Hazards:
Different types of maladjustment problems like lack of proper job satisfaction,
A person cannot adjust properly due to insecurity, frustration and environmental tension. Due to this condition, physical health problems such as increased blood pressure, indigestion, insomnia,
Conditions like loss of appetite and hardburn may occur.
Thus, it is important to take measures to prevent these types of hazards in workers by identifying them early and properly.
🔸c) Write down steps to prevent occupational health hazards.06
Write about the measures to be taken to prevent industrial health hazards.
Steps to Prevent Occupation Hazards:
Here is a structured approach to prevent occupational health risks:
1) Identify Hazards:
Conducting regular workplace inspections and risk assessments to identify potential hazards such as chemical exposures, ergonomic stressors, noise levels and psychosocial factors such as workplace stress or (bullying) bullying.
2) Assess Risk:
Evaluating the probability and severity of harm caused by identified risks. Prioritizing risks based on their potential impact on workers’ health and safety.
3) Implement Controls:
Engineering Controls:
Modifying the workplace or equipment to eliminate or reduce hazards at source.
For example, installing ventilation systems to control airborne contaminants or redesigning workstations to improve ergonomics.
Administrative Control:
Establish procedures and policies that reduce exposure to hazards, including involving rotation tasks to reduce repetitive strain, reducing hazards, scheduled breaks to reduce fatigue, and providing training on safe work practices.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Providing appropriate PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) such as gloves, helmet, respirator and ear protection.
Ensuring that PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) is properly selected, fitted and used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and training.
4) Providing Training and Information:
Provide education to workers about potential workplace hazards, safe work practices, emergency procedures, and proper use of PPE.
Training should be comprehensive, ongoing and accessible to all employers, including new hires and contractors.
5) Monitor and Review:
Regular monitoring of workplace conditions and health surveillance data to evaluate the effectiveness of control measures.
Periodically reviewing risk assessments and updating procedures as necessary to address new hazards or changes in work processes.
6) Anchorage Reporting and Participation:
Establish a culture where workers feel empowered to report hazards, omissions, and health concerns without fear of retaliation.
Encouraging active participation in safety committees, programs to identify hazards, and safety improvement initiatives.
7) Promote Health and Wellbeing:
Supporting worker health and well-being through initiatives such as wellness programs, ergonomic assessments, mental health support and access to healthcare services.
Assessing factors outside of work, which may affect workers’ health, such as stress management programs etc.
8) Compliance and Continuous Improvement:
Comply with occupational health and safety regulations, standards and industry best practices, collect new knowledge, technological advancements and regularly review policies and procedures to learn lessons from incidents or near misses.
By systematically following these steps, organizations can effectively prevent occupational health hazards, protect workers’ health and safety, and create a culture of safety in the workplace.
🔸d) Describe benefits to industrial workers according to EST Act. 06 Write about the benefits available to industrial workers under the ESI Act
Benefits to Industrial Workers under ESI Act:
ESI: Employees State Insurance (ESI) Act
The Employees’ State Insurance (ESI) Act, was passed in 1948.
This act is a comprehensive social security act in the country. This act is an important measure to provide social services and health insurance in the country.
Certain benefits in case of sickness, maternity, disability and death due to employment injury to the employee such as,
Provides case and medical benefits in certain amount.
•>Benefits of ESI Act :
1) Medical benefit,
2) Sickness benefit,
3) Maternity Benefit,
4) Disability Benefit,
5) Dependent Benefit,
6) Funeral Benefit,
7) Rehabilitation benefit.
1) Medical Benefit:
Medical benefit includes full medical care provided during hospitalization.
Comprehensive medical care is provided to the insured person and their dependents through a network of ESI hospitals, dispensaries and tie-up hospitals as follows:
•OPD Care,
Other Medical Benefits:
2) Sickness Benefit:
If the sickness is certified by the Insured Medical Officer or Insurance Medical Practitioner then the assured is entitled to the sickness benefits.
Sickness benefit is payable for a maximum of 91 days in any continuous period of 365 days on a case by case basis. In this case the rate of payment is 50% of the daily wage.
A person receiving sickness benefit has to undergo medical treatment provided under the Act.
Extended Sickness Benefit:
If an insured person suffers from a long term illness, as per the Act, he is entitled to extended sickness benefit for a maximum of two years in addition to 91 days of sickness benefits. There are 34 illnesses for which a person who has been in continuous employment for more than two years Extended benefits may be paid.
Enhance Sickness Benefit:
Enhanced Sickness Benefit is provided for 14 days after Tubectomy to Assured Women and 7 days to Assured Males who have undergone Vasectomy.
3) Maternity Benefit:
An employee woman who is pregnant gets 120 to 180 days leave under maternity benefit.
Such pregnant women are not provided night work from 7.00 pm to 06.00 am.
In case of Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) 15 days leave is given for the same.
In case of abortion, women are given 6 weeks or 45 days leave.
Paternity leave is granted up to 15 days.
Working pregnant women with excessive weight carrying are not covered under this act.
Antenatal, intranatal and post-partum services are also provided free of charge to pregnant women.
4) Disability Benefit:
Case benefit is provided in case of temporary or permanent disability due to employment injury.
The amount of benefit changes depending on the disability.
Temporary Disability Benefit (TDB) is payable from the first day of entry into indemnifiable employment and any contribution is paid in case of employment injury at the rate of 90% of wages for as long as the disability continues.
Permanent Disestablishment Benefit:
Permanently disabled benefits are paid at the rate of 90% of wages in the form of monthly payments based on the extent of loss of earning capacity as certified by the Medical Board.
In case of total disability, they are given life pension.
5) Dependent Benefit:
Dependent benefits are paid at the rate of 90% of wages to the dependents of the deceased or injured person in cases where death or injury occurs due to employment injury or occupational hazards.
6) Funeral Benefit:
Funeral benefits provide a cash payment of ₹10,000/- payable towards the funeral expenses of the insured on his death.
7) Rehabilitation Benefit:
The insured person and his family members can continue to receive medical treatment even after permanent disability or retirement.
An artificial limb is provided to the insured worker as and when required and the case is also provided as artificial and sickness benefits rate until replacement of the artificial limb is done.
Overall, the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 stands as a crucial pillar of social security in India, improving the welfare of covered employees and their dependents through various benefits aimed at providing financial assistance and medical care in times of need.
⏩q-2 Write short note (Any five) 5×5=25
🔸1.Bhore Committee
The content of Bhor Committee is given in Q: (c) of Q: 2 write short note of paper 23/03/2021.
Chiranjeevi Scheme:
Chiranjeevi Yojana, also known as Chiranjeevi Scheme
Chiranjeevi Yojana was launched in Gujarat, India, in the year 2005.
It is a health care initiative implemented in Gujarat, India with the primary objective of promoting institutional delivery among economically disadvantaged families.
Here are the key features and aspects of the Chiranjeevi scheme:
1) Objective:
The objectives of the Chiranjeevi Yojana are to reduce maternal and infant mortality rates by encouraging pregnant women from below poverty line (BPL) families to give birth in private hospitals and nursing homes instead of delivering at home.
2) Implementation Model:
It works on Public Private Partnership (PPP) basis.
Private hospitals and nursing homes have been empaneled under the scheme to provide delivery services to eligible beneficiaries.
3) Beneficiaries:
Initially targeted at economically disadvantaged families, especially those living in rural and remote areas where access to government health care services may be limited.
4) Financial Support:
The scheme provides financial incentives to private hospitals in the panel for every delivery made under its auspices. The aim of this financial support is to offset the costs incurred by hospitals in providing maternal and neonatal care services.
5) Services Provided:
Comprehensive obstetric care is provided by the empaneled hospital, including prenatal health checkup, safe delivery services and post-natal care and management of obstetrical complications.
6) Monitoring and Evaluation:
The scheme includes mechanisms for monitoring the quality of services provided by empaneled hospitals and evaluating their impact on maternal and child health. This ensures that the beneficiary gets adequate and appropriate health care services.
7) Impact:
Chiranjeevi Yojana has contributed significantly in increasing the rate of institutional delivery among BPL families in Gujarat. By ensuring access to skilled birth attendants and emergency pregnancy care, the scheme has helped reduce maternal mortality rates and improve newborn health.
The Chiranjeevi Yojana serves as a successful example of targeted interventions to enhance maternal and child health through strategic partnerships between government and private health care providers.
5.IUCD –
Introduction
An intra-uterine device is a T-shaped small and flexible device that is inserted into the uterine cavity to prevent pregnancy.
Intrauterine devices (IUCDs) are a popular method of long-term contraception that has been involved in family welfare programs due to their effectiveness.
The use of the Grafenberg Ring by Grafenberg in Germany in 1929 has led to the invention of many different types of devices which are mainly divided into two parts.
in which,
1) Copper IUCD
(Copper Tea)
Description:
Made of plastic and copper. Copper acts as spermicidal, and prevents fertilization.
Duration
Effective for 5-10 years, depending on the specific type.
Examples: Copper T 380A, Multiload 375.
2) Hormonal IUCD (LNG-IUD)
Description:
Made of plastic and releases levonorgestrel, which thickens cervical mucus, prevents sperm and thins the uterine lining.
Duration
Effective for 3-5 years.
Examples:
Mirena, Skyla, Liletta, Kaylina.
Intrauterine contraceptive device involves the following contraceptive devices.
1)lippes loop
2) CU T 200 B
3) CuT 380 A,
4) Multiload Cu 250,
5)Multiload 375,
6)progesttasert,
7) Levonorgestrel IUCD.
1) lippes loop:
Lipis loop is a first generation intrauterine device Lipis loop is formed from polyethylene. And it is of double S ( S ) shape and a nylon thread is attached to it which remains in the vagina, which helps to remove the loop from the intrauterine cavity. It is in four sizes ie,
Available in A,B,C & D.
Lipase loop is nontoxic, reliable and stable. It can also cause perforation of the uterine wall. It contains a small amount of barium5 present which makes it visible in x-rays but is not currently used.
2) CU T 200 B:
CU T 200 B is a widely used medicated device. In which a copper wire having a surface area of 215 sq mm is wound round the vertical stem of the device.
The stem of the T-shaped device is made of a polyethylene frame. It consists of a monofilament of polyethylene which is tied to the end of the vertical stem.
This device is removed after 4 years.
CuT 200 B has 200 sq mm surface wire containing 120 mg copper and is removed after 3 years.
3) CuT 380 A:
CuT 380 A It is Government Supply CuT 380 A. It consists of two solid copper slimes transverse arm with T shape device and copper wire on vertical stem.
The total surface area of copper is 380 Sq mm with 314 mm over the wire and 33 sq mm over each coppersleeve. It consists of monofilament white thread.
It remains effective for about 10 years.
4) Multiload Cu 250:
The device is available in a sterile packet with an applicator. It does not have an introducer or plunger available.
The device releases 60-100 µg of copper per day over a period of one year. The device has to be replaced after 3 years.
5)Multiload 375:
It has a surface area of 375 mm² copper wire around the vertical stem. Replacement is every 5 years
6)progesttasert:
A bioactive core containing microcrystals of progestatron (38 Mg) enclosed within a plastic wall releases approximately 65 µg of progesterone daily into the uterine cavity. Release from the depot continues for one year only. Thus, it should be replaced after one year.
7) Levonorgestrel IUCD:
This is a T-shaped device
A polydimethylsiloxane membrane around the stem acts as a reservoir of the steroid. The total dose of levonorgestrel is 52mg which is released at a rate of 20 µg/day. This device is replaced every 5 years.
•>Mechanism of Action
1) Hormonal IUD
Releases copper ions, creating an environment inaccessible to sperm. Prevents fertilization of eggs by sperm. Can prevent implantation if fertilization occurs.
2) Hormonal IUD
Releases levonorgestrel to thicken cervical mucus, preventing sperm from entering the uterus.
Suppresses endometrial growth, making the lining of the uterine cavity unsuitable for implantation. Partially suppresses ovulation in some females.
Benefits
Effective:
More than 99% effective in preventing pregnancy.
Long Lasting:
Works as a contraceptive for many years.
Reversible:
Fertilization returns quickly after removal.
Convenience:
Little maintenance is required after insertion.
Cost Effective:
It is economically viable.
Insertion and Removal
Insertion:
Performed by trained health care personnel. A pregnancy can usually be rolled out during the menstrual period or at any time.
In the procedure, the IUD is inserted through the cervix into the uterine cavity.
Removal
Can be done at any time by a healthcare provider.
Fertilization usually returns immediately after removal.
Common side effects
Camping pain during and after introduction.
Irregular building and sports especially during the first month.
Heavy menstrual bleeding.
Decreased or missed periods with a hormonal IUD.
Risk
Expulsion (the IUD coming out of the uterus).
Perforation (rarely, the IUD can puncture the wall of the uterus during insertion).
Infection (slightly increased risk of infection during the first few weeks after insertion).
Nursing Responsibility
Pre-Insurance Counselling
Explain to the patient the type of IUD device, its benefits and its side effects.
Ensuring that the patient fully understands the procedure, its effectiveness and duration.
Insertion Procedure
Assisting health care providers during the insertion period.
Ask the patient to take proper rest and provide reassurance.
If there is any kind of complication, it should be treated immediately.
Post insertion care
Provide education to the patient about the side effects of the intrauterine device properly.
Provide patient education about signs of complications such as pain fever, infection, severe discharge bleeding etc.
Advising the patient for proper follow up.
Thus, intrauterine devices (IUDs) are a popular method of long-term contraception.
Introduction:
WHO:
World Health Organization (WHO)
It is a specialized nonpolitical health agency of the United Nations. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
WHO (World Health Organization) was started on 7 April 1947, in which 7 April is celebrated every year as World Health Day. The theme of World Health Day is chosen every year to focus on a specific aspect of public health.
Aim
Every human being should be provided with their fundamental and vital health care.
Eradication of poverty and diseases.
Every human being should fully realize his fundamental rights of health.
Objectives:
The main objective of WHO is that every person should attain the highest standard of health.
It is their fundamental right that every person should achieve a high standard of health without any discrimination of caste, religion, politics and social status.
WHO’s current objective is to achieve health for all the world’s people that permits them to lead socially and economically productive lives.
ic Achieving ‘Health for All’ through Primary Health Care.
WHO (WHO) is the UN. is unique among specialized agencies; It has its own constitution, its own governing body, its own membership and its own budget. It is a part of the United Nations but not subordinate.
Two major policy developments have influenced the WHO.
1) First Alma-Ata Conference in 1978 on Primary Health Care, which provided both WHO and UNICEF a common charter for health.
2) The Global Strategy for Health for All by 2000 AD and more recently the Millennium Development Goals.
Membership
Any country in the world can become a member of WHO. It is open to all countries. Most of the countries are members of WHO as well as UN. Each member country has to pay an annual budgetary contribution and is entitled to the services and assistance that the organization can provide.
In 1948, WHO had 56 members and now WHO has 194 state members and two associate members.
Territories which are not responsible for conducting their international relations may be admitted as Associate Members. Associate members participate in the deliberations of the WHO without a vote.
Organization of WHO:
WHO has mainly three wings.
1) World Health Assembly
2) Executive Board,
3) Secretary
1) World Health Assembly
The World Health Assembly is the organization’s highest administrative wing, the supreme governing body or the nation’s health parliament.
Functions of World Health Assembly:
Formulation of international health policies and programmes.
Collects a review of the activities done in the previous year.
The World Health Assembly is composed of representatives from each member country and meets once a year.
2) Executive Board:
The Executive Board is constituted by health experts from member countries. There are 31 members in the board. Its meeting is held twice a year. One-third of the members are renewed each time.
Functions of Executive Board:
To strengthen decisions and policies passed and approved by the World Health Assembly.
3) Secretarial:
This wing works under the Director General who is the Chief Technical Advisor and Executive of the Organization. The Director General has five deputies and a staff of about 5000 persons.
Under Secretarial, there are 14 departments like Survey, Communicable Diseases, Health Education, Environment, Budget and Finance etc.
Functions of Secretariat
To provide technical and managerial assistance to Member States in their National Health Development Programmes.
Regional Organization:
The Regional Organizations of WHO are:
1) South East Asia,
2) Africa,
3) America,
4) Europe,
5) Western Pacific,
6) Eastern Mediterranean.
Budget of World Health Organization (WHO):
Each member state contributes a fixed amount to WHO based on its size and national health. This amount is the main financial base of the organization.
Functions of World Health Organization:
1) Prevention and Control of Specific Diseases.
2) Development of Comprehensive Health Services.
3) Family health.
4) Environmental Health.
5) Health Statistic.
6) Bio medical research.
7) Health Literature and Information.
8) Cooperation with other organization.
1) Prevention and Control of Specific Diseases:
WHO works to prevent and control specific diseases globally through initiatives such as vaccination campaigns, disease surveillance, and dissemination of best practices for disease management.
In which measures are taken to prevent communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Like, providing proper immunization to prevent the child from diseases.
2) Development of Comprehensive Health Services:
WHO promotes the development of comprehensive health services by providing technical guidance and support to countries to strengthen their health systems, ensure access to essential health services and promote global health coverage.
It includes measures to promote comprehensive health services in other nations and countries. H.O. taken by.
3) Family Health:
WHO focuses on the health of the family by advocating for maternal and child health, promoting family planning services, ensuring proper access to reproductive health services and addressing issues related to adolescent health.
Since 1970, family health has been a major program in the activities of the World Health Organization.
By further sub-dividing family health into maternal and child health care,
Human reproduction, nutrition and health education are involved.
The main focus of family health is usually to improve their quality of life.
4) Environmental Health:
WHO works to reduce environmental health problems through education and setting guidelines for air quality, water quality, sanitation and waste management.
It works to reduce environmental risks to human health and promotes sustainable development practices.
5) Health Statistic:
The World Health Organization provides assistance to countries for the planning, operation and improvement of medical records and national health information systems.
WHO collects, analyzes and disseminates health related data and statistics globally. This involves monitoring health trends, evaluating health inequalities and providing evidence-based information for policy making and allocation of resources.
6) Bio Medical Research:
WHO promotes biomedical research by supporting biomedical research, promoting collaboration between researchers and institutions globally, and facilitating the translation of research findings into public health policies and practice.
7) Health Literature and Information:
WHO produces health literature and information resources, including guidelines, reports, publications, and education materials.
These resources are disseminated to government health care workers and the public to promote health literature and informed decision making.
8) Cooperation with Other Organizations:
The World Health Organization maintains working relationships in collaboration with the United Nations and other specialist agencies.
The World Health Organization also establishes relationships with many international organizations.
Activities of World Health Organization:
Eradication of Malaria.
Reproductive and Child Health.
Health Laboratory Services.
Health Statistics.
Medical Rehabilitation.
Public Health Administration.
Quality Control of Drugs.
Health.Etc in Medical and Nursing Education
ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist)
ASHA stands for Accredited Social Health Activist
It is one of the key initiatives under India’s National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), now an involvement under the National Health Mission (NHM), which aims to improve community health outcomes, particularly in rural and underserved areas.
One hope is for 1000 population.
Here is comprehensive information about ASHA:
Selection of Asha:
Asha is selected from the same community.
Asha can be married/divorced/and widowed.
•She should be between 25 to 45 years of age.
He should have good knowledge of communication and leadership.
•ASHA is a volunteer worker. She is not paid any salary
She is given Traveling Allowance (TA), Dearness Allowance (DA), Revodas and non-monetary incentives.
Role and Responsibility of Asha:
1) Health Education and Promotion:
Asha provides education to the people of the community on various health related issues like,
Maternal and Child Health,
family planning,
nutrition,
Sanitation,
and provides education about preventive health care practices.
Asha organizes awareness sessions, demonstrations and health camps to promote health-seeking behavior and prevention of DCs.
2) Identification and Referral:
Asha identifies individuals in need of health care services such as pregnant women,
Newborns and children under five years of age.
Asha provides antenatal care, immunization, and treatment for common ailments and referral services during emergency times.
3) Support for Maternal and Child Health:
ASHA promotes institutional delivery and encourages pregnant women to avail maternal health services under government schemes like Jani Suraksha Yojana (JSY).
They provide support and guidance to mothers on breastfeeding, child nutrition, and immunization schedules.
4) Facilitation of Access to Health Services:
ASHA helps community members access government-provided health care services, involving immunization programs, health checkups, and distribution of essential medications.
5) Data Collection and Reporting:
Asha maintains records of community health related information involving birth rate, death, immunization, and pregnancy etc.
This collected data a
The report provides health officials with tools to monitor health indicators and plan health interventions effectively.
6) Community Mobilization and Empowerment:
ASHA mobilizes community participation in health initiatives,
Encourages community people to participate in health programs and take ownership of their health.
They provide information and empower women with services to make informed decisions about their health and family planning.
7) Incentives and Support:
ASHAs receive performance-based incentives for delivering health services and achieving targets related to maternal and child health outcomes.
They receive training and continuous support from the government to enhance their skills and knowledge in the health care delivery system.
8) Other Responsibilities:
Asha helps create awareness in the community by providing instruction on health, nutrition, personal hygiene and sanitation.
It provides counseling to women on safe pregnancy, delivery, best fitting and complementary feeding, immunization and measures to control infections (especially reproductive tract infections).
Asha Worker provides counseling to women to adopt small family names.
It is a depot holder for essential medicines like ORS, iron and folic acid tablets, chloroquine tablets, oral pills, condoms and disposable delivery kits.
It mobilizes the community to access health services at sub-centres and primary health centres.
It advises pregnant women to seek health care services if they need treatment.
It provides primary medical care for minor ailments like fever, diarrhea and first aid treatment for minor injuries.
Asha also provides DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course) treatment under the National Tuberculosis Control Programme.
He informs the sub center and primary health center about births and deaths in the village and if there is an outbreak of any disease. Training: They undergo comprehensive training to equip them with knowledge and skills related to maternal and child health, family planning, nutrition, hygiene and other aspects of primary health care.
Training also includes communication skills, record keeping and understanding of government health programs and policies. Impact and Significance: ASHA plays a crucial role in improving maternal and child health outcomes, increasing institutional deliveries, and bringing health awareness to rural and marginalized communities. It provides contribution in reducing maternal and child mortality rate by providing timely health care services and promoting healthy behaviour. Asha works as a bridge between the community and the health care services in which it anchors the people of the community to seek health care services according to the needs of the community.
4.Functions of PHC p. H. C. Write no done.
Functions of Primary Health Center:
To provide health services in rural areas, the Bhor Committee established a Primary Health Center (PHC) which is a PHC for a population of 30,000 in a plain area while a PHC for a population of 20,000 in a hilly, tribal, and backwater area. Which provides health care services to the people of the community.
The functions of a Primary Health Center (PHC) are as follows:
1) Medical care
2) MCH Services
Including family planning.
3) Safe water supply and basic sanitation.
4) Prevention and Control of Locally Endemic Diseases
5) Collection and Reporting of Vital Statistics.
6) Education about health.
7) National Health Program Establishment and Awareness
8) Referral Services
9) Training of Health Guide, Health Worker, Local Dai and Health Assistant.
10) Basic Laboratory Services.
Description:
1) Medical Care:
Primary health centers provide basic medical care to treat acute and chronic health conditions. It also provides outpatient services through diagnosis, treatment and treatment for minor illnesses and injuries.
PHC medical care is essential to meet the immediate health needs of the community.
In medical care, tablets, injections, dressings, and other treatments are provided to the patients according to their disease, besides preventive, curative, promotional care is provided.
2) MCH (Maternal and Child Health) Services including Family Planning:
Primary health centers provide comprehensive maternal and child health care including prenatal care,
antenatal checkup,
Safe Delivery Services,
Post Natal Care,
And immunization is also provided for the child.
In order to support family planning initiatives,
family planning,
counselling,
contraceptive,
And reproductive health services are provided.
This also includes RCH in Maternal and Child Health which covers maternal reproductive child health to adolescent care.
It explains about mother’s antenatal care, nutrition, hygiene, immunization, and laboratory examination etc.
Regular checkups, observations, and education about family planning are provided in the post-natal period.
3) Safe Water Supply and Basic Sanitation:
A primary health center works to improve public health in the community by providing safe drinking water and sanitation facilities in the community.
Primary Health Centers provide education on sanitation, promoting clean water sources and hygienic practices to prevent water borne diseases and improve the overall health of the community.
Steps are taken to maintain environmental cleanliness by providing education to people about basic sanitation, excreta disposal, and cleanliness of kitchen, garden.
Apart from this, there should be drinking water wells and taps which should be chlorinated for safe water supply.
4) Prevention and Control of Locally Endemic Diseases:
Primary health centers play a crucial role in the prevention, surveillance, and control of locally endemic diseases.
Measures are taken to prevent disease including providing vaccinations, providing treatment for endemic diseases, and monitoring disease trends to prevent outbreaks.
5) Collection and Reporting of Vital Statistics:
Primary Health Centers work to collect and report vital statistics such as birth rate, death rate, and incidence of any disease in a particular community. These collected data are essential for monitoring health trends for health planning, allocation of resources, improvement of health outcomes and prioritization of health interventions.
6) Education About Health:
Primary health centers provide education to individuals and communities about preventive health practices, nutrition, hygiene, sanitation and disease prevention strategies.
Primary health centers organize health education sessions, workshops and seminars to bring about improvement in health conditions.
7) National Health Program Establishment and Awareness:
The Primary Health Center implements the National Health Program and Campaigning whose main aim is,
Targeting specific health issues including, immunization drives,
Campaigns are conducted on disease eradication effects, nutrition supplementation, and health awareness.
They spread awareness about national health priorities and encourage community participation in health initiatives.
Each National Health Program has important functions. The clinic provides services related to the National Health Program such as,
Anemia Control Program,
Malaria, Diarrhea, Leprosy, Immunization, TB Control Program, Supplementary Program Referral of mother in abnormal condition during labor for additional services, refer her to Primary Health Center to Female Health Worker, Auxiliary and Nurse Midwife or Medical Officer.
8) Referral Services:
Primary health centers also work to refer patients when the patient requires any specialist medical treatment or any specific diagnosis and if its facilities are not available in the primary health center.
The primary health center provides immediate referral services as per the patient’s need, due to which the patient’s health condition can be improved and complications can be prevented.
9) Training of Health Guide Health Workers, Local Dais, and Health Assistants.
Primary health centers conduct training programs in which training is provided to community health workers, traditional birth attendants, health assistants, and other health care personnel to improve their skills and knowledge.
The main objective of this training is to promote health, prevention of diseases, maternal and child health, and improving the skills of health care personnel in basic medical care.
10) Basic Laboratory Services:
Primary health centers conduct basic laboratory services in which tests like diagnostic tests, blood tests, microscopic tests, urine tests etc. are performed.
Through all these functions provided by the primary health center, preventive, promotional, curative care is provided to the community due to which the overall health condition of the people of the community can be improved and their well-being can be maintained.
School Health Programme:
School Health (Definition):
School Health A School
is a procedure that contributes to the maintenance and improvement of the health of students and school staff, including health services, health full living and health education.
School Health Services:
School health services means need based comprehensive health services are provided to school children or pupils, teachers and other persons so that their health can be promoted and diseases can be prevented and controlled and their health can be maintained.
Objectives of School Health Programme:
A school health program has multiple objectives, the aim of which is to promote and maintain the health and well-being of students, leading to improvements in their overall educational experience and outcomes.
The objects of the School Health Program are as follows:
1) Promotion of Health Education:
To provide education to students on health related topics such as nutrition, physical activity, hygiene, mental health, substance abuse prevention and sexual health.
Improvement in education and awareness of students.
2) Prevention and Control of Disease:
Measures are taken to prevent and control communicable diseases in children (ex: vaccination, hygiene practices).
Screening of the child for common health issues like vision, hearing etc and early management of any DCs can be done.
3) Promotion of Mental Health:
To create awareness about child mental health and remove social stigma.
If the child has stress anxiety and any other mental problem, provide proper support to the child and take proper measures for its treatment.
4) Promotion of Healthy Behaviour:
Advising the child to do proper physical activity like playing games, exercising, going for outdoor games etc. And educating the child for healthy eating habits like giving advice for adequate nutritive diet intake.
5) Environmental Health and Safety:
To ensure that the school environment is safe and clean in which,
Clean Drinking Water Sanitation Facility,
Safe playground etc. Involvement of students and providing education for accident prevention and safety measures.
6) Counseling and Support Services:
To provide proper counseling to the child who is going through personal and family issues. To provide support to the social and emotional development of the child through peer support group and counseling sessions.
7) Cooperation and Partnership:
Proper collaboration with families, community organizations, health care providers and government agencies can effectively enhance efforts for health promotion.
8) Other Objectives:
•For positive health promotion of child.
For early detection of any health related problem in the child and to provide immediate referral services to the child.
Apprentice and control the communicable diseases occurring in the child.
To improve health awareness among children.
To provide a healthy environment to the child.
To provide proper hospital services to the children’s class teachers for early detection of any health problems such as eye, skin, ear and dental problems seen in the children.
To reduce morbidity rate in child. Accordingly, the objectives of the school health program have been formulated. Common Health Problems in School Children: Different health problems seen in school going children are generally different depending on their age, religion and socioeconomic factors. Here, a list of health problems seen in school going child : 1) Respiratory infection: Tema, common cold, flu, tonsillitis, and bronchitis. 2) Gastrointestinal system: ie, diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain. 3)Dental problems: eg, cavities, tooth decay, and gingivitis. 4) Allergies: Allergic rhinitis (hay fever), food allergies, and skin allergies. 5) Injuries:
Injuries due to falls,
Sports activity or playground accident.
6) Vision Problems:
Refractive errors such as (nearsightedness) or astigmatism.
7) Hearing Problem:
Hearing loss or ear infection.
8) Mental Health Issues:
Anxiety Disorders, Depression, and Behavioral Changes.
9) Obesity and Overweight
Due to excessive fatty and spicy food intake and due to less physical activity.
10) Skin Condition:
Eczema, dermatitis, and fungal infections like ringworm.
11) Nutritional Deficiency:
Iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency.
12) Chronic Conditions:
Asthma, Diabetes Epilepsy and Other Long Term Health Conditions.
13) Social and Emotional Issues:
Bullying, peer pressure, family and academic related stress.
14) Infectious Diseases:
Measles, Chickenpox, and Other Communicable Diseases.
15) Sleep Disorders:
Insomnia, sleep apnea, and inadequate amount of sleep due to various causes.
16) Others:
Tiredness, defective posture, headache, urinary infection, congenital health problem.
17) Anti Social Problem:
Stealing, Lying, Shambling, Cruel,
18) Habit Disorder:
Thumb sucking, nail biting, bed wetting.
19) Personality Disorders:
Jealousy, quick to anger, timid, shy, day dreaming, fear and anxiety.
20) Psychosomatic Complaint:
Tremors, headache, asthma, depression, delusions, hallucinations.
21) Educational Difficulties:
Being behind in studies, school phobia, school failure.
The collaboration of the child’s teachers, parents and health care personnel is important for timely assessment of this common health problem seen in the child and for its appropriate intervention so that the child’s condition can be treated timely and it can be prevented from becoming further complicated. .
Aspects/ Components of School Health Services:
A school health program involves different components to promote and maintain student health and well-being.
These services are essential to ensure that students have access to healthcare resources and support in the school setting.
Here, the main aspects of School Health Services are given:
1) Health Appraisal (Assessment) of School Children and School Personnel.
2) Treatment and follow up.
3) Prevention of Communicable Diseases.
4) Healthy school environment.
5) Nutritional Services.
6) First Aid and Emergency Care.
7) Mental health.
8) Dental health.
9) Eye Health.
10) Health Education.
11) Education of Handicapped Children.
12) Proper maintenance and use of school health records.
•>1) Health Appraisal (Assessment) of School Children and School Personnel:
In Health Appraisal (Assessment) health assessment is performed not only of students but also of teachers and other persons of the school.
Conduct periodic health check of children teachers and other total personnel.
First medical examination when a child is admitted to school and medical examination every four years after admission and then examination at the time of leaving school.
In that examination,
To collect a complete history of the child,
Perform a physical examination.
Child’s height, weight, teeth, speech, vision, hearing test.
Laboratory tests of the child including blood, urine and stool examination.
This responsibility usually rests with primary health care providers who carry out services in rural areas and are also responsible for providing treatment to children suffering from systemic infections, skin infections or pediculosis.
Conduct daily checkup of children by teachers in school health services and train school teachers for the same and refer children immediately if they have any health related complications.
In which, the following changes are observed by the school teachers:
dull face,
Any abnormality,
Coughing, sneezing, diarrhea.
Headache, fever, or chills,
Redwater ice formation,
sleepiness,
pain in body,
Scabies, pediculosis,
Symptoms of cold, nosia and vomiting may be seen.
If any such symptoms are observed, inform the health care personnel through the jail teacher to get the chala immediate medical service.
2) Treatment and follow up:
Giving advice about children treatment and follow-up to cure any defect found in children.
Inform the parents if any major illness is detected.
To provide treatment and regular follow up to the children by school health nurse and to provide proper care to the children.
Follow up visits to maintain child’s health.
3) Prevention of Communicable Diseases:
Communicable diseases are controlled by timely immunization. Communicable diseases in children can be prevented by properly planned immunization for the child.
To properly immunize the child as per National Immunization Schedule.
Properly maintain record of immunization as part of school health record and provide to child during school living time.
4) Healthy School Environment:
The school building and its environment play an important role in school health.
The school should be away from railway station, railway line, bus stand, market and cinema.
There should be one toilet facility for every 25 students which should be strengthened and arranged separately for boys and girls.
Schools should have safe and separate drinking water, wash basins and school kitchens.
Window size should be 25% of the floor area.
There should be white color classrooms.
Proper lighting facility should be available.
There should be a separate water source in the school.
The school should have a separate room (eating facility) for the mid-day meal program.
5) Nutritional Services:
Diet is important for a school child. It is important to provide nutritious food to children who are physically and mentally weak.
A nutritious diet should be taken for proper development of the child, it should contain adequate amount of calories and protein.
Many children suffer from malnutrition leading to blindness and anemia.
Malnutrition can be corrected by proper and adequate diet.
Providing a diet with proper vitamin A (A) in nutrition.
Mid-day meal programs are essential to improve children’s health and prevent malnutrition.
6) First Aid and Emergency Care:
A first aid box should always be available in the school. So that situations like accidents, abdominal pain, expected situations like spot accidents, epileptic convulsions and diarrhea can be handled.
Teachers should be skilled in providing advice on first aid kits and drugs.
7) Mental Health:
Excessive burden of study and stress due to study causes mental illness.
Many mental health problems like juvenile delinquency, maladjustment etc. are common problems seen in children. For that, school children are helped by vocational counselor or psychologist.
8) Dental Health:
Children frequently suffer from dental diseases or defects and the treatment of such children is explained in the teeth clinic.
9) Eye Health:
School is responsible for early detection of refraction error, treatment of squint, myopia eye infection etc.
Children and Vitamin(A) Administration.
To provide basic eye health services in schools.
10) Health Education:
Health education is very important for school children. Through it, awareness can be created by providing health matter related information. Adults can be developed in children and health behaviors can be changed.
Child’s attitude towards health can be changed through health education.
Health education is a key element of school health services.
Health education can provide advice on personal hygiene, environmental health, nutrition, prevention and control of communicable diseases, first and emergency care and home nursing. And parents can be given health education about reproductive health and psychological problems.
School teachers can educate children about healthy habit practices through demonstrations, and provide proper education to children about maintenance of high standard of cleanliness in schools, provision of safe water supply, good drainage system.
Health education should be need wise planned and organized, aim and objective should be achievable.
11) Education of Handicapped Children.
The main aim of providing education to a handicapped child is that the child can live as normal a life as possible and remain independent.
12) Proper maintenance and use of school health records.
To maintain proper records about the care provided to the children in the school.
It records the child’s name, date of birth, parents’ names, etc.
A child’s past history, physical examination, and screening tests are also recorded in the child’s record.
By maintaining proper records, information can be obtained if the child needs further treatment or has any other health related condition.
Role of the School Health Nurse in School Health Program:
1) General Physical Examination
A full health nurse conducts a general physical examination of a child that involves a head-to-toe examination.
2) Identify any abnormality or defect:
School Health Nurses early identify and treat possible abnormality defects and provide referral and follow-up advice where necessary.
3) Health Education:
To provide health education to children parents and teachers on following matters like maintain personal hygiene,
Prevention of Communicable Diseases,
balance diet,
Good nutrition.
Accordingly, proper health education should be provided in schools
4) First Aid Services:
Providing emergency care and first aid services for injury or illness.
5) Periodic Visits:
Taking periodic visits for medical checkup, follow up and immunization program.
6) Immunization record:
Maintaining proper records and providing immunization records to the child when he leaves school.
7) School Environment:
To properly examine the school environment and identify hazards and report to the authorities.
8) Maintaining health record
To maintain a health record of each student including,
Keeping a proper record of his name, address, past health history, services provided and any investigation done.
Thus, school health services are used to bring improvement in the overall health condition of the child, and to identify any problems in the child early and take immediate measures.
8.Write the health problem of the aged personnel –
Health problems of aged persons:
Health problems commonly experienced by older individuals can vary widely but often include chronic conditions, degenerative diseases, and age-related issues.
Here are the health problems seen in elderly people:
1) Cardiovascular Diseases:
Conditions such as hypertension (high blood pressure), coronary artery disease, heart failure, these conditions are generally age related and due to reduced elasticity of blood vessels and lifestyle factors, heart problems can arise.
2) Osteoarthritis and joint problems:
Degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis affect mobility and quality of life in older adults.
Due to which pain, stiffness and range of motion decrease.
3) Osteoporosis:
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become fragile and prone to fracture, often due to a decrease in bone density with age, mainly in postmenopausal women.
4) Diabetes:
Type 2 diabetes becomes more prevalent with age, affecting the body’s ability to control blood sugar levels.
5)Respiratory problem:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis, can increase with age, affecting respiration and the internal function of the lungs.
6)Neurological disorders:
Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia become more common as people age, affecting memory, cognition and daily function.
7) Vision and Hearing Loss:
Age-related vision problems such as cataracts, glaucoma and macular degeneration, as well as hearing loss, are more common in older people and can significantly affect quality of life.
8) Mental health problem:
Depression and anxiety can occur in older adults, often linked to life changes, long-term illness, social isolation or bereavement.
9) Incontinence:
Bladder and bowel control problems become more common with age, affecting independence and quality of life.
10) Nutritional deficiency
Older adults may experience deficiencies in essential nutrients such as vitamin D, vitamin B12 and calcium, which contribute to bone health and other health problems.
11)Fall and Fracture:
Due to factors such as decreased muscle strength, balance problems, and osteoporosis, falls leading to fractures are a significant concern in the elderly.
12) Medication Management:
Polypharmacy (taking multiple drugs) and drug interactions can pose a risk to the elderly, requiring careful management and monitoring.
13) Skin Condition:
Skin becomes thinner and more fragile with age, increasing susceptibility to skin infections, pressure ulcers, and other dermatological problems.
14) Sleep disorder
Insomnia and other sleep disorders are common in older adults, affecting overall health and well-being.
Managing these health problems requires a comprehensive approach that includes regular health screenings, preventive healthcare measures, management of chronic conditions, healthy lifestyle choices, social support and access to appropriate healthcare services tailored to the needs of older adults.
⏩Q.3 A) Multiple Choice Questions- Write the correct option from the following. 10
a) Statistics – Statistics
b) Health Statistics – Health Statistics
c) Bio Statistics – Bio Statistics
d) Vital Statistics- Vital Statistics
2.Choice of drug in Eclampsia is – Choice of drug in Eclampsia is.
a) Calcium gluconate – Calcium gluconate
b) Misoprostol – Mosoprostol
C) Mgs04 – magnesium sulfate
d) Amlodepin – Amlodipine
a) Microorganisms
b) Pathogenic Bacteria
C) Rotavirus
d) Peramyxovirus
4.World population day is- World population day is.
a) 15 July
b) 01 March
C) 11 July
(D) 01 May
5.Measure required for secondary prevention of tuberculosis is
A) MDR Treatment
b) BCG Vaccination
C) DOTS Treatment
d) Blood Transfusion
a) August
b) July
c) June
d) May
B) BCG & OPV
a) OPV
C) DPT
d) TT
a) Cu-t-375
C) Cu-t-380-A
b) NAVA T
d) Cu-220-C
9 Causative organism of 1.B is the causative organism of TB.
A) Clostridium tetani
C) Influenza virus
b) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
d) None of above
a) 1-7 January
C) 1-7 March
b) 1-7th June
(d) 1-7th August
Q: (1) Ans:
Vital Statistics
Q: (2) Ans:
c) Mgso4(magnesium sulphate).
Q: (3) Ans:
C) Rotavirus
Q: (4) Ans:
(c) 11 July
Q: (5) Ans:
C) DOTS Treatment
Q: (6) Ans:
C) June
Q: (7) Ans:
B) BCG & OPV
Q: (8) Ans:
C) Ca-1-380-A
Q: (9) Ans:
B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Q: (10) Ans
(d) 1-7th August.
(B) Fill in the blanks 10
1.Primary health center cover……………population in plain area It is.
2.IYCT stands for ……………….
3.Ascorbic acid tablet is given for absorption of …………… Ascorbic acid tablet is given for absorption of …….
4.Birth registration should be done within….days
Registration of birth should be done within …..day.
6.BCG Vaccine is given by …..route
7.Causative pathogen for syphilis is …………………… Organism responsible for syphilis…………… ……. is
8.Community development block covers ………….villages. Community Development Block covers …………….villages.
9.P.E.M. stands for…………. Full name of P.E.M………….
(C) True or False – State true or false. 10
2.Mosquitos responsible for dengue bites at night Mosquitoes responsible for dengue bites at night. .
9.First dose of vitamin A is 10000 i.U.