Q-1 a. What is attitude? –
Attitude refers to the way a person behaves or reacts in a particular manner in a given situation.
A person’s behavior based on their beliefs toward something or a situation can be described as their attitude toward that object or situation.
Attitude can be positive, negative, or neutral.
b. How attitude is formed? –
A person’s attitude toward a particular object or situation is largely influenced by the experiences they have with their environment. The following are some important factors that play a significant role in attitude formation:
The family is one of the most important factors in developing attitudes.
A person spends a large part of their life within the family, and they receive information, values, and opinions about people or things from parents and other family members.
Based on this information, an individual forms a positive, negative, or neutral attitude.
Peers include friends, classmates, neighbors, or others of the same age group.
When a person interacts with peers, they receive influences and opinions that help shape their attitude toward certain people or things.
The environment and situations a person experiences play a key role in shaping their attitude.
If a person goes through a situation or adjusts to a certain condition and it gives a positive experience, they tend to develop a positive attitude.
If the experience is negative, a negative attitude may develop.
When someone provides instructions, teachings, or guidance about a person or object, it can influence attitude formation.
Whether the attitude formed is positive or negative depends on the clarity and understanding of that instruction.
Imitation is a powerful tool in learning and attitude development.
Children often observe and mimic the behavior of parents or adults, and this process helps shape their own attitudes.
Through observation, a person watches the behavior of others and gets influenced.
This can bring about changes in attitude toward people, situations, or things.
Several social and economic factors also contribute to the development of attitude, such as:
All of these elements have a strong impact on how a person forms and modifies their attitude.
c. How will nurse change the negative attitude of patient in to a positive one?
While working with patients in a hospital, a nurse’s attitude has a significant impact on the patient.
A positive attitude from the nurse plays an important role in changing the patient’s attitude and transforming it into a positive one.
Changing a person’s attitude is not easy, but it can be achieved through positive behavior and effective communication.
To help change a patient’s negative attitude, the nurse must have good communication skills and be a skilled communicator.
The nurse’s intention behind changing the patient’s attitude should be focused on the patient’s problems.
During communication, the nurse should be aware of the patient’s preferences and the factors influencing communication.
The nurse must show respect for the patient’s attitude and help the patient accept and manage it.
To help shift the patient’s attitude, the nurse should continuously provide new information.
Often, providing accurate and updated information can bring a positive change in attitude.
The nurse can also use mass media, role plays, and other tools within the hospital to correct misconceptions and support attitude change in the patient.
If the patient’s attitude is inappropriate, the nurse should identify the underlying cause, and once that is known, help the patient adjust or improve their attitude accordingly.
OR
a. What is personality?
In daily life, people use the term “personality” in different ways.
Some people limit the meaning of personality to physical appearance, body structure, or complexion.
However, personality refers to the overall characteristics of a person—including whether a person is good or bad, strong or weak. It covers all aspects of an individual.
We often use the term personality in various situations in our lives.
The word “personality” is derived from the Latin word “persona”, which means mask.
In ancient Greek drama, actors used masks to portray characters.
Later, various psychologists adopted the term to describe the total qualities of a person.
Personality includes a person’s:
All these aspects of personality are reflected through a person’s behavior, which distinguishes one individual from another and gives a person their unique identity.
In short, personality refers to a person’s total abilities, characteristics, and behavior, which may be inborn or developed.
These qualities set an individual apart from others—sometimes to a small extent, sometimes significantly.
b. Write down factors influencing on personality. –
Personality is the overall behavior of an individual.
Even though two people may behave similarly or appear to have similar personalities, their behavior and personality can still differ.
The development of personality depends on several important factors, as described below:
This is one of the primary factors in personality development, also known as physiological factors.
In the human body, various systems function differently, and among them, the nervous system and the endocrine (hormonal) system are major systems that control growth, development, and behavior.
Biological factors include:
All these aspects can have positive or negative effects on personality development.
In personality development, the role of a person’s family, society, environment, and culture is significant.
These are key factors affecting personality.
A person’s psychological makeup and behavior play a vital role in how their personality is formed.
Psychological factors include:
Each of these can positively or negatively influence the development of an individual’s personality.
c. Explain stages of Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality development.
Sigmund Freud, a renowned psychologist, proposed a theory of personality development based on different stages of the human mind. According to Freud, personality develops in stages influenced by physical and psychological experiences during childhood.
He called these stages the Psychosexual Stages of Development, where Id, Ego, and Superego interact to shape a person’s personality.
Features:
Example:
A baby finds comfort by sucking or putting objects in the mouth.
Features:
Example:
A toddler learns about control and independence while being toilet trained.
Features:
Example:
A young boy becomes emotionally attached to his mother and may see his father as a rival.
Features:
Example:
A child enjoys playing sports and builds strong friendships.
Features:
Example:
A teenager experiences romantic feelings and seeks a sense of direction in life.
Q-2 a) Explain types of conflict.
Conflict is a state of opposition between two or more thoughts, interests, or goals.
It arises when there is a clash between internal and external factors, or between two groups.
Conflict continues until a person can make a decision between the available options.
Conflict refers to a clash between people with opposing needs, desires, or demands.
Conflict between two individuals.
Examples:
Conflict within an individual – also called internal conflict.
Examples:
Conflict between a person and external situations such as:
Conflict between two equally desirable or positive goals.
Example:
A person wants to watch a movie in the evening but also wants to watch a cricket match at the same time.
Conflict between two equally undesirable or negative goals.
Example:
A student dislikes doing homework but also wants to avoid the punishment for not completing it.
They wish to avoid both situations if possible.
Conflict involving a single goal that has both positive and negative aspects.
Example:
A girl wants to get married (positive goal), but she fears leaving her home and family (negative aspect of the goal).
b) Write different between short term and long-term memory.
Short-term memory is also known as “working memory.”
Based on various experiments, it is observed that memory remains in our conscious or preconscious mind for a short duration, which is referred to as short-term memory.
However, through maintenance or rehearsal, this short-term memory can be transferred to long-term memory.
Example:
Revising notes from a lecture helps transfer that information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
Long-term memory has an unlimited capacity to store information.
It can retain information for days, months, years, or even a lifetime.
OR
a) Describe the controlling measures of frustration.
Frustration is a psychological state in which a person experiences disappointment, dissatisfaction, and irritability when their expectations or goals are not met. Managing frustration is essential to maintain mental well-being and achieve success in life. Below are various effective strategies to control frustration:
Adopting a positive mindset is one of the most powerful ways to manage frustration. Even in difficult situations, try to identify the positive aspects. This helps maintain inner peace and motivation.
Example:
“I can learn something valuable from this situation.”
When feeling frustrated, it is important to become aware of your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Understand what is causing your frustration and seek the right solution.
Example:
“Why am I feeling irritated? Am I clear about my goals?”
Meditation and yoga help reduce mental stress and promote inner calmness. Practicing daily meditation can be an excellent tool to prevent or control frustration.
Example:
Spend 10 minutes a day focusing on your breath.
Instead of suppressing emotions during frustration, it is better to express them in a healthy way. Talk to someone you trust or write in a journal.
Example:
“I felt really hurt today, but expressing it helped me feel lighter.”
Sometimes, frustration results from unrealistic or unorganized goals. Reassess your goals and find a practical approach to achieve them.
Example:
“My goal seems too big. Maybe I should break it into smaller steps.”
Physical activity refreshes the mind and reduces stress. Regular exercise releases endorphins, the body’s feel-good hormones, which promote a sense of calm and happiness.
Example:
Activities like running, swimming, or cycling help relieve frustration.
Seeking support from friends, family members, or counselors can reduce the burden of frustration. Empathetic communication helps resolve personal conflicts.
Example:
“Talking to my friend about my feelings gave me relief.”
Proper time planning helps reduce stress and avoid overpressure. When work overload causes frustration, effective time management becomes highly beneficial.
Example:
Create a daily to-do list and prioritize your tasks.
When you feel frustrated, taking a short break can refresh your mind and help you approach the situation with a new perspective.
Example:
“I’ll take a short break and then return to work with renewed energy.”
Frustration often arises when things don’t happen instantly. It’s important to practice patience and trust the timing of your efforts.
Example:
“My efforts will pay off in time. I just need to stay patient.”
b) Write down advantages and disadvantages of habit.
Both good and bad habits play an important role in our life.
1) Efficiency
Habits allow us to perform tasks automatically without needing conscious effort or decision-making. This increases efficiency in our daily routines and activities.
Example: Brushing teeth every morning without having to think about it increases routine discipline.
2) Consistency
Developing good habits helps maintain consistent behavior over time. Consistent habits support the achievement of long-term goals and help sustain positive lifestyle changes.
Example: Daily exercise builds physical fitness steadily.
3) Time Saving
By habitually performing routine tasks on time, we can save both time and mental energy—this saved time can be invested in more important or enjoyable activities.
Example: Meal prepping every Sunday saves time during busy weekdays.
4) Stress Reduction
Knowing what to expect from habitual behaviors helps reduce daily uncertainties and stress. Predictable routines provide a sense of stability and control.
Example: Following a structured morning routine reduces anxiety before work.
5) Skill Development
Habits aid in gaining skill and mastery in specific activities. Habitual behavior through regular practice leads to proficiency and improvement.
Example: A student practicing instruments daily becomes proficient over time.
1) Rigidity
Although habits offer structure and predictability, they can also lead to rigidity and resistance to change. Breaking a habit requires conscious effort and determination.
Example: Someone used to a strict routine might struggle to adapt to sudden changes.
2) Unconscious Behavior
Habits often operate at a subconscious level, meaning we may act without fully considering the consequences, leading to mindless or impulsive actions.
Example: Reaching for snacks when bored without realizing it’s emotional eating.
3) Limiting Growth
Bad habits reinforce negative behavior patterns that hinder personal growth and development. Breaking these habits is crucial for achieving new goals and opportunities.
Example: Procrastination can prevent progress in career or education.
4) Dependency
Dependency on certain habits (like substances or compulsive behaviors) can negatively impact physical health, mental well-being, and relationships.
Example: Habitual smoking affects both health and social relationships.
5) Resistance to Change
Established habits often resist life changes, even when those changes are necessary or beneficial. Overcoming such resistance demands effort and motivation.
Example: An employee hesitant to switch to new work software due to comfort with the old system.
6) Social Impact
Some habits, especially those that deviate from social norms and values, may lead to social stigma or disapproval, affecting relationships and social interactions.
Example: Addictive behaviors like gambling may lead to isolation and criticism.
Q-3 Write short answer (any two)
a) Write down characteristics of emotion.
Emotions are natural responses of the human mind that arise due to the influence of internal and external situations. They affect a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior. A deep understanding of emotions helps maintain mental health and balance in life.
Emotions are triggered when a person is influenced by internal thoughts, feelings, or external situations. These stimuli awaken emotional reactions.
Example:
Feeling happy after meeting a loved one, or sad after hearing bad news.
Emotions cause physical changes in the body such as increased heart rate, altered breathing, sweating, and changes in facial expressions.
Example:
During fear, the heart rate increases and the palms become sweaty.
Emotions are not just physical reactions but also involve mental processing. A person evaluates the situation, involving both thoughts and feelings, which shape the emotional experience.
Example:
After achieving success, thinking about it brings happiness.
Emotions can be short-lived or last for a long time. Some are intense but brief, while others have long-lasting effects on the mind.
Example:
Joy during New Year celebration vs. prolonged sadness after heartbreak.
Emotions are based on individual experiences. The same situation can generate different emotional responses in different people.
Example:
Public speaking excites some, while it terrifies others.
Emotions influence a person’s behavior. Feelings like anger, sadness, and happiness affect decision-making and daily actions.
Example:
Anger may lead someone to speak impulsively.
Emotions are a vital tool to express inner feelings to others. Facial expressions, body language, and voice tone convey emotional states.
Example:
Smiling shows happiness, while crying expresses sorrow.
Complex emotions arise from combinations of basic ones. Feelings like love, jealousy, and pride are formed by merging multiple emotions.
Example:
Love can involve both joy and pain.
Emotions drive a person toward achieving goals. Feelings like enthusiasm, fear, and pride generate energy and determination.
Example:
A sense of competition motivates a student to work harder.
Emotions are universal across all humans. Feelings like happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and surprise are experienced in all cultures.
Example:
Tears in response to sadness are common across cultures.
b) Write down characteristics of mentally healthy person.
A mentally healthy person is free from inner conflicts or constant psychological stress.
c) List out social problems in India and explain about dowry.
Social problems are complex and are not based on any single cause. Multiple factors contribute to the existence of social problems, and they are often interrelated. In order to eliminate these problems, it is necessary to understand and address their root causes.
Dowry is one such significant social issue.
Definition:
Dowry is defined as property or valuable items given to the groom or his family by the bride’s family at the time of marriage.
Dowry is often determined by factors such as:
Often, the bride’s family not only provides dowry during the marriage but continues to offer gifts and money to the groom’s family throughout life.
This law was passed on May 20, 1961, to prevent the giving or receiving of dowry.
Q-4Write short notes.
a) Juvenile delinquency
Crime is a serious social issue that is often observed among juveniles (children below 18 years of age).
Juvenile delinquency occurs in every country around the world. It was recognized as a distinct social problem in many countries towards the end of the 19th century.
Crime is often closely associated with poverty and the economic gap between the rich and the poor. It is also seen as a disruption of traditions and tends to rise during times when major social patterns are shifting.
Juvenile delinquency requires a specialized approach that focuses on care, protection, education, training, and rehabilitation of children.
If a child is found guilty of a crime, the juvenile court will consider all these factors before giving its final judgment.
If a person who has custody or control of a child assaults, abandons, neglects, or causes unnecessary mental or physical suffering to the child knowingly, then:
That person may be punished with imprisonment up to six months, or a fine, or both.
b) Characteristics of culture
Culture is a social system that embraces all aspects of human life, including beliefs, traditions, religion, art, morality, laws, and daily living. It represents the identity and behavior of human society.
Here are the main characteristics of culture:
Culture is not inherited biologically but acquired through learning. Children learn the values, traditions, and norms of culture through family, schools, and society.
Culture is not an individual phenomenon but a social institution. It is developed and followed by people living in groups. Hence, culture is not personal experience, but a collective behavior.
Culture is expressed through symbols such as language, colors, and signs. The ideas and traditions of a culture are understood through symbolic representation.
Culture is never static. It keeps changing and evolving with time. New generations adapt and develop new habits, beliefs, and values influenced by modern life and technology.
Culture influences human behavior by setting moral values, religious beliefs, laws, and traditions. It affects everyday decisions, preferences, and actions.
Culture is passed from one generation to another. Parents and elders teach children the cultural values and traditions, thus continuing the legacy of culture.
Culture includes all aspects of human life, such as food preferences, clothing, lifestyle, and customs. Everyone has some element of culture present in their lives.
Though cultures may vary from society to society, every community has a culture of its own. All human groups have certain ideas, beliefs, and values that shape their way of life.
Every culture consists of norms and values that guide people on what is considered appropriate or inappropriate behavior. These social rules are generally accepted by members of the society.
These characteristics highlight that culture is deeply rooted in all aspects of human life and plays a vital role in shaping individual and collective behavior in society.
c) Types of thinking
Thinking can be categorized into the following types:
This type of thinking is based on perception. Perception is formed from an individual’s past experiences or how they interpret sensory input. It is also known as concrete thinking, which involves thinking related to real objects or events.
Example: A child recognizes a ball and thinks about how to play with it based on past experiences.
This thinking does not depend on direct perception of real objects, events, or experiences. It uses abstract ideas or concepts. It is usually involved in innovation or theoretical understanding.
Example: Thinking about freedom, justice, or mathematical theories without needing physical references.
This type of thinking leads to new discoveries or original ideas. Scientists, inventors, and researchers commonly use this kind of thinking. Creative thinking has no boundaries and it contributes to the expansion of knowledge.
Example: Inventing a new machine, writing a unique story, or composing music.
This involves identifying causes and effects. It is a controlled form of thinking, focused on solving problems in a logical order. It is considered the most effective type of thinking for decision-making and problem-solving.
This type of thinking is used when a person analyzes a problematic situation using past experiences and attempts to find a solution. When a goal is set and obstacles arise in reaching it, problem-solving thinking is required.
It often involves the trial-and-error method, which may waste time and lead to failures before success is achieved.
Example: Finding a new route when the usual road is blocked.
d) Functions of family
One of the most essential functions of the family is the fulfillment of sexual needs in a stable and socially accepted manner.
In most societies, relationships are accepted only when they are within the framework of marriage.
Through family, men and women fulfill their sexual desires within limits and boundaries accepted by society.
This function provides a socially approved outlet for sexual expression.
The children born through such family relationships are also socially recognized and accepted.
Thus, the family not only fulfills sexual needs but also contributes to better personality adjustment.
The family plays a central role in the reproduction of offspring.
It is universally accepted across societies that children born within a family are legitimate and socially acknowledged.
Through reproduction, the family helps continue the human race and ensures the future of society.
The family provides a home for all its members.
Every man and woman has a strong desire to have their own home.
People usually remember not just their place of birth but more deeply the home in which they were raised.
A family home is a source of peace, security, and emotional warmth.
It is the sweetest place on earth, where one feels rooted and protected.
The family is the primary agent of socialization.
Through the family, an individual learns the norms, values, and customs of the society they live in.
Every family has its own unique image and culture, which shapes the behavior of its members.
The family teaches children about morality, ethics, and social roles.
It helps children learn acceptable behavior and prepares them to function as responsible members of society.
In essence, the family acts as a role model and educator in a child’s social development.
The family provides its members with love, care, and emotional security.
It fulfills the mental and emotional needs of every member.
Within the family, loving relationships are developed, and a sense of belonging and acceptance is nurtured.
The first experience of love in life comes from parents and family members.
This affection and expectation from family members are crucial for the emotional development of the child.
A child who lacks love and emotional support in their early life often struggles to find happiness later in life.
An individual’s status and social position are determined by the family in which they are born.
The family provides a person with identity, helping them understand life values, which aids in their overall development and growth.
A family represents an individual’s social identity, which includes class, religion, place of residence, and education.
The family provides physical, psychological, and economic protection to its members.
This protection may be limited, but if even one member is attacked or harmed, it is often considered an attack on the entire family or community.
The family or society then steps in to defend that member.
The family fulfills the economic needs of all its members.
Traditionally, families functioned as economic units that produced goods.
However, due to industrialization, this role has significantly changed.
Production has become centralized in factories, and family members are less likely to engage in economic production at home.
The primary education of children begins at home.
Children learn social norms, values, behavior, and manners from the family.
The family helps children develop attitudes toward society and trains them in daily life skills like communication and behavior.
Thus, the family acts as the first educational unit.
The family is the first center of religious education.
A child’s religion is determined by birth.
Through family, a child learns moral values, religious practices, and spiritual concepts.
The first understanding of God, ethics, and right or wrong comes from family.
Religion is passed from one generation to the next through the family.
The family also fulfills the recreational needs of its members.
In earlier times, recreation was limited and mostly came through family interaction.
Today, mass media, movies, and television provide entertainment, reducing the family’s direct role in recreation, especially in nuclear families.
The family plays a key role in the transmission of cultural heritage.
Traditions, values, moral codes, and customs are passed from one generation to the next through family, helping preserve cultural identity.
This is a basic function of the family — to protect and maintain the health of its members, especially during illness.
In earlier times, when hospitals were few, home care was the primary mode of treatment.
Families teach health-related habits, awareness, and behavior patterns.
Health-related responsibilities of the family include:
The family serves as a mini-government for children.
It provides discipline, decision-making, and control, acting like a regulator through established rules, values, norms, and informal law enforcement at home.
Q-5 Define following (any six)
The word Psychology is derived from two Greek words: “Psyche” meaning soul/spirit, and “Logos” meaning study.
Until 1590, the term “psyche” referred to the soul, but later, the term “mind” replaced it for more scientific use.
By the end of the 19th century, psychologist Wilhelm Wundt, known as the Father of Psychology, introduced the concept of behavior in place of just studying the mind.
Thus, Psychology is defined as the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes—how the mind works and influences actions.
Interest is a psychological process where an individual shows attention, curiosity, and intrinsic motivation toward a specific subject, activity, or stimulus.
It significantly affects behavior and learning.
Learning is a permanent change in behavior that results from experience or practice.
From birth to death, a person’s behavior constantly changes, and this continuous change is referred to as learning.
Family is the smallest social group and considered a primary unit in society.
A family is formed through legal union (marriage) between a man and a woman, and may or may not include children.
Each society universally has some form of family, making it the foundation of community life.
Family members live together, share resources, pass down customs, traditions, and values across generations, and maintain strong emotional bonds.
The term “family” originates from the Roman word “Famulus” meaning servant.
Definition: A family is a biological and social unit formed through legal marriage, cohabitation, and the presence or adoption of children.
Members share common goals, mutual support, and maintain close social relationships.
Crime refers to an act prohibited by law that causes physical, psychological, or social harm.
It includes actions like violence, fraud, substance abuse, etc.
Key Features of Crime:
Examples:
Crime impacts not just legal systems but also public health and social well-being.
Emotions are powerful forces that influence our mood, preferences, communication, and relationships.
They add color and meaning to life, and may be:
Maintaining emotional balance is key to a healthy and peaceful life.
Motivation comes from the Latin word “movere” meaning to move or activate.
It refers to the internal drive that energizes and directs a person toward a goal.
It includes:
Example: Hunger motivates a person to seek food, and when the need is satisfied, the activity stops.
All behavior is influenced by some form of motivation.
Adjustment refers to a person’s ability to accept, adapt, and cope with new or changing situations in their environment.
When needs or desires are blocked, and the individual adjusts behavior to maintain balance, it’s called adjustment.
It occurs in many areas:
Adjustment is a sign of mental health, helping a person remain stress-free and maintain healthy relationships.
Q-6(A) Fill in the blanks –
1……….is also called ecological psychology Environmental Psychology
2…………. is also called the heart of learning. Motivation
3.The father of sociology is…………. Auguste Comte
4.The loss of memory is called ………. Amnesia
5.Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP) passed in ………year. 1971
(B) True or False –
1.Ego receives energy from ID. ✅
2.Every crowd has specific name. ❌
3.The wrong perception of an object is called illusion. ✅
4.Membership of class identity is from birth. ✅
5.The internal groups are of stable nature. ✅
(C) Match the following –
🔁 Final Correct Matching:
(A) Love પ્રેમ → (A) Love and affection પ્રેમ અને સ્નેહ
(B) Physical need of family → (E) Food and house
(C) Social and psychological need of family → (A) Love and affection
(D) Small group → (C) Internal group
(E) Physical presence → (B) Positive moment