ENGLISH-General Nursing & Midwifery – First Year-BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES (Psychology and Sociology)-2021
Date: 27-3-2021
Q-1
a. Describe characteristics of well-adjusted person.
1-free from internal conflicts he is not at war with himself
🔷 Free from Internal Conflicts
- A person who is free from inner conflicts lives in harmony with themselves.
- They enjoy a positive philosophy of life, maintaining an optimistic outlook.
- They sustain regular daily routines such as proper nutrition, adequate rest, sleep, physical activity, and personal hygiene.
- They remain free and independent from internal stress, anxiety, and emotional turmoil.
🔷 2. He Searches for Identity
- The person actively seeks personal identity and a clear sense of self.
- He has confidence in his own abilities to achieve success.
- He feels satisfaction and acceptance with his gender identity.
- He values his role and worth within a group, ensuring the protection of his self-respect and dignity.
🔷 3. He Knows Himself – Self-Actualization
- He has a clear understanding of himself, his needs, problems, and goals, which reflects the process of self-actualization.
- He accepts responsibilities willingly and fulfills them successfully and joyfully.
- He evaluates his own behavior regularly to improve and grow.
- He accepts his own weaknesses and flaws without denial.
- He enjoys a positive philosophy of life, focusing on personal growth.
- He utilizes his free time to pursue hobbies and interests that bring satisfaction.
🔷 4. He is Well-Adjusted
- He is adaptable and able to adjust smoothly to various life situations.
- He accepts criticism positively without resentment.
- He does not get discouraged easily.
- He is capable of tolerating frustrations and disappointments of daily life.
- He develops confidential relationships, enabling him to express his feelings, fears, and worries without hesitation.
- He respects and accepts others’ decisions and acts with accountability.
- He is able to face life’s stress constructively rather than avoiding it.
🔷 5. He Has a Strong Sense of Self-Esteem
- He maintains a strong feeling of self-worth and self-respect.
- He finds satisfaction and happiness in his daily activities.
- He is capable of facing and managing problems with confidence.
🔷 6. He Faces Problems and Tries to Solve Them Intelligently
(Coping with Stress and Anxiety)
- When facing a problem, he responds with rational thinking and action rather than avoidance.
- He accepts the problem, thinks logically, and makes decisions to resolve it.
- He is able to face challenges directly instead of escaping from them.
- He effectively manages stress and anxiety, demonstrating resilience and coping skills.
🔷 7. He Has Good Self-Control
- He exercises self-discipline and emotional regulation.
- He continuously works to develop personal talents and skills.
🧠 Characteristics of a Mentally Healthy Person
- A mentally healthy person can adjust effectively with people, situations, and the surrounding environment.
- He has the ability to solve his own problems through personal effort.
- He is capable of making his own decisions confidently.
- He displays a strong sense of responsibility.
- He has a realistic understanding of the world.
- He shows emotional maturity in his behavior.
- He exhibits tolerance toward disappointments and frustrations.
- He demonstrates the ability to grow and develop personally.
- He leads a balanced life, maintaining equilibrium among work, rest, and recreation.
- He has a positive outlook on life.
- He gives meaning and purpose to his daily activities.
- He shows empathy and understanding toward others’ problems.
- He possesses a sense of personal security and inner stability.
- He is not easily disturbed by life changes and views obstacles as opportunities for growth.
b. Describe classification of IQ.
🧠 Classification of Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
IQ (Intelligence Quotient) is a numerical score used to assess an individual’s intelligence level or cognitive ability. It helps in identifying mental capabilities and placing individuals in specific categories based on their mental performance.
📊 IQ Classification Range
| IQ Range | Category | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Below 70 | Intellectual Disability | Individuals in this range have significantly limited mental abilities. They often require assistance in daily activities and may face challenges in independent living. |
| 70–79 | Borderline Intelligence | These individuals show slightly low intellectual ability but can perform basic tasks with support and guidance. |
| 80–89 | Below Average Intelligence | Their intelligence is slightly lower than average. They can handle daily tasks and lead successful lives with some effort and support. |
| 90–109 | Average Intelligence | This is the most common range. People here can perform regular academic and social functions efficiently. |
| 110–119 | Above Average Intelligence | These individuals have better-than-average reasoning skills and can solve more complex problems effectively. |
| 120–129 | High Intelligence | Individuals in this range are highly intelligent, capable of advanced thinking and complex problem-solving. |
| 130–139 | Gifted Intelligence | They exhibit exceptional intellectual abilities and talents. Often recognized for special skills and high achievements. |
| 140 and above | Genius or Near Genius | These individuals are considered geniuses. They achieve extraordinary success in intellectual pursuits and often contribute significantly to specialized fields. |
🔍 Important Note:
While IQ provides a general estimate of cognitive ability, it does not fully determine a person’s success or potential in life. Other factors such as emotional intelligence (EQ), motivation, creativity, social skills, and personality traits play a vital role in overall development and achievement.
c. Write down types of Intelligence test.
🧠 Types of Intelligence Tests
Intelligence tests are psychological tools used to measure a person’s cognitive abilities. These tests can be classified based on administration method and type of response (verbal, non-verbal, or performance-based).
🔹 1. Individual Tests
- Definition: These tests are administered to one person at a time.
- Purpose: They are used mainly for diagnostic purposes.
- Approach: The administrator can observe responses closely and interact with the participant.
- Importance: Effective communication and rapport-building before starting the test is essential for accurate results.
🔹 2. Group Tests
- Definition: Group tests are administered to a large number of individuals simultaneously.
- Origin: Developed during World War I for mass army recruitment.
- Types:
- Army Alpha Test (AAT): For literate individuals who knew English.
- Army Beta Test (ABT): For illiterate individuals or non-English speakers.
- Other Examples:
- Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT)
- Scholastic Assessment Tests (SAT)
🗣️ Classification Based on Language and Response Type
🔹 3. Verbal Tests
- Definition: Verbal tests are administered using spoken or written language instructions.
- Requirement: Participants must understand the language of the test.
- Examples:
- Army Alpha Test
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
🔹 4. Non-Verbal Tests
- Definition: These tests do not depend on language; they assess intelligence through visual or symbolic tasks.
- Advantage: Suitable for illiterate individuals or those unfamiliar with the test language.
- Examples:
- Raven’s Progressive Matrices
- Culture Fair Intelligence Test
🔹 5. Performance Tests
- Definition: These assess intelligence through manual tasks and motor responses rather than language.
- Focus: Based on performance and reaction to physical tasks.
- Examples:
- Bhatia’s Battery of Performance Tests
- Alexander’s Passalong Test
📌 Conclusion:
Intelligence tests help evaluate cognitive functioning through different formats. The selection of a suitable test depends on the purpose, participant’s literacy level, language proficiency, and setting (individual or group).
d. Write down nature of Intelligence.
🧠 Nature and Characteristics of Intelligence
Intelligence is a unique capacity of the human brain that allows individuals to think, reason, solve problems, and evaluate situations effectively. In psychology, intelligence is a complex and broad concept influenced by multiple factors such as physical, mental, and environmental elements.
🔷 Key Characteristics of Intelligence:
1️⃣ Multidimensional Nature of Intelligence
- Intelligence is not a single trait; rather, it includes multiple abilities such as:
- Linguistic ability
- Mathematical reasoning
- Social intelligence
- Understanding of the physical world
- Creativity
- These combined skills contribute to how a person understands and interacts with the world.
2️⃣ Adaptive Nature of Intelligence
- A significant feature of intelligence is its adaptability.
- It enables individuals to adjust to changing situations and environments.
- Facing challenges and adapting to life transitions appropriately is a sign of true intelligence.
3️⃣ Ability to Learn and Apply Experience
- Intelligence involves the capacity to learn from experiences.
- It helps individuals respond appropriately in new situations using their past knowledge and experiences.
- This application of learning makes intelligence practical and useful.
4️⃣ Problem-Solving Ability
- Intelligence reflects the ability to solve real-life problems logically.
- It involves analyzing situations, identifying solutions, and making rational decisions.
5️⃣ Ability to Communicate and Express
- Intelligence includes the capacity to express thoughts and emotions clearly.
- This expression can be through language, writing, art, music, or other forms of communication.
6️⃣ Capacity to Acquire Knowledge
- Intelligence enables a person to absorb new information and apply it meaningfully in life.
- It supports the continuous development of skills and awareness.
7️⃣ Dynamic Nature of Intelligence
- Intelligence is not fixed; it can change and develop over time.
- Learning, experiences, and environmental influences can enhance or diminish intelligence.
8️⃣ Influenced by Multiple Factors
- Intelligence is shaped by both:
- Hereditary (genetic) factors
- Environmental factors like:
- Education
- Socio-economic status
- Cultural exposure
- Life experiences
- These factors collectively mold and define an individual’s intelligence.
AND
a. Explain the factors affecting
🧠 Attention: Definition and Influencing Factors
Attention is a selective activity of the mind. It involves focusing mental energy on a particular stimulus while ignoring others. Several factors affect attention, which are broadly classified into two categories:
🔷 1. Internal Factors / Subjective Conditions
Internal or subjective factors are psychological in nature, originating within the individual. They determine how efficiently a person can sustain attention. If these factors are favorable, attention lasts longer; if unfavorable, it diminishes quickly.
Key Internal Factors:
- Interest:
People pay more attention to things they are interested in or consider beneficial.
Example: A student more interested in movies than studies will focus more on movies. - Habit:
A person who has the habit of focusing on important matters finds it easier to maintain attention. - Motives:
Basic drives like hunger or thirst influence attention.
Example: A hungry person will focus more on restaurants. - Emotion:
Strong emotions attract more attention.
Positive feelings increase focus, while negative emotions may decrease attention. - Aim:
A clearly defined goal or purpose helps sustain attention on a specific stimulus. - Organic State:
Physical conditions like fatigue, illness, or discomfort negatively affect attention. - Mental Set / Expectancy:
When a person has a mental set or anticipation, they are more likely to attend to the expected stimulus. - Basic Drives:
Biological needs and desires (e.g., hunger, sleep) influence attention.
Example: Hunger can override even preferences for disliked food. - Past Experience:
Attention is guided by previous experiences and learning.
If something has been useful in the past, attention is more likely to focus on it again.
🔷 2. External Factors / Objective Conditions
External or objective factors are related to environmental stimuli that influence attention from the outside.
Key External Factors:
- Nature of Stimuli:
The form or quality of the stimulus (e.g., color, shape) affects attention.
Pictures often attract more attention than words. - Location of Stimuli:
The placement of a stimulus affects visibility and attention.
Example: A picture on the front page of a newspaper attracts more attention than one in the middle pages. - Intensity of Stimuli:
Louder, brighter, or stronger stimuli grab more attention.
Example: Loud sounds are more noticeable than soft ones. - Size of Stimuli:
Generally, larger stimuli attract more attention, but very small or unusually sized stimuli may also stand out. - Movement:
Moving objects are more attention-grabbing than stationary ones. - Novelty:
New or unusual stimuli hold attention better. Repetitive or familiar stimuli may lose their effect over time.
Example: New fashion styles attract more attention. - Contrast:
Stimuli that stand out from their background attract attention.
Example: A red dot on a white background catches the eye quickly. - Repetition:
Even weak stimuli, if repeated frequently, can capture attention.
Example: Teachers repeat key points to maintain students’ attention. - Duration of Stimuli:
Longer duration usually results in more attention, but sometimes brief flashes are more effective. - Color:
Bright or dark colors attract more attention than dull ones.
Example: Colorful images catch the eye more than black-and-white images.
b. Explain the factors affecting on development of Personality
🧬 Factors Influencing Personality Development
Personality is the combination of unique traits, thoughts, and behaviors that reside within an individual and shape their identity and life progress. Personality development is influenced by a variety of factors, primarily related to life circumstances, hereditary traits, and environmental conditions.
🔍 Major Factors Affecting Personality Development:
1️⃣ Heredity (Genetic Factors):
- Hereditary factors include genetic material inherited from parents.
- Physical characteristics, mental abilities, and certain health conditions passed down through generations shape temperament and behavior.
- These traits form the biological foundation of personality.
2️⃣ Environment:
- The environment includes surrounding social and physical conditions such as community, family setting, peer groups, and school environment.
- These influence an individual’s thinking, values, and moral development.
- Environment plays a vital role in shaping social behavior and personality traits.
3️⃣ Family:
- The family is the first social unit where habits and values begin to develop.
- Relationships with parents, moral guidance, and emotional nurturing strongly affect personality.
- Factors like family size, economic condition, and parental education significantly contribute to behavioral patterns.
4️⃣ Education:
- Education has a central role in personality development.
- It enhances knowledge, purpose, discipline, and self-confidence.
- Interactions with teachers and classmates, and the overall moral and academic environment of schools, shape character and interpersonal skills.
5️⃣ Social Factors:
- Acceptance or rejection by society, social pressure, and cultural or religious norms influence behavior and personality.
- Peer relationships, neighborhood interactions, and social participation foster social intelligence and adaptation.
6️⃣ Cultural Factors:
- A person’s cultural background determines their ideals, beliefs, customs, and moral values.
- Every culture has specific rules, traditions, and expectations that influence a person’s attitudes, behavior, and outlook on life.
7️⃣ Personal Experiences:
- Life experiences, including successes and failures, joy and sorrow, have a strong impact on personality.
- These experiences teach lessons, develop resilience, and influence decision-making, emotions, and personal growth.
✅ Conclusion:
In addition to these external factors, an individual’s internal abilities, efforts, and self-awareness also play a key role in shaping their personality.
Personality development is a dynamic process influenced by both nature (heredity) and nurture (environment and experience).
c. Explain the factors affecting on will.
💪 Willpower and Its Influencing Factors
Willpower is a mental strength that enables an individual to remain committed to their goals, control situations, and fight through obstacles. It is shaped by a combination of psychological, physical, and environmental factors.
🔍 Major Factors Affecting Willpower:
1️⃣ Personal Mindset
- A person’s mindset and strategic approach greatly influence their willpower.
- Individuals with a strong, positive psychological outlook can withstand difficulties and stay focused on their goals.
2️⃣ Clarity of Goals
- When a person has clear and well-defined goals, they tend to possess stronger willpower.
- Lack of clarity in objectives can reduce motivation and weaken determination.
3️⃣ Mental Fatigue
- Overthinking or excessive mental work leads to fatigue, which can weaken willpower.
- Mental tiredness affects focus and reduces clarity between desires and goals, diminishing determination.
4️⃣ Environment
- The surrounding environment plays a major role in shaping willpower.
- A positive and inspiring environment strengthens willpower, while a negative or chaotic setting can weaken it.
5️⃣ Social Support
- Encouragement from family, friends, or colleagues has a significant impact.
- Proper social support acts as emotional reinforcement, helping individuals stay motivated and committed.
6️⃣ Personal Habits
- Disciplined lifestyle habits such as healthy eating, regular exercise, and proper rest enhance willpower.
- Irregular or unhealthy habits can drain mental energy and weaken determination.
7️⃣ Emotional State
- Emotional conditions such as happiness, sadness, anger, or stress have a direct impact on willpower.
- The ability to regulate emotions effectively helps sustain strong mental strength.
8️⃣ Previous Experiences
- Individuals who have faced both success and failure in life can develop stronger willpower.
- Positive experiences serve as motivational reference points, reinforcing future efforts.
d. Write down about defence mechanism.
🧠 Ego Defense Mechanisms (Mental Mechanisms)
🔹 Introduction:
According to Sigmund Freud, one of the primary drives for most individuals is the reduction of internal tension, with anxiety being a major source of this tension.
The ego often struggles to satisfy the conflicting demands of the id (instincts) and the superego (moral standards).
To manage this internal conflict and protect itself, the ego uses various tools known as:
✅ Defense Mechanisms
✅ Mental Mechanisms
✅ Ego Defense Mechanisms
These mechanisms help individuals cope with anxiety, protect self-esteem, and manage emotional conflicts.
⚠️ Note:
Use of defense mechanisms is normal and universal. Their presence does not indicate mental illness.
🔍 Definition:
Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies used by the ego, either consciously or unconsciously, to reduce or avoid anxiety caused by unacceptable thoughts or difficult realities.
They are adjustment tools that help the individual maintain emotional balance and protect self-esteem in uncomfortable situations.
🔑 Types of Common Ego Defense Mechanisms:
1. Compensation
➡️ Covering up a real or perceived weakness by emphasizing strengths in other areas.
Example: A student weak in academics becomes a college-level champion in cricket through hard work.
2. Denial
➡️ Refusal to accept reality, facts, or painful information.
Example: A seriously ill person refuses to accept their diagnosis, despite being fully informed of the condition.
3. Displacement
➡️ Transferring emotions from a source of stress to a less threatening object or person.
Example: After a bad day at work, a person yells at their pet dog.
4. Intellectualization
➡️ Using logic and reasoning to avoid emotional connection with a stressful situation.
Example: After a job transfer away from home, a person focuses on the benefits of the new role to avoid feelings of anxiety.
5. Projection
➡️ Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or faults to others.
Example: A dishonest person insists that “everyone lies” to justify their own behavior.
6. Rationalization
➡️ Justifying unacceptable behaviors with socially acceptable explanations.
Example: A person who performs poorly at work blames the job by saying, “Hard work doesn’t pay enough here anyway.”
7. Reaction Formation
➡️ Behaving in a way that is opposite to one’s true feelings.
Example: A jealous employee who resents their boss behaves with exaggerated respect and friendliness.
8. Regression
➡️ Returning to an earlier, more comfortable developmental stage in response to stress.
Example: A struggling student begins crying or throwing tantrums like a young child.
9. Repression
➡️ Unconscious blocking of painful thoughts, memories, or conflicts from awareness.
Example: Forgetting a best friend’s birthday after a serious argument.
🔟 Sublimation
➡️ Redirecting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or productive activities.
Example: A person with aggressive tendencies channels that energy into competitive sports.
Q-3 Write short notes (Any five) 5×5=25
a. Juvenile Delinquency
👦 Juvenile Delinquency: A Social Problem
Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal or unlawful behavior committed by individuals below a certain age (typically under 18 years). It is considered a serious social problem seen among adolescents across the globe.
🔹 Introduction:
- Juvenile crime is a problem observed in every country worldwide.
- In many places, juvenile delinquency emerged as a separate issue in the late 19th century.
- It is often linked with poverty and the gap between the rich and the poor.
- Delinquency is seen as a sign of social disruption, especially during periods of major cultural or structural shifts.
📘 Definitions:
- According to the Oxford English Dictionary, delinquency is defined as the state of being involved in criminal acts.
- Delinquents are individuals who fail to fulfill duties or responsibilities.
- Juvenile Delinquency is a term used to refer to any act that violates the law and is committed by a young person below a specified age (commonly under 18, though this age may vary by country).
- In countries like the United States, if a minor is charged with an offense, they may be punished under juvenile law.
- Status offenses are also considered delinquent behavior, where minors violate legal restrictions specific to their age group (e.g., truancy, underage drinking).
🔎 Who is a Juvenile Delinquent?
A juvenile delinquent is:
- A minor who displays behavior that deviates from accepted norms, or
- A child who has committed offenses such as theft, drug abuse, or sexual crimes.
❗ Causes of Juvenile Delinquency:
- Social Disorganization
- Poverty
- Unstable Family Environment
- Alcohol Abuse
- Drug Use
- Modern Lifestyle Influences
🛡️ Prevention and Control Programs:
Juvenile delinquency prevention involves protection, rehabilitation, training, and reintegration.
⚖️ Legal Framework:
- The Children Act, 1960 was introduced to safeguard children in conflict with the law.
🏛️ Institutional Structure for Juvenile Care:
- Juvenile or Children’s Court
- Child Welfare Board
- Remand Homes
- Certified Schools
- Children’s Homes
- Aftercare Organizations
- Observational Homes
📋 Factors Considered by Authorities When Dealing with Juveniles:
- The age of the child
- The living conditions of the child
- Reports from probation officers
- The child’s religious background
- Any other factors deemed necessary by the competent authority in the best interest of the child
Even when a juvenile is found guilty, the court must consider these factors before passing any order.
⚖️ Punishment for Cruelty Toward Children:
If a person who has custody or authority over a child:
- Assaults or abandons the child
- Neglects the child
- Exposes the child to unnecessary mental or physical suffering
- Or deliberately causes harm
Then, that person may be punished with imprisonment for up to six months, or a fine, or both, under the applicable child protection laws.
B.🌍 Characteristics of Culture
Culture is a comprehensive social system that encompasses all aspects of human life, including beliefs, traditions, religion, art, morality, laws, and everyday practices. It represents the identity and behavior of human societies and shapes how individuals interact within their environment.
🔑 Key Characteristics of Culture:
1️⃣ Culture is Learned
- Culture is not inherited biologically; it is learned through social interaction.
- Children learn cultural values, traditions, and beliefs from family, schools, peers, and community.
2️⃣ Culture is Social
- Culture is developed and shared within groups, not individually.
- It reflects collective social behavior, norms, and interactions rather than private experiences.
3️⃣ Culture is Symbolic
- Culture is expressed through symbols such as language, signs, colors, and rituals.
- Symbols help in communicating abstract cultural meanings and values.
4️⃣ Culture is Dynamic
- Culture is not static; it changes and evolves over time.
- With each new generation and technological advancement, new values, customs, and beliefs emerge.
5️⃣ Culture Shapes Behavior
- Culture influences human behavior through norms, religion, laws, and traditions.
- It affects daily decisions, preferences, interactions, and conduct.
6️⃣ Culture is Transmitted
- Culture is passed down from one generation to the next through the process of socialization.
- Parents, elders, and institutions teach cultural practices, ensuring continuity of heritage.
7️⃣ Culture is All-Encompassing
- Culture covers every aspect of human life, including food choices, clothing, housing, celebrations, and daily routines.
- It touches every part of an individual’s life, often unconsciously.
8️⃣ Culture is Universal
- While cultures differ across societies, every human group has some form of culture.
- All societies develop their own values, beliefs, and social practices to organize life.
9️⃣ Culture Has Norms and Values
- Each culture contains a system of norms (rules) and values (beliefs).
- These guide individuals about what is acceptable or unacceptable behavior and are socially enforced.
C.🏘️ Characteristics of Community
A community is a social unit consisting of a group of people who share a common geographical area, culture, interests, and lifestyle, and who interact with each other in various ways. A community is influenced by social, cultural, political, educational, environmental, and religious systems, all of which play a crucial role in determining the health status of its population.
🔑 Key Characteristics of a Community:
1️⃣ Group of People
- Every community is formed by a group of individuals who share some common elements like culture, beliefs, or geography.
2️⃣ Common Geographic Area
- A community usually resides in a specific geographical location such as a neighborhood, village, town, or city.
3️⃣ Social Interaction
- Face-to-face interaction and communication are common within communities, especially in smaller ones like villages.
- These interactions build social relationships and organizations.
4️⃣ Sense of Belonging
- People within a community develop a sense of unity and identification with one another and with the community itself.
- They share common experiences, responsibilities, and emotions.
5️⃣ Cultural Similarity
- Community members often have shared customs, traditions, language, lifestyle, and social values.
- This cultural uniformity helps create a shared identity.
6️⃣ Common Lifestyle
- People in a community often lead similar ways of life, including routines, dress, food habits, and festivals.
7️⃣ Social System and Structure
- Communities have organized social systems, including educational institutions, religious centers, political units, and economic structures.
- These systems influence behavior and collective well-being.
8️⃣ Interdependence
- Members are mutually dependent for livelihood, education, protection, emotional support, and social bonding.
9️⃣ Autonomy and Self-Sufficiency
- Communities strive to provide basic needs such as shelter, security, education, and economic opportunities for their members.
🔟 Boundaries
- Communities have defined geographical or social boundaries.
- Examples include: a neighborhood, village, city, or even an online or professional community.
🧭 Importance for Community Health Nursing:
- Nurses working in community health must understand:
- Geographical characteristics of the population
- Cultural beliefs and practices
- Health status of the community
- Available health resources and services
- These insights help develop effective health plans and interventions tailored to the specific community’s needs.
D.💰 Dowry System – A Social Evil
The dowry system is a deep-rooted social problem that continues to affect many societies, particularly in South Asian countries like India.
🔹 Definition of Dowry:
Dowry is defined as the property, wealth, or valuable items given by the bride’s family to the groom or his family at the time of marriage.
- It includes cash, jewelry, household goods, and other expensive gifts.
- Dowry is not limited to the wedding ceremony—in many cases, demands continue throughout the woman’s married life.
🔍 Factors Influencing the Dowry System:
- Groom’s job status and salary
- Bride’s family’s social and economic background
- Educational qualifications of the groom and bride
- Groom’s profession and earning capacity
- Bride’s appearance and personal qualities
- Perceived future financial security
- Size and structure of both families
In many cases, the bride’s parents continue giving money or gifts even after marriage, under social pressure or fear of mistreatment of the bride.
⚠️ Causes of the Dowry System:
- Parental Aspirations:
- Parents wish to marry their daughters into wealthy or prestigious families, often believing that dowry increases comfort and security for their daughters.
- Social Custom:
- Dowry is seen as a traditional obligation, carried forward from previous generations.
- Lack of Suitable Grooms:
- In certain castes or communities, there’s a shortage of eligible men with good jobs or high status, leading to high dowry demands.
- Social Prestige:
- Some families give dowry to showcase social status and wealth.
- Reciprocity Norms:
- Families justify accepting dowry because they will have to give dowry when marrying off their own daughters or sisters.
- Peer Pressure:
- Many people give dowry simply because their parents and ancestors did the same.
⚖️ Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (India)
- Enacted on 20th May 1961, this act legally prohibits the giving or receiving of dowry.
- Any gift exceeding ₹2,000 at the time of marriage, if given as a condition of the marriage, is considered dowry.
🛑 Punishment Under the Act:
- Imprisonment up to 6 months
- Fine up to ₹5,000
- Or both
📝 Important Notes:
- No legal action can be taken unless a formal complaint is filed.
- The act aims to reduce financial exploitation and violence against women related to dowry.
E.🌍 Effects of Population Explosion
Population explosion refers to the uncontrolled and rapid growth of population, which has become a major social, economic, and environmental issue. Unchecked population growth leads to overcrowded cities, strained resources, and a decline in quality of life.
🔹 Definition:
Overpopulation is defined as a condition where the number of people exceeds the capacity of the Earth (or a specific area) to provide a comfortable, healthy, and sustainable life.
🔎 Consequences / Effects of Population Explosion:
1️⃣ Land and Space Shortage
- Land is limited, while the demand increases for housing, industry, infrastructure, and agriculture.
- This leads to deforestation, soil erosion, floods, and loss of natural habitats.
2️⃣ Housing Problems
- Increasing population causes severe housing shortages, especially in urban areas.
- As the population doubles every 15–30 years, demand for shelter far exceeds supply.
3️⃣ Food Supply Deficiency
- Families with limited resources are unable to provide balanced nutrition.
- This results in malnutrition, particularly among children, and a rise in the number of unhealthy individuals in society.
4️⃣ Water Scarcity
- Many cities in India suffer from acute water shortages, especially during summer.
- Over 95% of municipal corporations in India lack proper water purification systems before distribution.
5️⃣ Sewage Disposal Issues
- Due to high costs and growing demand, sewage treatment is poor in many regions.
- Untreated wastewater leads to environmental pollution and health hazards.
6️⃣ Sanitation Problems
- Improper waste collection and disposal, especially in crowded areas, leads to poor hygiene.
- Waterlogging during rains worsens sanitary conditions, creating a breeding ground for diseases.
7️⃣ Health Care and Education Crisis
- Growing population strains healthcare systems and educational facilities.
- Poor families struggle to access basic health and education services.
- Rural areas suffer from a lack of schools and colleges, denying quality education to many.
8️⃣ Unemployment and Poverty
- It becomes difficult to provide employment to such a vast population.
- Job scarcity and large family sizes contribute to widespread poverty.
9️⃣ Increase in Crime Rate
- Uneducated and poor individuals living in overcrowded areas often fall prey to:
- Drug abuse
- Gambling
- Theft
- Violence
- Social unrest and crime rates increase significantly.
🔟 Rising Prices
- Scarcity of essential goods due to high demand leads to inflation.
- Basic commodities become unaffordable for lower-income groups.
1️⃣ Traffic Congestion
- Rapid population growth results in vehicular overcrowding.
- Traffic issues become severe, especially during peak hours when people commute to work or school.
2️⃣ Fuel and Energy Crisis
- The demand for fuel (wood, gas, coal, electricity) rises sharply with increased population.
- Industrialization and urbanization further intensify energy consumption.
- To manage energy shortages, the use of alternative energy sources is being promoted.
F.👨👩👧👦 Family – Definition and Characteristics
🔹 Definition of Family:
A family is a group of individuals who live together and share strong biological and emotional bonds.
It is a basic social unit where individuals satisfy their biological, emotional, and social needs—such as eating together, living under the same roof, and maintaining close relationships.
Family plays a central role in providing primary healthcare and social support. It is studied across disciplines including medical, social, and behavioral sciences, as most health workers and professionals work closely with families in various settings.
It is also the basic unit of a community. Every society across the globe has the institution of family, making it the foundation of social life. Many families together form a community. The family is a small primary group and a vital cultural agent in transmitting values, traditions, and norms to future generations.
For a child, the family is the first point of contact and serves as the main source of socialization, helping develop their personality and character.
🔑 Characteristics of Family:
1️⃣ Mating Relationship
- A family begins with a mating relationship between a man and a woman.
- This foundational relationship is established through marriage.
2️⃣ Selection of Mates
- Spouses are often selected by parents or elders, though sometimes individuals choose their partners.
- The selection process is guided by social customs and cultural rules.
3️⃣ Form of Marriage
- The mating relationship is formalized through marriage.
- Marriage is governed by societal norms and legal frameworks, defining the structure of the family.
4️⃣ Naming System
- Every family is identified by a distinct surname or family name.
- This helps in tracing lineage and identity.
5️⃣ Tracing of Descent
- Families maintain genealogical records to identify biological relationships and heritage.
- Some families follow patrilineal (father’s side) or matrilineal (mother’s side) descent, or both equally.
6️⃣ Common Residence
- Family members usually live together under one roof.
- A shared household is a defining feature of most families.
7️⃣ Economic Provision
- The family ensures economic support and protection for its members.
- It fulfills the basic economic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, healthcare, and education.
G.🎯 Maslow’s Theory of Motivation
Abraham Maslow, a renowned psychologist, proposed the Hierarchy of Human Motivation to explain how human behavior is driven by various levels of needs. This theory is known as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
🔹 What is Hierarchy?
The term hierarchy refers to a structured arrangement where lower-level needs must be fulfilled before higher-level needs become motivating factors.
📚 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Original 5-Level Model)
Maslow initially proposed five levels of human needs, organized in a pyramid form — starting from basic survival needs to self-fulfillment.
🔻 1. Basic Needs
A. Physiological Needs (Biological Needs)
- Food
- Water
- Air
- Sleep
- Clothing
- Shelter
- Exercise
- Elimination
These are essential for physical survival. If these are unmet, no other needs will motivate behavior.
B. Safety and Security Needs
- Protection from harm
- Physical and mental safety
- Health
- Financial security
- Stability within family and society
- Protection of property
Once physiological needs are met, humans seek safety and stability.
🧠 2. Psychological Needs
A. Love and Belongingness (Attachment Needs)
- Friendship
- Intimacy
- Trust and acceptance
- Receiving and giving affection
- Group identity and connection
Humans need emotional relationships and social connections to feel fulfilled.
B. Esteem Needs (Self-Respect)
- Self-esteem and confidence
- Achievement
- Respect from others
- Respect for others
- Need to feel unique and valued
Fulfilling esteem needs builds self-worth and personal value in society.
🌟 3. Self-Fulfillment Need
A. Self-Actualization
- Self-awareness
- Acceptance of self and others
- Social responsibility
- Creativity
- Spontaneity
- Open to new experiences
- Positive attitude toward challenges
At this stage, individuals seek to realize their full potential and become the best version of themselves.
🔼 Expanded Model (8-Need Version, 1970–1990)
Maslow later expanded the hierarchy to include three more needs, forming an 8-level model.
🧠 4. Cognitive Needs
- Desire to gain knowledge and understanding
- Curiosity about nature and surroundings
- Need to be intelligent and informed
People want to learn, explore, and comprehend the world around them.
🎨 5. Aesthetic Needs
- Need for beauty, harmony, and balance
- Appreciation of art, music, and nature
These needs reflect a sensitivity to beauty and the desire for aesthetic experiences.
🌌 6. Transcendence Needs
- Desire to go beyond the self
- Helping others achieve self-actualization
- Experiencing spiritual fulfillment and oneness with the universe
Often seen as spiritual or altruistic needs, they represent the highest level of human consciousness.
🧭 Summary of All Eight Levels:
| Level | Need Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Physiological | Basic Need | Food, water, air, shelter, etc. |
| 2. Safety & Security | Basic Need | Health, protection, property, stability |
| 3. Love/Belonging | Psychological Need | Affection, friendship, group acceptance |
| 4. Esteem | Psychological Need | Self-respect, achievement, recognition |
| 5. Cognitive | Higher Growth Need | Curiosity, knowledge, learning |
| 6. Aesthetic | Higher Growth Need | Beauty, symmetry, artistic expression |
| 7. Self-Actualization | Self-Fulfillment Need | Personal growth, potential, creativity |
| 8. Transcendence | Spiritual/Altruistic Need | Helping others reach fulfillment, spiritual awakening |
H.🧠 Personality – Definition, Nature, and Development
🔹 Definition of Personality:
Personality is difficult to define, but it is easily recognized when observed. We form impressions about people’s personalities—both those we know and those we’ve only read or heard about.
The word “personality” is derived from the Latin word “persona”, meaning the “mask” worn by individuals in social interactions. Hence, personality is often viewed as the social role or identity a person exhibits in society.
📘 Standard Definitions:
- Gordon Allport (1937):
“Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment.” - R.S. Woodworth:
“Personality is the total quality of an individual’s behavior.” - Raymond Cattell:
“Personality allows us to predict what a person will do in a given situation.”
🔍 From these definitions, personality can be seen as:
- Not fixed, but dynamic and ever-changing
- Influenced by the interaction between heredity and environment
- A total sum of physical, mental, emotional, and social traits
🔎 Nature of Personality:
1️⃣ Uniqueness
- Personality is unique to each individual. No two personalities are identical, just as no two individuals are exactly alike.
2️⃣ Dynamic Nature
- As Allport stated, personality is not static.
- It is an active, evolving system, continually influenced by life experiences and environmental factors.
3️⃣ Behavioral Indicator
- Personality is measured through behavior.
- Observation and evaluation of how individuals respond to different situations help assess personality.
4️⃣ Motivational Force
- Personality is driven by needs, motives, ego, and incentives, which influence behavior patterns and responses.
5️⃣ Interaction of Heredity and Environment
- Personality results from the interaction between genetic factors (heredity) and environmental influences (e.g., family, culture, education).
🧩 Other Key Aspects:
- It includes all behavior domains:
- Cognitive (thinking)
- Conative (acting)
- Affective (feeling)
- It reflects the sum total of an individual’s traits.
- Self-awareness and social awareness are integral parts.
- Personality shows adaptive behavior in relation to the environment.
- It is goal-directed and shapes one’s aspirations, abilities, interests, and behaviors.
🌱 Development of Personality
Personality development refers to the organized pattern of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that distinguish a person and make them unique. It begins immediately after birth and continues throughout life.
🔑 Main Influencing Components:
1️⃣ Temperament (Nature)
- These are inborn, genetically-determined traits that affect how a child approaches the world and learns from it.
- While there are no single “personality genes,” the nervous system’s development, shaped by heredity, affects behavior.
2️⃣ Environment
- The environment includes social, cultural, and familial influences.
- These factors shape the child’s personality through adaptation, learning, and interaction.
3️⃣ Character
- Character is the learned structure of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral traits.
- Though influenced by early experiences and biological predispositions, character evolves through lifelong interactions.
Q-3(A) Write Multiple Choice Questions.10
1. Effect of Alcoholism
Question: Alcoholism leads to:
a. Increase crimes
b. Affects the health
c. Impairs the mind and body
d. All of above
✅ Answer: d. All of above
Explanation: Alcoholism is associated with increased crime, poor health outcomes, and impairment of both mental and physical functions.
2. A person sees a rope and feels like a snake is called
a. Illusion
b. Hallucination
c. Delusion
d. Depersonalization
✅ Answer: a. Illusion
Explanation: Illusion is a misperception of a real external stimulus — in this case, mistaking a rope for a snake.
3. Which is not a defense mechanism?
a. Derailment
b. Repression
c. Distortion
d. Undoing
✅ Answer: a. Derailment
Explanation: Derailment is a thought disorder seen in schizophrenia, not a defense mechanism. The others (Repression, Distortion, Undoing) are Freudian defense mechanisms.
4. In Sociology, the term “Society” refers to:
a. The system of social relationship
b. The persons of same religion
c. The person living in same area
d. The organized relations between individual
✅ Answer: a. The system of social relationship
Explanation: In sociology, society is defined as a web of social relationships.
5. Edward Thorndike has given the theory of:
a. Classical Conditioning
b. Operant Conditioning
c. Both
d. None of the above
✅ Answer: d. None of the above
Explanation: Thorndike proposed the Law of Effect and Trial-and-Error Learning, not classical or operant conditioning.
- Classical conditioning = Pavlov
- Operant conditioning = Skinner
6. The word psychology was used by:
a. Aristotle
b. Hippocrates
c. William James
d. Rudolph Goclenius
✅ Answer: d. Rudolph Goclenius
Explanation: Rudolph Goclenius, a German scholar, is credited with coining the term “psychology” in the late 16th century.
7. Joint families disintegrate due to:
a. Industrialization
b. Women franchise
c. Social legislation
d. Education of women
✅ Answer: a. Industrialization
Explanation: Industrialization leads to urban migration and nuclear families, breaking traditional joint family structures.
8. A person can grasp the number of items in a single act of attention is called:
a. Immediate memory span
b. Primary effect
c. Long term memory
d. Retained number
✅ Answer: a. Immediate memory span
Explanation: This refers to the number of items a person can hold in short-term memory (usually 5–9 items).
9. Polyandry is the marriage in which:
a. One woman has one husband
b. One woman marries several men
c. A woman lives temporarily with another woman
d. One woman marries one man and his brother
✅ Answer: b. One woman marries several men
Explanation: Polyandry is a form of marriage where one woman is married to multiple men.
10. Sociology is a science of:
a. Positive science
b. Pure science
c. An abstract science
d. All of the above
✅ Answer: d. All of the above
Explanation: Sociology is considered a positive science (based on observable facts), pure science (theoretical framework), and abstract science (deals with human behavior and society).
B) Fill in the blanks
✅ 1. IQ more than 140 is called a…… person.
Answer: Genius
🔹 ગુજરાતીમાં: ૧૪૦ કરતાં વધુ IQ ધરાવતી વ્યક્તિને જિનિયસ કહે છે.
✅ 2. …… is known as the father of Psychology.
Answer: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt
🔹 ગુજરાતીમાં: વિલ્હેલ્મ મેક્સીમિલિયન વિંટ ને મનોવિજ્ઞાનના પિતા તરીકે ઓળખાય છે.
✅ 3. Formula to calculate the IQ is……
Answer: (Mental Age / Chronological Age) × 100
🔹 ગુજરાતીમાં: IQ માપવાની ફોર્મ્યુલા: મેન્ટલ એજ / ક્રોનોલોજીકલ એજ × 100
✅ 4. One man marries more than one woman is called…… marriage.
Answer: Polygyny
🔹 ગુજરાતીમાં: એક પુરુષ અનેક સ્ત્રીઓ સાથે લગ્ન કરે તેને પોલિજિની લગ્ન કહે છે.
✅ 5. Dowry Prohibition Act was implemented in the year……
Answer: 1961
🔹 ગુજરાતીમાં: દહેજ નિષેધ અધિનિયમ 1961માં લાગુ પડ્યો.
✅ 6. Study of population is called……
Answer: Demography
🔹 ગુજરાતીમાં: વસ્તીનો અભ્યાસ ડેમોગ્રાફી તરીકે ઓળખાય છે.
✅ 7. …… is the father of Sociology.
Answer: Auguste Comte
🔹 ગુજરાતીમાં: સમાજશાસ્ત્રના પિતા ઓગસ્ટ કોમ્ટે છે.
✅ 8. ID works on ……… principle.
Answer: Pleasure Principle
🔹 ગુજરાતીમાં: ID સુખ સિદ્ધાંત (Pleasure Principle) પર કામ કરે છે.
✅ 9. Head of the family in matriarchal family is the……
Answer: Mother or woman
🔹 ગુજરાતીમાં: માતૃત્વવાદી કુટુંબના વડા સ્ત્રી અથવા માતા હોય છે.
✅ 10. …… is the loss of memory.
Answer: Amnesia
🔹 ગુજરાતીમાં: એમ્નેશિયા એટલે યાદશક્તિ ગુમાવવી.
✅ (C) True or False – Mark the Correct Statement:
1. Frustration occurs due to non-achievement of desired goal.
Answer: ✅ True
🔹 Gujarati: ગોલ પ્રાપ્ત ન થવાના કારણે નિરાશા થાય છે. (✔ સાચું)
📝 Explanation: Frustration arises when a person is blocked from reaching a goal or fulfilling a desire.
2. Creative thinking is the example of free thinking.
Answer: ❌ False
🔹 Gujarati: સર્જનાત્મક વિચારસરણીએ મુક્ત વિચારસરણીનું ઉદાહરણ છે. (✘ ખોટું)
📝 Explanation: Creative thinking involves imagination and originality, but free thinking emphasizes unrestricted, independent thought, often unrelated to creativity alone.
3. Formal group has lack of intimacy.
Answer: ✅ True
🔹 Gujarati: ફોર્મલ ગ્રૂપમાં આત્મીયતાનો અભાવ હોય છે. (✔ સાચું)
📝 Explanation: Formal groups are goal-oriented and structured, so personal bonds and intimacy are limited.
4. Social change is a universal phenomenon.
Answer: ✅ True
🔹 Gujarati: સામાજીક બદલાવ એ સાર્વત્રિક ઘટના છે. (✔ સાચું)
📝 Explanation: Every society undergoes social change over time—it’s universal and continuous.
5. Intelligence is not an innate mental ability.
Answer: ❌ False
🔹 Gujarati: બુદ્ધિએ જન્મજાત મળતી માનસિક ક્ષમતા નથી. (✘ ખોટું)
📝 Explanation: Intelligence is largely innate (inborn), though it is also influenced by environment and learning.
6. Language is the main medium of culture.
Answer: ✅ True
🔹 Gujarati: ભાષાએ સંસ્કૃતિનું મુખ્ય માધ્યમ છે. (✔ સાચું)
📝 Explanation: Language is the primary tool through which culture is transmitted and preserved.
7. Motivation is a negative feeling.
Answer: ❌ False
🔹 Gujarati: પ્રેરણા નકારાત્મક લાગણી છે. (✘ ખોટું)
📝 Explanation: Motivation is a positive psychological drive that pushes individuals to achieve goals.
8. Thinking and reasoning promote effective learning.
Answer: ✅ True
🔹 Gujarati: થિકિંગ, રીજનીંગ એ ઇફેક્ટિવ લર્નિંગને પ્રોમોટ કરે છે. (✔ સાચું)
📝 Explanation: Higher-order cognitive processes like thinking and reasoning enhance deep and meaningful learning.
9. Habits are the time and energy saving techniques.
Answer: ✅ True
🔹 Gujarati: આદતો એ સમય અને ઊર્જા બચાવવાની ટેકનીક છે. (✔ સાચું)
📝 Explanation: Habits are automatic behaviors that save mental effort, time, and energy.
10. Change in the environment changes the social behavior of man.
Answer: ✅ True
🔹 Gujarati: પર્યાવરણમાં બદલાવ માણસની સામાજિક વર્તણૂક બદલે છે. (✔ સાચું)