NEEDLE

There are two types of needles:
1 – hypodermic needle; Used for injection or instillation.

2 – Surgical Needle; A sharp-pointed instrument is usually used to puncture tissue, thread or wire for sutures, or ligate vessels.

Classification of surgical needle
Depending on the shape

Straight Needles

Curved needles

Based on the cutting edge

Round body needles

Cutting needles

Based on his (EYE) eye

Needle with eye

Eyeless Needle (Atraumatic)

Based on his tip

Triangular tip needles

Round tip needles

Based on usage

Intestinal Needle

Galli’s Needle (for Hernioplasty)

McEwen’s Hernia Needle

Liver Suturing Needle

Cleft Pellet Needle

Aneurysm Needle

Medical Needle of Galebin etc.

Parts of a surgical needle
It has three parts:

point or tip

Body or Soft

eye

Advantages of Curved Needle

Curved needles can pass through transverse tissue by making a circular motion and work well in deep and confined spaces.

3/8 of a circle curvature

Half circle curvature

5/8th of a circle curvature
This type is commonly used.

Uses of round body needle
It is used in soft tissue and sensitive (delicate) structures.

Uses of cutting needle
This is used to overcome its obstruction in the solid tissue and ensure smooth passage.

Needle eyes are for threading, but with eye needles can be threaded into the tissue. While the thread with the needle is double-headed, it damages the tissue as it passes through it. An atraumatic needle is eyeless. The suture material is swaged onto the needle by a special process. So a thread (thread) is passed through the tissue with the needle during the suture. Then the needle has to be thrown away and there is no question of losing its sharpness with repeated use.

There is a spring eye wadi needle to make the threading process easy. To pass the suture material through the eye, it has to be pressed into the fissure above the eye.This needle was used in intestinal and neurosurgery, but now the atraumatic needle is used.

The weakest point of the needle

The needle shaft is weakest near the eye, as its design flattens as it approaches the eye and becomes progressively weaker. The needle may break if the needle is held close to the eye with the needle holder.

Sterilization

Sharp needle cannot be boiled or autoclaved, it reduces its sharpness. It is sterilized by keeping it in an antiseptic solution for 24 hours. A blunt needle can be boiled for half an hour.

CUTTING EDGES OF NEEDLES

ORDINARY VS. ATRAUMATIC NEEDLE

ORDINARY VS. SPRING EYED NEEDLE

SHAPES OF NEEDLES

suture

Type of suture

(1) Absorbable suture

(1) Catgut
This is an absorbable suture. It has two types

(A) Plain catgut

Origin:

Plain catgut is made from the gut (intestine) of sheep.

-Use:

Used in suturing plain catgut tissue and small vessels.

Special Features:

This suture is easy to handle.

Rapidly absorbed.

Provides smooth passage to tissue healing.

Packaged in a fluid.

Absorption Time
60-70 days

Color: Yellow

(B) Chromic catgut

Origin
Animal Intestine.

Use

To tie the blood vessels in the infected wound.

Suture for the mucosa of
Elementary Track.
biliary track
Urinary track
Respiratory tract
Peritoneum
Muscles
Fate

Special feature
Packaged in fluid.

Absorption of this suture is delayed.

Absorption Time:
90-120 days

Color: Brown

(C) Polyglycolic acid
Poly galactone
(Dag Jon, Vicryl)

Origin

Synthetic polymer of polyglycolic acid.

Use

It is used in ligation of soft tissue in which
Ophthalmic surgery

Peripheral nerve anastomosis

Micro surgery of vessels less than 2mm diameter.

It is similar in use to chromic catgut but is stronger and more reliable than catgut.

Special features

Easy to handle

Provides smooth passage for tissue healing.

Holds the note strongly.

Loses its strength sooner than catgut.

Absorption Time:
56-70 days

Color: Violet

(2) non-absorbable suture

A suture that does not absorb into the tissue is called a non-absorbable suture

A suture that shows absorption is called an absorbable suture.

(1) Silk

Origen
Proteinase thread is produced by silkworm larvae.

Color: Black

Use
This is used in non-infected tissue. In which general hemostatus suture of skin,
Gastrointestinal tract.

Not used in infected tissue.

Special features
Extremely palatable and easy to handle.

Provides smooth passage through tissue.

This suture has a secure knot.

A moderate reaction is seen in the tissue.

His strength is gradually lost.

(2) Linen

Origen

Fiber of Flax Plant

Use
Used in all ligatures where a strong tie is required

Special features
The construction of gradient is spoon (kantel) twisted.

Notes are secure.

Minor to moderate tissue reactions are observed.

The strength of this suture increases when it is wetted.

(3) Cotton

Origen
Fiber of Cotton Buss

Use
Similar to silk

Special features
It is not as strong as silk.

Its strength gains in weighting.

(4) Polyamide (Nylon, Dermalon, Ethilon)

Origin

Use
Specially suitable for skin suture, tension suture used in infected area.

Synthetic polymer.
(Nylon was the first synthetic polymer used in surgery)

This suture is good when more strength is required with minimal tissue reaction. eg Abdomen.

Special features

Mono filament is stiff, non-pliable, and difficult to handle.

Provides smooth passage through tissue.

Notes require a special technique to avoid falling asleep.

Minimal tissue reaction is seen

Slightly elongate when tying the knot.

scalpel

A scalpel is a small and sharp bladed instrument. It is used in surgery skin incisions etc. It has different blades and sizes all have different purpose and use.

Blade No. 10, and Handle No. 3/5/7 are used for making incisions in pediatric surgery.

Blade no.11
Handle no. 3/5/7
It is used for drainage.

Blade no. 12
Handle no .3/5/7
In tonsillectomy and cardiovascular surgery.

Blade no. 15
Handle no.3/5/7
in plastic surgery and pediatric surgery

Blade no. 22
handle no.4
Making an incision in the skin.

Blade no. 23
Handle no.4
Place the skin and deep incision.

Blade no.24
Handle no.4
Making an incision in the skin.

Blade Type:

Stainless steel

Platinum sterilization with stainless steel
Handle: By boiling or autoclave.
Blade: Not sterilized. Also done in glutaraldehyde or by gamma radiation for up to 12 hours.
Clean with normal saline before use.

Sterilization method for all instruments:

Any article or instrument after use is taken care of by following steps.

In case of articles with blood content, all these articles are kept in sodium hypo chloride solution for 10 to 20 minutes so that the dish can be infected.

After this article is removed from sodium hypochloride, every part of it is carefully washed with running water and soapy water.

After that all these articles are dried and the article is checked for its proper working condition and if required lubricant is applied.

All these articles are then properly arranged in the drum and sent to the autoclave for reuse. So that this article can be sterilized and can be used safely for the second time.

To autoclave it at 121°C and 15 bar pressure for 25-30 minutes.

Have an instrument such as a scissor to clean it with normal water.
This Dhar Vadu Instrument is not boiled or autoclaved. Because if it is boiled or autoclaved, its edge will be reduced.
So it is cleaned by normal water and kept in solution.

Needle holder

Introduction

Needle holder is also known as needle driver.

It is a suturing instrument.

It is made of stainless steel.

It is used to hold the suturing needle during a surgical procedure.

Parts

1.groove,

2.box lock (box lock),

3.shank,

4.Ratchet (ratchet),

5.finger ring.

Uses

A needle holder is used to hold and push the suturing needle during any surgical procedure or wound closure.

In addition, a needle holder is also used during the ligation procedure.

A needle holder can also be used for reanastomosis.

Apart from this needle holder is used for OPD based suturing, caesarean section and normal delivery also when suturing is to be done.

The needle holder has crimped cross serrations on the inside of the top and a small groove to hold the bent needle firmly.

Size

After care

(Aftercare of the article is given above which is used for all surgical sterile instruments. Note that.)

laryngoscope

This is one such device. which use larings
to visualize and insert the male ET tube. It is a tube like structure. Which is used to examine layers.

It was introduced by Manuel Garcia in 1854.

Type

Direct Rigid Le Ringoscope

Indirect Rigid Laryngoscope

Video Laryngoscope- Rigid and Flexible

Flexible fiber optic laryngoscope. Type of Blade

Macintosh: (curved)
2.miller: (straight)

Blades by weight (size 0-4 no.)

**0-3kg :Miller 0
**3-5kg: Miller 0,1
**5-12kg: Miller 1
**12- 20kg: machintosh 2
**20-30kg: Machintosh 2 and Miller 2
**>30kg: machintosh 2 and miller 2

Adult: 3 and 4 no.

*Use: (diagnostic and therapeutic)

To check the patency of the tube.

To evaluate the airway.

To remove the secretion
4.To place the endotracheal tube

Indication
Chronic cough
Dyspnea
Carcinoma (biopsy)
Incubation
To remove a foreign body
Treatment and surgery
Meconium aspiration
To place the ET tube
Mechanical ventilation
Tracheo- esophageal fistula

Contraindication
Local anesthetic sensitivity
Bleeding in the airway
Uncooperative e.g(child)
Trauma to the airway
Hypertension
Malposition of Thrace

Complication
Local tissue injury bradycardia and hypoxia
Damage Cervical spine (excessive extension of neck) Dental injury
Perforation bronchospasm in Thrace
Hypertension laryngospasm
_Vocal cord paralysis

Method of Disinfection
Running water shop solution
Alcohol swab autoclave

Disposable blades

position
_Optimal sniffing position (head extension and neck flexion)

Sedation method
Local anesthesia lignocaine+adrenaline

Cheatle forceps:

Cheatle forceps are sterile forceps.

Use: It is used to remove sterile instrument from boiling or autoclave drum or formalin chamber.

Cheatle forceps are kept in a container in methylated spirit solution when not in use.

Size:
8 inches
10 inches
12 inches

Principle:
Its main principle is that we can remove the necessary instrument so that other instruments do not get infected. It can be used to maintain sterile technique.

Sponge holding forceps
(sponge holding forceps)

Introduction

Its other name is ‘Rampless Swab Holding Forceps’.

Sponge-holding forceps are long, slender, sharp with a claw and finger bow, meaning a long and straight instrument with a rounded fenestration end.

The portion of the sponge holding forceps has a transverse serration.

This tool has a serration design to give it a good grip i.e. a serration design to grip any object properly with this forceps.

Size

Sponge holding forceps are 7-9 inches (18-20cm) in length.

Made by

The sponge holding forceps are made of stainless steel.

Parts

1.jaw (if : having serrations)

2.shaft (soft)

3.box lock (box lock) or joint (joint)

4.shank

5.finger bow (finger bow) or finger ring (finger ring)

6.Ratchet :- Ratchet has 3C ie catch, clamp and crush.

Uses

It is used to hold sponges and swabs while performing any surgical procedure.

It is used to hold swabs while painting in surgical procedures.

It is also used to hold a swab to clean the mother’s perineum area.

It is also used to remove blood and amniotic fluid from the vagina.

In addition, it is also used to hold the survey while tightening the vagina.

A sponge holder is also used to visualize the survey after forceps delivery.

Sponge holding forceps can be used in place of Green Armytech forceps in caesarean section.

A sponge holder can also be used in place of the ovum forceps.

It is also used for swabbing in KVT.

It is also used to facilitate dissection.

After care

given above.

Straight artery forceps:

It is made of stainless steel.
Usage:
Straight artery forceps are used to clamp blood vessels and gently clamp soft tissue if bleeding occurs during any surgical procedure.
Its design has been made in such a way that it can be easily applied on open surgical site.

Size:
4 inches
5 inches
6 inches
8 inches
10 inches

Principle:
Straight artery forceps used to stop hemostasis – bleeding

is coming.

Curved artery forceps:

Curved artery forceps:
It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
Its main use is to stop the deep tissue of the body cavity or if there is bleeding in the body cavity during the surgical procedure.
It has been designed in such a way that the tissue or the artery can be easily clamped in the deep body cavity in the surgical site, so the part of the tip in the curved artery forceps has been made curved.

Size:
5 inches
6 inches
7 inches
8 inches
10 inches

Principle:
Curved artery forceps work on hemostasis (stopping bleeding).

DISSECTING FORCEPS

Dissection forceps hold the tissue and help to keep the operation area clear, and at the same time, for dissection or for other operations during the operation like holding the needle while taking sutures etc.

It has two types:

Non Tooth or Plain Dissecting Forceps and Tooth Dissecting Forceps.

Depending on the type of tissue, these forceps come in many types such as small, large, fine and heavy, named after their designers. Eg Lane’s, Victor Bonney’s, Millin’s, Gillie’s etc.

Points to identify

The biggest feature of this instrument is that the handle has a spring like structure.

The outer surface of the handles has few ridges on the middle part to give a good grip.

The blood is transversely serrated inside to get a better grip on the tissue. This serration also helps to hold the needle while taking the bait.

In tooth forceps, the tip has two teeth.

Non tooth or plain dissecting forceps

Advantages:

It is used to hold delicate and soft tissue without causing further injury.
Disadvantages:

In a two-arm instrument, the tissue often splits out from the spring mechanism on both sides.

Tooth dissecting forceps

Advantages:

It gives good grip on tissues.

Only its teeth hold the tissue, so there is less injury to the surrounding tissues.

Since it has teeth on both sides, the tissue cannot come out.
Disadvantages:

It cannot be used where soft tissue is present.

This tissue may be injured after use.

Mosquito artery forceps:

It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
It is used as a hemostat (to stop bleeding), to open an abscess (pus has accumulated) at that place if there is a wound, to hold the end of the suture while suturing, and to cut the end of the suture while suturing. taken in.

It has 2 types.

Straight mosquito artery forceps

Curved mosquito artery forceps

Size:
4 inches
5 inches
6 inches

Principle:
It mainly compresses the wag during bleeding so as to stop the bleeding and while suturing it can be easily sutured.

Kocher’s forceps:

It is made of stainless steel

Usage:
To hold the superior thyroid pedicle vessels during thyroid surgery,
To hold the rib during rib resection,
To rupture the membrane during labor,
are used in etc.

Size:
5 inches

Fine tip scissors:

It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
Fine tip scissor is a surgical instrument that is useful for cutting and trimming.
Apart from this, it is used to cut extra dead skin/tissue.

Surgical scissors:

It is used to cut tubing, in surgical dressings, in surgical dressings.
Apart from this, it is used to cut tissue, dead skin.

Principle:
Scissors cut soft tissue with extremely high precision.

Mayo’s cutting scissors:

It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
It is used to cut thick tissue like uterus, muscle, breast, foot tissue.
Apart from this, it is used in general surgery like abdominal, thyroid gland surgery, any trauma, hernia etc.

There are 2 types of Mayo’s scissor.

Straight bladed mayo’s scissors

Curved bladed mayo’s scissor

Size:
6 inches
7 inches

Principle:
It works on the principal of class 1 lever.
Scissor works by maintaining effort and load. In which the surgeon has to reduce the effort during the surgical procedure and

Tissue forceps:
It is made of stainless steel
It is also known as Adson tissue forceps.

Usage:
It is used to manipulate tissue during surgical procedures.
Apart from this, it is also used to support the tissue during incision and suturing
Apart from this, it is used to improve texture by retracting the tissue during any surgical procedure.

Two types:

Plain tissue forceps

Toothed tissue forceps

Size:
6 inches
8 inches
10 inches

Sinus forcep:

It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
These forceps are designed in such a way that the foreign body can be extracted from the sinus cavity.
Apart from that, it can be used for drainage of eruption and drainage of abscess by puncturing it.
Apart from this, the gauze piece is used to hold the abscess to clean it from the cavity.

Size:
6 inches
7 inches
8 inches

Principle:
Removal of infected fluid from sinus cavity during surgical procedure.

Liver biopsy forceps:

It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
Its use is useful for diagnosing liver conditions. In which liver biopsy forceps are used to collect a sample of liver tissue.

Biopsy forceps:
It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
It is used to take biopsy samples from various body organs.
Apart from this, it is used to remove hair follicles, callous formation, tiny cyst, nodules.

Size:
10 inches

Principle:
It is mainly useful for collecting specimen from body cavity for detection of cancer cells.

Alice forceps:

It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
It is useful for grasping heavy tissue, grasping organs, besides holding slippery dense tissue during electrosurgery.
Apart from this, it is used to grasp soft tissue and fascia during breast and bowel surgery.

Size:
4 inches
6 inches
8 inches

Principle:
These forceps provide reliable clamping action to pull the tissue so that the tissue can be grasped.

Mouth gag:

It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
Mouth gag is a surgical device.
Mouth gag is kept between upper jaw and lower jaw
Its purpose is that by keeping it, the mouth can be prevented from closing during any oral surgery and the surgery can be done easily.

Size:
Pediatric: 10 cm
Adult: 15 cm

Type:

Doyen mouth gag

Heister mouth gag

Principle:
Mouth gag keeps the upper and lower jaw retracted during surgery so that the mouth cannot be closed.

Tongue depressor:

It is made of wooden and stainless steel.

Usage:
Tongue depressor is useful to depress the tongue so that mouth and throat can be properly visualized.
Nowadays disposable tongue depressor is used more than stainless steel tongue depressor.

Principle:
It depresses the tongue so that proper examination can be done.

Tongue holding forceps:

It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
It is used to hold the tongue during oral surgery, so that damage and injury can be prevented during surgery.
Apart from this, it is useful to manipulate and grasp the tongue during oral surgery.

Size:
6 inches

Principle:
It is mainly used to prevent injury during oral surgery.

Nasal speculum:

It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
Nasal speculum is used to widen the nasal cavity so that proper visualization of nasal cavity can be done during therapeutic and diagnostic procedure.
Apart from this, nasal speculum is used in anterior rhinoplasty, septal surgery, foreign body removal, polyps.

Size:
12 to 33 mm

Other Name:
Thudicum nasal speculum

Principle:
It is mainly for proper visualization of nasal cavity

Aural speculum:

It is made of plastic or stainless steel.

Usage:
It is installed in the autoscope and used in the examination of the tympanic membrane.
Apart from this, it is used in ear surgery, which is kept straight up to the external auditory canal so that the eardrum can be seen easily.
Apart from this, it is used to remove wax and edesquamated epithelial debris from the external auditory canal

Principle:
It is mainly designed to make ear surgery easy.

Retractor single hook:

It is made of stainless steel.
Its tip is sharp or blunt.

Usage:
It is used in many surgeries. like…
Phacoemulsification,
Retina and vitreous surgery.
This retractor keeps the iris stretched during surgery to reduce surgery time.
Apart from this, it is useful for grasping, retaining and holding the tissue during surgery.
Apart from that, it is used in intra nasal and plastic surgery and dermatological surgery.

Principle:
It is mainly used for retracting and handling tissue.

Retractor double hook:

It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
It is used to retract soft tissue.
Apart from that, it is used in hand, foot and ankle surgery.
It is useful in dermatological and plastic surgery.
Apart from this, it is also useful in superficial retraction of skin.

Principle:
It is mainly useful for tissue retract and handling.

Bladder sound:

It is made of metal or stainless steel.

Usage:
It is used to locate stones in the bladder and to measure the size of the bladder.
Bladder sound is inserted into the bladder through the urethral canal, and when it is inserted, it is known whether it feels like an obstruction or not, so that it can be known whether there is a stone in the bladder or not.
Apart from this, it is also used to measure the size of the bladder in surgeries like cystocele and vaginal hysterectomy.

Male urethral dilator:

They are made of stainless steel.

Usage:
It is used to stretch the side of the male urethra, so that the urethra can be dilated.
Urethra carries the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body, sometimes this dilator is used when the tissue there becomes narrow.
Apart from this, it is useful in dilating the urethra during urethral surgery.

Size:
A set of 8 to 24 fr comes.

Principle:
To dilate the urethra

Packing forceps aural:

It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
It is used during ear surgery or when there is any injury or trauma in dressing and for putting dressing pack and for removal of that pack.
So that the packing/dressing gauze piece can be easily inserted and removed.

Trochar cannula:

It is made of stainless steel.
This is a medical instrument which has a sharp point at the front and a cannula (hollow cylinder) is inserted inside it and is used in laproscopic surgery.
Trochar is used in laparoscopic and minimally invasive surgery.
In any laproscopic surgery, a small incision is made first, then the outer tissue layer is punctured with a trochar and a cannula is inserted.

Biopsy needle:

Biopsy needle is used to take sample of body cells.
There are 2 main steps in the procedure of needle biopsy.

Fine needle biopsy

Core needle biopsy

Biopsy needle is useful for collecting cell, tissue and fluid sample from muscle, bone and any organ of body cavity.

Biopsy needle is mainly used to find out the cause of abdominal lump.

Principle:
To collect specimen of cells easily.

Sternal puncture needle:
It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
Sternal puncture is the simple and most common method in which bone marrow is obtained from the 2nd and 3rd intercostal space of the midsternum.
Sternal puncture is tested using sternal puncture needle in cases like lymphadenopathy, enlargement of liver and spleen, destructive disease of bone etc.

Size:
14G
16 G
18 G

Suture cutting scissors:
It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
It is used to cut suture string, remove suture string.
The tip of the suture cutting scissor is designed in such a way that the suture can be removed easily.

Size:
6 inches

Suture clip:

It is made of stainless steel.

Usage:
Suture clip is a method of suturing.
The wound can be closed quickly by suture clip, thereby reducing the chances of infection on the wound.

suction cannula

These cannulas are available in steel and rubber.

parts

-Cannula tube:
It is a hollow tube which is the main body of the cannula with varying lengths and diameters available.

• Tip:
  The distal end of the cannula is of round and beveled diameter for effective suction without damaging the tissue.

-Connector:
This is the proximal part of the cannula. Which is attached to the suction device.

-Lumen:
The diameter of the lumen indicates the capacity of the vacuum.

–Handle:
The handle has a grip that provides secure holding during the procedure.

Use

A Saxon cannula is used to aspirate saliva, water, blood, abrasion particles, bone chips, and pieces of cement.

To rate sp fluid in medical and surgical procedures.

Indications:

Surgical Procedures.

Dental Procedures

Wound care

Respiratory care

Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Diagnostic Purpose.

Sterilization:
Autoclave

Complications:

Tissue trauma

Bleeding

infection

Aspiration

Hematoma

Blockage of cannula

Oral and nasal mucosal injury.

malleable retractor

The retractor is made of stainless steel.

parts

-Handle:
are rigid.

-Blade:
Comes in direct contact with tissue.

These blades come in a variety of sizes that depend on the surgeon’s needs.

Use

Holds back tissue and organs during surgery.

Abdominal Procedure

Cardio Vascular Procedures

Ophthalmic Procedures

Neurosurgical Procedures.

Also used to retrace the intestines.

Sterilization
Autoclave

senn retractor

Sen retractor is a hand headed double ended instrument. Which is made of stainless steel.

parts

-Handle

_prong (blade)
Serpent Blade
Blunt blade

There are two prongs which are sharp and blunt.

Use

Provides better visibility by retracting tissue as much as possible during surgical procedures.

General surgery

Orthopedic surgery

Plastic surgery

Gynecological surgery

Dental and Oral Surgery

Small Bone and Joint Procedure

Thyroidectomy.

Sterilization

Autoclave

DISH ADVANTAGES

Tissue trauma

Not useful for all surgical scenarios.

Features

15.9cm long

Flat, Thin, and Quad Blades.

Sharp or blunt tip.

Double ended.

Desmarres retractor

Use

Desmarres retractor is comfortable, safe and easily used to isolate eye leads and eye laces.

Ophthelinic surgery

Plastic surgery procedures

parts

_handle:
It is a recess portion with grips.

Sterilization

Autoclave

_Blade:
Since the blade is blunt and round, the risk of tissue trauma is minimized.