FUNDAMENTAL OF NURSING (FON)(GNM 1st YEAR) PAPER SOLUTION 03/04/2025-UPLOAD NO.10

Q-1 a. Define Nursing 03

Nursing is an art and science. With the help of which, by providing careful care to a sick person, his life can be protected and his health can be prevented, as well as treatment can be given to bring a sick patient to rehabilitation. This is called nursing.

b. List out qualities of professional nurse.04

Quality of Nurse:

Kindness: A nurse should have a sense of service. She should be kind and compassionate. She should not be annoyed by anything or anyone.

Healthy: A nurse should be physically and mentally healthy and capable. How can a person who is sick himself serve others? Sometimes a nurse has to work even after the duty is over. In times of accidents or when a disease spreads, hundreds of patients have to be treated at the same time. At such times, when he has to work for more hours, he must remain healthy himself.

Cheerful: A nurse should always be cheerful and enthusiastic. Only a happy person can give joy to others. A nurse with a cheerful nature can cheer up a down patient and there is a special possibility of the patient recovering from his illness.

Character: A nurse should also have a good character. A good character also makes the profession sacred.

Regularity: A nurse should be regular. She should not be irregular in her work hours because she has to treat the patient regularly and on time.

Sectorify: A nurse should not only have tolerance and humility, but she should also be kind and compassionate towards the patient and should show sympathy.

Sympathy: A nurse should be sympathetic, that is, she should put herself in the place of the patient and if she gets good behavior, we should think about it. The nurse should have the ability to treat the patient without hurting his feelings.

Self-confidence: The nurse should have self-confidence. She should have faith in herself that she can completely cure the patient. Observation The nurse should have observation power. The evaluation done through observation can help us to know which work to give importance to and also the effect of the treatment given to the patient.

Alertness: The nurse should be alert and agile. There should be a desire to work quickly. The patient’s confidence increases with the good behavior of the nurse.

Epathy: The nurse should not discriminate in any way. She should treat the patient as a patient, regardless of his caste, religion or economic status.

Honesty: The nurse should be honest. There are many equipment articles, medicines, etc. in the ward. The responsibility of the nurse is on the nurse. If anything is damaged or broken by mistake, the authority should be informed.

Scientific Knowledge: The nurse should work keeping in mind the scientific principle. Not only book knowledge, but also experience should be used and applied with scientific principles. The nurse should also have intelligence.

Economic Nature: The nature of the nurse should be thrifty and should be able to do any work by saving time and energy.

Self-dependent: The patient should not be dependent on others for their care.

Curiosity: A nurse should always have a curiosity to learn new things so that she can increase her knowledge over time. Next Resource: She should be able to fully utilize whatever resources are available for the treatment of the patient.

c. Explain admission procedure of patient in ward. 05

Admission Procedure of Patient in Ward:

The admission process of a patient in a ward is a coherent and professionally decided step-by-step process, which is done as per the medical protocol of the hospital. When the doctor orders the patient to be admitted to the hospital ward for observation or treatment, the process starts from the admission desk. Here the individual and demographic data of the patient, such as name, age, gender, address, contact details and emergency contact, are recorded. Along with this, the admission form and consent form are signed by the patient or his/her relative.

After this, the patient is sent to the decided ward as per the final diagnosis, allotted ward and bed number. After reaching the ward, the receiving nurse conducts a fresh admission assessment of the patient, in which vital signs such as pulse, blood pressure, temperature and respiratory rate are checked. The patient’s medical history and details of the current problem are also taken.

The patient is informed about the hospital’s policy, routine, visiting hours, hygiene, and nurse call system. The patient is helped to wear certain types of clothes such as a hospital gown and their personal belongings are stored safely.

In this process, a medical record is prepared with the patient’s complete data and it is assigned to the decided consultant doctor. The nursing staff begins their work by making a plan for the observation and treatment of the patient.

In this way, the ward admission of the patient is provided in a standard, systematic and patient-centric method, which is associated with all steps of patient safety and care.

OR

a. Define Physical examination.

A detailed inspection or study of a patient’s physical and psychological condition is called a physical examination.

An examination to determine the general physical condition or function of any part of the body through detailed inspection is called a physical examination.

b. Describe methods of physical examination.

Physical examination is a detailed inspection or detailed study of the physical and psychological condition of the patient.

Physical examination methods:-

Inspection: In this method, the general condition of the patient is known from the observation of his body. This means that in this, the general appearance of the patient is observed. What is the color of the patient’s skin? Is there any rash on the skin or if there is a deformity anywhere in the body, it is examined. The patient’s diet history is taken. In inspection, the doctor listens to all the complaints of the patient and a history is written accordingly. Thus, through inspection, the history of the patient’s illness, current complaints and body functions can be known.

Palpation: This means the act of examining by touching the body parts and feeling them. Fingers are used for palpation, which can help determine the size and position of the organ. This exam is also done when there is any tumor in the neck or tenderness in the armpit or groin.

Percussion: In percussion, tapping is done by placing fingers on the patient’s body parts. Through tapping, the sound of the internal organ is observed, which gives an idea of the condition of the internal organs. Whether the patient’s bladder is full or empty can be determined through percussion. In addition, percussion can be done on the chest, abdomen, and back.

Auscultation: In this, no sound is heard inside the patient’s body with a stethoscope or fetoscope. This method is used to listen to the chest sound, listen to the heart rate, take blood pressure.

Manipulation: This method is used to know the flexibility of the organ, for example, rigidity of the neck, flexion of the arm, abduction movements, etc.

Special equipment: Some types of examinations are done with special equipment, for example, otoscope, ophthalmoscope, speculum scope, X-ray sonography, etc.

c. Explain importance of patient’s records and reports in ward. 05

A record is a permanent written communication that documents information related to the health care management of a client.

OR

A record is a clinical, scientific, administrative, and legal document relating to nursing care provided to an individual, family, or community.

1. Good records prevent duplication of work by the same person
2. Patients receive better care when reports are complete and provide all relevant data
3. Complete records provide a sense of security that comes from knowing all the factors of a situation.
4. Assist in efficient ward management.

5.Helps in legal matters, provides judicial protection

6.Helps in evaluation

7.Helps in research

8.To improve quality

9.To simplify administrative processes

10.To justify the work done

11.To know the progress of the patient and work

12.Very important for quality audit

Q-2 a) Define first aid & write general principles of first aid. .08

In case of an accident that is physical such as a fracture, hemorrhage or burn, the person present at the time can give the treatment before the doctor arrives, that is, primary treatment.

You should reach the accident site as soon as possible

2) Do not ask unnecessary questions

3) Find out the cause of the injury or illness as soon as possible.

4) Immediately remove the object that caused the injury or remove the person from it, such as removing the person who has burns and pouring water on it, if there is an electric shock, remove it from the electricity with the help of a stick.

5) The patient is unconscious but semi-conscious, is he alive or dead.

6) Know which treatment to do first: such as first trying to start the heart if it is stopped, regulating respiration or trying to stop bleeding if there is bleeding, etc.

7) Obtain medical treatment

8) Record the patient’s details

9) Keep the patient as comfortable as possible

11) Arrange the necessary equipment from the available items, such as using a handkerchief instead of waiting for a bandage if there is bleeding.

12) If the patient is conscious, provide him with sedation.

b) Write preventive measures of bed-sore.04

Prevention of Bedsore

Relieve Pressure

• Use Air Causion or Air Ring
• Apply Cotton Ring on the Front of Elbow Hill to Reduce Pressure
• Handle Gently While Giving Bed Pan
• Tight or Loose Bandages Properly Tie Necessary
• Care for the Back of the Serious Patient Every Four Hours and Change His Position Every Two Hours
• Inform the Doctor if the Plastered Patient Feels Pressure on Any Place in the Bone

Prevent Moisture

• For Any Reason, the Patient’s Clothes Should Be Changed Immediately
• Bed Linen Should Be Changed Immediately
• Carefully Use Draw Seat Making Toss to Prevent the Linen from Getting Wet During Nursing Procedures
• If the Patient is Experiencing Excessive Sweating, Provide Ventilation, Provide Dry Environment and Change Wet Clothes.

Avoid friction

Never use rough and broken bedpans

While providing bedpans, the patient should be lifted and given in a way that does not cause friction and the same care should be taken while taking them off.

The bed should always be kept wrinkle-free and clean.

Smooth mattress and smooth cloth should be given to serious patients.

Use sand bags to prevent excessive movement of the patient.

Use water mattress as required for bedridden patients.

Do regular back care. Always inspect the prominent parts of the body and massage the pressure points gently with speed.

Always change the bed linen to maintain the hygiene of the patient’s bed and if there are food particles or debris in the bed, keep the bed clean regularly.

OR

a) Explain the rights of drugs administration.

1. Right patient

Check the name on the prescription paper and the name on the wristband

Ideally, use 2 or more identifiers and ask the patient to identify themselves.

2. Right medication

Check the name of the medication, avoid brand names.

Check the expiration date.

Check the prescription.

Ensure that medications, especially antibiotics, are reviewed regularly.

3. Right dose

Check the prescription.

Calculate the dose correctly and follow the right guidelines

4. Right route

Re-check the prescription and check the appropriate route for the medicine

Check whether the patient will be able to take the medicine according to the route

5. Right time

Check the frequency of the medicine prescribed to the patient

Check whether the medicine you are currently giving is the right time for it

Confirm when the medicine was last given

6. Right patient education

Check whether the patient can understand the medication being given

Tell the patient about the possible side effects of the medicine being given

7. Right Documentation

After giving the medicine, check whether it has been properly documented and determine whether the prescribed medicine has been given as intended

8. Right to Refusal

Get the patient’s consent before giving the medicine

Keep in mind that the patient has the right to refuse the medication given to them

9. Right to Assessment

Determine whether the patient really needed the medicine

Check its contraindications

And make the necessary observations

10. Right to Evaluation

Determine whether the medicine has worked for the purpose for which it was given. Regularly review the medicine and continue the necessary observations.

b) Write down functions of hospital.

Function of Hospital:

Patient Care

Taking care of patients All kinds of care are taken of all patients admitted to the hospital, from admission to discharge, their nursing care and other needs are provided and in addition, 24-hour treatment is provided in emergencies

Prevention of Diseases

Prevention is Better The hospital doctors together with the hospital doctors prevent the patient’s disease. To prevent the disease from occurring, immunization is done in advance. In addition, the necessary cleaning and other work is done by the hospital to prevent diseases in the hospital

Promotion of Health

To improve the health of the patients admitted to the hospital, they are also given advice related to the disease by the hospital itself. So that the patient can improve his health, his relatives are also given health education and any person associated with health in the hospital can provide this type of health education

Investigation

In recent times, there has been a huge progress in medical science in diagnosis and treatment. Every New investigations and related tools have also been invented for the diagnosis of the patient so that the diagnosis of the disease can be done quickly. The diagnosis of the patients admitted to the hospital is determined by conducting the necessary investigations immediately and the necessary treatment is started accordingly. This is an important function of the hospital.

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation and Occupational Therapy Every person admitted to the hospital wants to recover and become stable in his society or profession again. Such patients are given specific guidance for which their total history is taken from the beginning and guidance is given according to it till the last step.

Medical Education

Medical Education All the activities running in the hospital include many types of education and it is provided by doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, pharmacists and technicians. In addition, medical education is planned at the required places. In-service education is organized for the staff staying inside the hospital as per the requirement. To train everyone and this type of education is given in accordance with new discoveries and new health programs etc.

Medical Research

Different patients are admitted to the medical research hospital, according to which many types of research can be done by knowing their problems. This work of research is as important as medical education, however, many types of research are done in many branches of the hospital and every person should know them. Through new research, many types of skills can be learned by knowing new knowledge.

Social Services

That is, social services are provided by the hospital and security is taken into account. In this, social is especially given to the patients. For this, there is also a social welfare department where social workers give appropriate advice to everyone. In accordance with security, many types of certificates are provided by the hospital such as physical fitness, age certificate, handicap certificate, etc. Along with this, certificates are provided to injured patients and 10 certificates to deceased patients. Birth and postmortem reports for the body are also given

Administration of the Institute

Hospital is a huge institution, all the employees in it are managed by the administrative office of the hospital. Records are kept about the service of each employee. Records Many types of records are kept by the hospital, including records from admission to discharge of the patient, birth and death records, infectious disease records, in addition to this, some types of statistical information are recorded. Written records of this matter are regularly sent to the necessary places, so this work is very essential for the hospital.

Q-3 Write short answer (any two)6 × 2 = 12

a) Describe dimensions of health.

1. Physical Dimension
   The complete functioning of the body is a sign of good physical health.
   Good complexion
   Healthy skin
   Bright complexion
   Luminous hair and body without excess fat
   A sweet breath
   Good appetite
   Good sleep
   Regular function of the bowel and bladder
   Smooth and coordinated body movements
   All vital signs are within normal range.
2. Mental Dimension
   It is the ability to respond to the various experiences of life with flexibility and a sense of purpose.

Good signs of a mentally healthy person
Free from internal conflict
Well-adjusted
Accepting criticism and not easily upset. Searcher for self-identification
Strong sense of self-esteem He knows himself (needs problems and goals)
Self-control Faces problems well and tries to solve them intelligently.

3.Social dimension
A person’s social skill level Social functions and ability to see himself as a member of society.

4.Spiritual dimension
It is related to the soul and feelings of man. It is the belief in the universal aspect of the universe.
Which resolves both internal and external conflicts.
Helps individuals find the meaning and purpose of life.
Provides philosophy of life. Direction, ethics, values and principles of living a high life.
Keeps strength and confidence to face real life situations.

5.Emotional Dimension
This is related to feelings.

6.Vocational Dimension
This is a part of human existence.
It plays the role of promoting both physical and mental health.
It provides satisfaction and self-esteem.

7.Other Dimension
Philosophical Dimension Cultural Dimension
Socioeconomic Dimension Educational Dimension
Nutritional Dimension Curative Dimension
Preventive Dimension Like

b) Describe comfort devices.

Define comfort device

• A comfort device is a mechanical device that provides optimal comfort to an individual.
• A comfort device is a type of article that is used to provide comfort to a patient and relieve discomfort. It is also used to maintain correct posture.
• There are many types of devices used to provide patient comfort, which are as follows:

Enlist comfort device

Pillow

Back rest

Bed cradle

Bed blocks

Rubber and cotton ring

Mattress

Cardiac table

Air cushion

Sand bag

Foot board

Knee rest

Hand roll

Trapeze bar

Trochanter rolls

Side rails

purpose of comfort device:

To promote comfort.

To relieve discomfort.

To relieve pressure on a body part.

To prevent bedsores.

To immobilize a body part.

To maintain correct posture.

To prevent falls and accidents.

Pillow:

A pillow is a type of comfort device that is useful for providing a comfortable position to the patient.

In addition, pillows are used to provide support to various parts of the body.

Since pillows can be folded, rolled, and tucked, they are used to maintain position.

In addition, pillows are used to support the head, neck, arms, legs, and back.

Also, pillows relieve pain in the abdominal muscles and knee tendons.

Back rest:

A back rest is a mechanical device that provides support and rest to the back of a patient in a sitting position.

The back rest can be adjusted to the desired angle.

The back rest is used to elevate and support the head and back.

The back rest is used in patients with cardiac and pulmonary diseases.

Bed cradle:

A bed cradle is a semi-circular shaped comfort device used to take off the weight of bed linen.

Bed cradles come in different sizes and materials.

Such as wooden, metal, electronic

Bed cradles are mainly used in burn patients.

Bed blocks:

Bed blocks are mostly made of wood. They can be high or low.

Bed blocks are placed under the foot of the bed.

Bed blocks are mainly used after spinal anesthesia and tonsillectomy.

Rings:

Air ring is a type of comfort device made of circular rubber and cotton. Which is inflated with air. It is also checked for leakage.

This air ring is placed under the patient’s hip and under the bony prominence area

Air mattress & water mattress:

Air mattress is inflated with air while water mattress is filled with water.

Air and water mattresses are used in very thin and obese patients who have chances of developing pressure sores.

This mattress helps in distributing the weight of the body equally in all directions so that pressure on any one body part can be prevented.

Air and water mattresses are made of plastic with two sets of chambers.

This mattress is placed on the bed and covered with a light bottom cloth.

Air cushion:

An air cushion is a round-shaped ring-like structure made of rubber. Which is inflated with air.

An air cushion is used to take off the weight of the body.

An air cushion cannot be applied directly to the skin, so it is covered with a cover.

Sand bag:

A sand bag is a sand-filled canvas, rubber or plastic bag.

A sand bag can be used in place of a trochanter roll.

Sand bags are available in different weights.

Foot board:

A foot board is also known as a foot rest.

A foot board is a flat panel or board made of plastic or wood.

It is used to provide rest to the feet.

The foot board is placed parallel to the plantar surface of the patient’s feet and perpendicular to the mattress.

Knee rest:

A knee rest is used instead of a pillow.

A knee rest is placed under the knee and provides comfort to the knee.

Many doctors discourage the use of knee pillows because of the fear of thrombus formation.

Hand rolls:

A hand roll is a cylinder-shaped comfort device made of cloth. It is 4-5 inches long and has a diameter of 2-3 inches.

In a hand roll, the cloth is rolled and folded and stiffened firmly.

This roll is placed against the palmar surface.

A hand roll is mainly used to keep the thumb and fingers in a slightly flexed position.

Trapeze bar:

An overhead trapeze bar is a triangular-shaped metal bar that is attached to a metal frame that is attached to the headboard and footboard of the bed.

This triangular metal part is on the top of the bed and is used to move the patient and support the weight while changing the patient’s position.

Side rails:

Side rails are a type of bar (side). Which is placed on either side of the bed. Which is the length of the bed. Fall down can be prevented by using side rails. Also, side rails assist the patient in moving easily.

Wedge / abductor pillow:

This is a triangular shaped pillow. Which is made of heavy foam.

Cardiac table

This is a type of table-like structure. Which is placed in front of the patient on the bed. On which a pillow is kept so that the patient can rest and lean forward. This table is used in meals and writing without a pillow. This table is mainly used in cardiac patients and asthmatic patients.

c) Define restraint, enlist types and write hazards of restraint.

Restraint is a type of device that limits the movement and freedom of an individual. Restraint is used to mobilize any body part, i.e. to restrict the movement of any body part. Restraint is used in health care, psychiatric and correctional settings. Restraint is divided into several types as shown below:

Types of restraints:

✓ Physical restraint:

Manual restraint:

In manual restraint, the hands and body are used to hold the person in place.

Mechanical restraint:

In mechanical restraint, mechanical devices are used to restrict movement. Such as belts, straps, cuffs. For example, wrist and ankle restraints, restraint chairs.

Positional Restraint:

In positional restraint, the patient is given a position that restricts the patient’s movement. Such as prone position, supine position

✓ Chemical Restraint:

In chemical restraint, medicine is used to control the patient’s behavior or restrict movement. In which sedatives, antipsychotic drugs, anxiolytic drugs are used as medicines.

✓ Environmental Restraint:

In environmental restraint, the environment around the patient is modified to restrict movement. Such as locking the door, seclusion room

✓ Psychological Restraint:

In psychological restraint, verbal commands, intimidation, and coercion are used to control a person’s behavior.

Types of restraint:

MITTENS RESTRAINTS

LAP OR BELT IN THE CHAIR

Bed rails or side rails

Chair with belt

Abdominal belt

Elbow restraint

Mommy restraint

Hazards of restraint:

Damage to tissue due to constant friction.

Damage to other parts of the body such as dislocation

Development or occurrence of pressure sores.

Nerve damage or ischemia may occur

Foot drop or wrist drop.

Asphyxia or aspiration pneumonia may occur.

Patients may feel as if they are being punished.

Q-4 Write short notes.12

a) Barriers of communication

Physiological Barrier: Which includes sensory organs not working such as hearing, seeing, etc. and not being able to express. Cannot receive or give messages.

Psychological Barrier: Which includes emotional issues such as anxiety, stress, fear, intelligence, ego, etc.

Environmental Barrier: Which includes insufficient light and ventilation, if too much, too low temperature, too much noise or congestion.

Cultural Barrier: Which includes cultural issues of people such as their religion, their attitude, language, personality traits, their knowledge, understanding, etc.

b) Role of nurse in specimen collection

Specimen collection is a very important task of the nurse. It is very important for the nurse to collect the sample using the proper method and deliver it to the laboratory on time.

Preparation of the Patient.

• Prepare the patient physically and mentally according to the type of specimen to be taken.
• When, how and in what quantity the patient’s specimen is to be taken should be explained specifically.
• While collecting the specimen, the outer side of the container should not get dirty, otherwise the employee may have difficulty in handling it and the infection may also spread.
• The container in which the sample is to be collected should be clean, unbreakable and should not be damaged from any place.
• For specific tests for culture, the specific sample should have the same content as the label on the sample should be clearly visible.
• Most specimens should be collected fresh and early in the morning.
• Correct collection method should be adopted. For some types of tests, different bulbs are provided from the laboratory in which the specimen should be collected.
• Apart from this, different test tubes are provided in the hospital for the collection of different samples. As indicated in different colors, the sample should be collected in the proper colored tube.
• In female patients, urine and stool samples should be avoided during the period of menstruation cycle or if they have to be collected, they should be collected with proper technique so that they are not contaminated with blood. For this, vaginal tampons can also be used.

Preparation of Equipment.

• Different types of bottles and containers are available for sample collection, which are selected according to the requirement of the sample as follows.
• A large-mouthed glass bottle is used to collect urine samples.
• A small glass bottle is used for stool examination.
• A large glass bottle is used to collect 24-hour urine.
• A glass jar with a lid is used to collect sputum and stool.
• A sterile test tube or bottle is used for culture examination.
• A clean slide is used to prepare a smear.

c) Bio medical waste management

Biomedical waste is waste generated during the diagnosis, treatment or vaccination of humans or animals or during the production or testing of biological products or during research activities. Biomedical waste management ensures that all health workers and the environment are safe. Biomedical waste needs to be segregated at the time of waste generation to prevent further spread of infection. There should be a system for category separation, collection, packaging, storage, transportation and disposal for the disposal of biomedical waste. Disposal of biomedical waste generated from hospitals.

1. Yellow Bag.

Infected items such as tissue, human anatomical parts, dressings etc. are put in this bag.

2. Red Bag.

Plastic items such as I. V-set, syringe, catheter etc. are put in this bag

3. Blue Bag

Glass items like vials, ampoules etc.

4. White water proof container

In which sharp infu

d) Purposes of mouth care and hair wash

Purpose of Hair Care:

• To keep hair clean and healthy
• To remove dust and dirt from hair
• To provide a sense of well-being
• To prevent hair loss
• To increase blood circulation in the scalp
• To perm hair growth
• To remove lice and nits from hair
• To prevent infection, itching, etc. from hair
• To remove bad smell and dandruff from hair

Purpose of Mouth Wash:

1. To keep the teeth and gums inside the mouth healthy
2. To prevent the mucous membrane of the mouth from drying out and cracking
3. To clean food particles and bacteria inside the teeth
4. To stimulate appetite
5. To prevent infection in the mouth, to massage the gums, to increase blood circulation, to prevent sores and ulcers in the mouth To prevent
6. To remove bad breath
7. To prevent dental diseases such as pyorrhea, tooth decay, gingivitis, etc. To remove plaque on the tongue.

Q-5 Define following (any six) 12

a) Health

In 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as follows:

“Health is a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

As per WHO

“Health is a state or complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity.”

However, health is a constantly changing process, so it is very difficult to maintain this goal. Health is common in most cultures. In fact, every community has its own concept of health, health is a fundamental and fundamental right of every individual, which has also been included in the constitution.

b) Pulse

Pulse is the rhythmic throbbing action that occurs in an artery during each contraction of the heart, which can be measured by touching the artery such as the radial artery, carotid artery, etc. Assessment of the pulse provides information about the heart rate, rhythm, and volume, which indicate the condition of the person’s heart and blood circulation.

c) Tachycardia

Tachycardia means that your heart is beating faster than normal, usually more than 100 beats per minute. Sinus tachycardia is your body’s normal response to stress. Supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia can be dangerous or even life-threatening.

d) Polyuria

Polyuria is a medical condition in which excessive urine production or excretion occurs. In adults, when it is usually more than three liters, it is called polyuria. These symptoms are especially seen in diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, kidney diseases, etc. Polyuria is also seen with polydipsia.

e) Infection

Infection is a pathological condition caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites inside or outside the body, in which these microorganisms invade the tissues of the body and disrupt its normal functioning. Infection occurs when these microorganisms overcome the body’s immune system and spread, causing inflammation, fever, pain, fatigue, and other symptoms. In this case, the microorganisms enter specific organs or systems of the body and spread the infection. Infection can be transmitted through direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated food or water, or other body fluids. Prevention and treatment of infection require proper hygiene, vaccination, and the use of antibiotics or antiviral drugs.

f) Hyperthermia

Hyperthermia is a condition in which the body’s internal temperature (Core body temperature) rises above normal values, usually above 41°C/105.8°F. This is due to the failure of the body’s thermoregulation system and can be caused by activity in high temperatures, physical exertion, or dehydration.

OR

A body temperature ≥ 41°C/105.8°F is known as Hyperthermia/Hyperpyrexia.

g) Halitosis

Halitosis means bad breath or foul smelling breath in which there is a bad smell coming from the mouth. This is a chronic situation of breathing or it can also be acute due to which bad breath comes due to poor oral hygiene, growth of bacteria in the mouth, plaque in it, and consumption of food items like garlic, onion, spices. Apart from this, halitosis is seen in dry mouth, gingivitis or periodontitis infection, diabetes, liver disease. Apart from this, it also happens due to smoking and tobacco use.

h) Cyanosis

When the color of our skin (lips, nails) becomes bluish, which indicates poor circulation or decrease in blood or oxygen in the body, which is called cyanosis.

Q-6(A) Fill in the blanks05

1.Full form of NANDA is …… North American Nursing Diagnosis Association

2.Loss of appetite termed as …… Anorexia

3.Autoscope is used to examine …… Ear

4.H.S means …… Hora Somni
H.S એટલે Hora Somni (at bedtime –

5.If blood pressure is 140/90 mm of Hg than pulse pressure is …… 50 mm of Hg

(B) Match the following – . 05

A B

A)Vaginal examination (A) Bleeding from nose

(B) Hemetemesis (B) Presence of blood in sputum

(C) Hematuria (C) Lithotomy position

(D) Hemoptysis (D) Presence of blood in urine

(E) Epistaxis (E) presence of blood in vomitus

Final Matching Answers:
A → C,

B → E,

C → D,

D → B,

E → A

(C) Multiple choice questions 05

1.Specific gravity of normal urine is-

(a) 1.005 to 1.030

(b) 1.09 to 1.010

(c) 1.030 to 1.040

(d) 2.020 to 2.030

2.Hospital acquired infection is known as –

(a) Droplet infection

(b) Auto infection

(c) Cross infection

(d) Nosocomial infection

3.WHO day is celebrated on

(a) 7th May

(b) 7th June

(c) 7th July

(d) 7th April

4.Instrument used for rectal examination –

(a) Proctoscope

(b) Autoscope

(c) Stethoscope

(d) Thermometer

5.Benedict’s test is the test for

(a) Albumin

(b) Sugar

(c) Acetone

(d) Bile salt