General Nursing & Midwifery (First Year)COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING = 26/09/2024UPLAOD NO.9

Q-1 a. Define health education03

According to Alma Atta (1978), “Health education is a process that encourages people to bring about changes in knowledge and behavior in their health practices, to maintain personal health and to obtain help as needed.”

b. Write barriers of communication 04

1.Physiological Barrier
Which includes sensory organ functioning such as hearing, seeing, etc. and expression. Not being able to receive or give messages

2.Psychological Barrier
Which includes emotional issues such as anxiety, stress, fear, intelligence, ego, etc.
3.Environmental Barrier
Which includes insufficient light and ventilation, too much temperature, too much noise or congestion, etc.

4.Cultural Barrier
Which includes people’s cultural issues such as their religion, their attitude, language, personality traits, their knowledge, understanding, etc.

c. Explain principles of health education.05

1. Interest

This is a well-known psychological approach

People learn only if they are interested. Health education is related to people’s interests, so before providing health education, the health needs of the people should be known first. If we provide health education keeping in mind the health needs of the people, people will be interested in it.

2. Motivation

There are two types of desire or motivation

Primary

Which includes hunger, sleep, immediate survival, etc.

Secondary

Which includes desire or other external forces, if it is stimulated, it includes love, appreciation, competition, identity, change, or education. This is a necessary need for every person. Motivation plays a very important role in health education. Motivation can be used to encourage changes in the behavior of other people.

3. Participation

Participation is the main component of health education. Participatory learning is based on active learning and is better than passive learning in which individual participation shows acceptance of the person. Group discussion, panel discussion, workshop etc. are types of active learning

4. Comprehension

In health education, it is very important to tell the type of community and its manners, education level, economic status and the type of their business. There should be knowledge about their culture, religion, habits and general behavior. This information is obtained from comedy so that it presents its own language, ideas, their languages ​​according to the standard of living so that people can easily understand the message given to it

5. Credibility

The message communicated should be credible, it should be with scientific knowledge and the culture should match the local culture, educational system and our goals. Until we win the trust of people, we will do well. Unable to communicate

6. Reinforcement

Very few people learn from being taught once while many people cannot learn or accept new ideas or things. They need to meet repeatedly or give the message repeatedly through different ways so that there is effective health education

7. Learning by Doing

Learning is a process. According to a Chinese proverb, what one does by oneself can be remembered for a longer time. Therefore, health education should be given in such a way that people continue until they put it into practice.

7. Known to Unknown

In health education, work should start with what people know and work on what they do not know.

8. Good Human Relationship

Good friendly relations should be established with people, which gives good results.

9. Leader (Leader)

To provide effective communication education, we can provide health education in a better way if we take the help of local leaders or those who are among the people.

OR

a. Define primary health care .03

Primary Health Care – The concept of primary health care was similar to the concept of basic health services in India which was proposed by the Bhor Committee in 1946 and implemented by the Government of India through successive Five Year Plans after independence.

Definition of Primary Health Care – According to WHO, “Primary health care is the most essential health care that can be provided everywhere by the individual, family and society, practically and scientifically, with the full support of the individual, family and society, and is affordable by the country.”

Concept of Primary Health Care

Accountability

Affordability

Available

Acceptable

Accessibility

Acceptable by the country and the community

Universally accessible to all citizens of the country

Available to all, regardless of rural or urban, rich or poor communities

Based on practical and scientifically sound technology

Socially acceptable

Accountable to the health care agencies of the country.

b. Write elements of primary health care. .04

Elements of Primary Health Care:

Primary Health Care:

Primary health care is an essential health care that is universally made accessible to everyone and acceptable to everyone through full participation of the person and the cost of primary health care should be affordable to the community and the country. There are 8 essential elements of primary health care which are as follows:

ELEMENTS:

1) E: Ensure safe water supply,

2) L: Locally endemic disease control

3) E: Education

4) M: Maternal and child health (immunization against infectious diseases)

5) E: Environmental sanitation

6) N: Nutrition

7) T: Treatment Of Minor Alignment

8) S: School Health Services.

1) E: Ensure Safe Water Supply:

Supply of adequate amounts of safe drinking water and sanitation are essential for good health and are an important factor in an environment. Access to safe drinking water is essential for preventing waterborne diseases and promoting overall health. Primary health care involves efforts to ensure that communities have access to clean and safe water sources, which are fundamental for disease prevention and health promotion.

2) L: Locally Endemic Disease Control:

The main focus of primary health care is to control any endemic diseases in a particular region or community. It involves surveillance, preventive measures (such as vaccination and vector control) and early detection and treatment of locally prevalent diseases. Prevention and control of locally and endemic diseases to reduce morbidity rates.

3) E: Education:

Health education is a key component of primary health care. Its aim is to empower individuals and communities with the knowledge and skills to make informed decisions about their health. Education covers a wide range of topics including hygiene practices, nutrition, family planning, sexual health, and prevention of disease. To provide education to people about health and current health problems. To control and prevent these health problems, certain measures are formulated and people are made aware about the health services available to them so that they can use them when needed.

4) M: Maternal and Child Health (Immunization Against Infectious Diseases):

Mothers and children are the most vulnerable groups to health problems and account for a large percentage of the population. Primary health care places significant emphasis on maternal and child health services. It involves prenatal care, safe childbirth, proper postnatal care, newborn care, immunization, growth monitoring, and nutrition to ensure healthy development during critical stages of life. Protecting mothers and children from illness and other risks ensures the good health of families and communities. Immunization against infectious diseases:

Provide proper immunization to the child to protect them from major infectious diseases. Such as,
Poliomyelitis,
Diphtheria,
Tetanus,
Measles,
Tuberculosis,
Hepatitis B, etc.

Provide proper immunization to the child to prevent infectious conditions like.

5) E: Environmental Sanitation:

Environmental sanitation is essential to prevent diseases caused by poor hygiene and environmental conditions. Primary health care includes improving sanitation, proper disposal of waste materials, and providing education on hygienic practices to reduce the risk of communicable diseases in the community.

6) N: Nutrition:

Good nutrition is essential for health and for the growth and development of children. People should be encouraged to pay attention to a balanced diet. Nutrition is the foundation of primary health care, which identifies both malnutrition and overnutrition as issues. It involves promotion of balanced diet, micronutrients, supplementation, support breastfeeding, and nutritional counseling to improve health outcomes and prevent nutritional deficiencies. It is necessary to provide knowledge on food preparation and preserving nutrients present in the diet.

7) T : Treatment of Minor Alignment:

Primary health care provides accessible and timely treatment for common health conditions and minor alignments. Primary health care is provided by trained health care personnel to manage illnesses (such as respiratory infections, diarrhea, skin conditions, and minor injuries). And there should be easy availability of drugs.

8) S: School Health Services:

School health services are integrated with primary health care to improve the health and well-being of school-age children. These services include screening, immunization, health education sessions, counseling, and referral for further evaluation and treatment when needed.

Thus, a total of 8 elements are involved in primary health care.

c. Explain the principles of primary health care. – 05

Principles of Primary Health Care:

There are 5 main principles of primary health care.

• 1) Equitable Distribution,
• 2) Community Participation,
• 3) Appropriate Technology,
• 4) Focus on Prevention,
• 5) Intersectoral Coordination

1) Equitable Distribution:

Health services and resources should be distributed equally in the community. Primary health care should be available to all without any discrimination of caste, creed and gender, religion, rich, poor, urban or rural. According to this principle, primary health care should be available to every individual, family and community. It is based on social justice. People living in rural areas are the main target of primary health care.

2) Community Participation:

It is difficult to achieve the goal of primary health care without community involvement. Continuous efforts should be made to get community involvement in planning, implementation, and maintenance of health services. Local health workers of villages like village health guides, anganwadi workers, ASHAs, train-aids overcome any communication barriers and culture and provide health services.

This is done in such a way that it becomes acceptable to the community.

3) Appropriate Technology:

The technology used in primary health care should be scientifically sound, safe, socially acceptable, appropriate to local requirements and financially viable and should be available at the local level. Ex: Use of ORS for the treatment of diarrhoea is an example.

4) Focus on Prevention:

The main focus of primary health care is not to treat disease but to prevent disease and promote health. Primary health care emphasizes health education.

5) Intersectoral Coordination:

For the successful implementation of primary health care, coordination of other sectors is necessary such as agriculture, sanitation, housing, nutrition, public workers, communication and education etc.

Thus, primary health care mainly involves 5 principles.

Q-2 a) Classify the methods of family planning and describe anyone. 08

Classification of family planning methods:

1.Natural method

Withdrawal or coitus interruptus

Self-control

Rhythm method or safe period

Basal body temperature

2.Artificial

A . Temporary

1. Chemical method → Form tablets
   →Jelly or cream
   →Mechanical method
2. Mechanical method → Condom for male → Vaginal diaphragm → Cervical cap for female
3. Hormonal method
   → Oral pills
   → Injectable contraceptive
   → Subdermal implant
4. Intrauterine device → Lipis loop → Copper-T

B. Permanent
→ Vasectomy or NSV
→ Tubectomy
→ Laparoscopy

Condom:

A condom is 17.4 cm long and 4.5 cm in diameter, worn on the erect penis before intercourse. After intercourse, the condom should be removed from the penis in such a way that it does not come out and should be discarded, burned or crushed so that no one can get it into the hands of children.

• This is a thin rubber device used for contraception through mail.
• It is to be worn during intercourse.
• Condoms are very effective and safe for birth control.
• . With its use, the desired period can be kept between two children. With its use, there is no pregnancy between two children.
• It has no side effects.
• It is to be worn on the penis during every sexual intercourse.
• With its use, semen can be prevented from entering the vagina.
• It is more effective when used with chemical spermicide (jelly).
• This not only prevents pregnancy but also protects against AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases.
• Use a new condom every time,
• Before using a condom, check whether it is leaking or not
• Many types of condoms are available in the market,

• Advantages : –

Easily available. Available in every family welfare center.

Easy to use.

Prevents unwanted.

Protects against S.T.D & Aids.

No side effects.

No need for any kind of medical supervision

Dis Advantages :-

Failure rate 14%. Reduces sexual pleasure.

A new condom is required every time

Tear often.

b) Discuss the level of prevention of disease. 04

(1) Primary Prevention

The steps taken to prevent the occurrence of a disease or to stop it immediately after it occurs are called primary prevention, which includes

Health Promotion and

Specific Protection

(a) Health Promotion:-

This is the first level of prevention. In which we can prevent the spread of many diseases by improving the health of the individual and the community.

E.g. Nutrition Definition which can be prevented by providing adequate nutrition.

(b)Specific Protection:-

Some diseases can be prevented by specific protection. E.g.: T.B, Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis are prevented by BCG vaccine, Xerophthalmia by DPT vaccine by giving Vitamin A solution

Accidents can be prevented by using protective devices in factories and industries. Also, special organs of the body can be protected.

E.g., a welding person wears special glasses. Similarly, a person working in the X-ray department wears special gowns and glasses. People working in cotton factories wear masks

2. Secondary Prevention:-

Prevents the disease from progressing and prevents its complications.

Early Diagnosis

Treatment (Sufficient)

(a) Early Diagnosis

Which includes screening cash, health programs etc., we do not have vaccines to prevent all diseases. Therefore, early diagnosis is very important.

(b) Treatment (Sufficient)

For some types of diseases like syphilis, leprosy, etc., early diagnosis and treatment are the only solution. Which is very important to prevent the spread of the disease in the community.

(3) Tertiary Prevention:-

When the spread of the disease is high and it is more than the first stage, when there is no time for its prevention, it is called tertiary prevention.

(a) Reducing disability

That is, reducing deformity,

(b) Rehabilitation:-

Efforts to take the damage caused to the person due to addiction to its original state to the greatest extent. Such as

Functional Rehabilitation

Vocational Rehabilitation

Psychological Rehabilitation

Social Rehabilitation

OR

a) Define epidemiology & describe the modes of transmission of disease. 02

Epidemiology:

Epidemiology is a scientific branch that studies the distribution, causes, and control of diseases in populations. This branch identifies the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors of diseases and develops strategies for disease prevention. The goal of epidemiology is to understand what factors affect the spread of diseases and how these diseases can be prevented.

Modes of Transmission of Disease:

Diseases can spread from one person to another or through the environment. The main types of this transmission are as follows:

1.Direct Transmission:

Definition: When pathogenic microorganisms (pathogens) are passed directly from one person to another.

Example: Kissing, Handshaking, Sexual contact, or direct contact with an infected person.

Example of diseases: Influenza, Chickenpox, HIV/AIDS.

2.Indirect Transmission:

Definition: Pathogenic microorganisms are spread through a fomite.

Media: Contaminated surfaces, Water, Air, Dust, Food, or Clothing.

Example of diseases: Typhoid, Cholera, Hepatitis A.

3. Airborne Transmission:

Definition: Microorganisms enter the body through the air and are inhaled.

Example: Coughing, Sneezing, Dust particles, and Aerosols.

Example of diseases: Tuberculosis, Measles, Influenza.

4. Vector-borne Transmission:

Definition: Pathogenic microorganisms are spread by vectors such as Mosquitoes, Ticks, etc.

Example: Dengue, Malaria, Lyme disease.

5. Food and Waterborne Transmission:

Definition: Disease is caused by consuming contaminated food or water.

Example: Cholera, Hepatitis A, Food poisoning.

6. Mother to Child Transmission (Vertical Transmission):

Definition: The disease is transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding.

Example: HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B.

Epidemiology plays an important role in the transmission and prevention of diseases. Understanding the modes of transmission of diseases helps in taking preventive measures, which is very important for public health.

b) Write down functions of P.Н.С. 04

According to Alma Ata, PHCs have to perform the following functions.

(1) Medical Care:

In this, the patient is treated according to his disease, in which injections or medicines are used, in addition to this, preventive, promotive, curative treatment is given and minor diseases are treated

(2) M.C.H. Service and Family Planning

Maternal and Child Health Care, in which all services of child health from the antenatal period to the child health such as immunization, antenatal checkup, postnatal checkup, nutrition etc. are provided.

(3) Safe Water Supply and Basic Sanitation

To ensure safe drinking water for the people, chlorination of wells, sanitation programs etc.

(4) Prevention and Control of Locally Endemic Diseases

It is important to control the diseases that are frequently seen in the community.

(5) Collection and Reporting of Vital Statistics.

Vital collection and reporting of vital statistics like birth, death, delivery, notification of epidemic diseases etc.

(6) National Health Program

Implementation of every health program is done from the Primary Health Center only. Such as school health program, participation in malaria, philorrhoea, leprosy, tuberculosis, AIDS etc.

(7) Providing referral services

Providing referral services as per requirement.

(8) Providing training to health guides, health workers and health assistants.

Facilitation for providing training to health workers.

(9) Providing basic laboratory services

Providing basic laboratory services like haemoglobin test, urine test, blood smear for malaria etc. etc.

Q-3 Write short answer (any two) 6×2-12

a) Write characteristics of healthy individual.

According to the definition of health, a person is physically, mentally, socially, and religiously healthy and is not suffering from any disease or defect. Accordingly, his characteristics can be given as follows:

1. Characteristics of a physically healthy person:-

Good coordination of all body parts, bright eyes

Good body structure

Good appetite

Good movement of all body parts and good coordination

All body parts are working well

Special sense organs like hearing, vision, smell, touch, etc. are working well

Pulse BP is normal according to his age and gender

Good skin complexion, no problem and good sleep. All these are the characteristics of a physically healthy person.

2. Character of a mentally healthy person

Having a sense of self

Able to adjust well

Can accept criticism from others

Does not see any kind of conflict in him

Self-actualization

Knows his own needs, problems and goals

Has control over himself, is emotionally stable, can think emotionally and rationally, can cope with the stress and anxiety that comes with it, and finds his own identity.

3. Socially healthy character

Lives in harmony in society, contributes as an integral part in the family community and the world

Has healthy relationships in society and family

4. Spiritually healthy person

A person can live a well-determined ethical life and can fulfill his needs

Can perform the worship method according to his wishes

Has respect for others, in addition, the person should not have any kind of disease or deformity

Does not show unnecessary anxiety

Have self-confidence

Does not have any kind of social or mental stress

Does not have any kind of bad habit

Lives life very well and happily

Does exercise for fitness

etc. are the characteristics of a healthy person

b) Explain process of communication.

Sender / Source

This person is the originator of the message. An effective communicator should have the following qualities: Its purpose should be clear The message should be according to the needs and interests of the audience The effectiveness of the message is seen on the basis of its own social status, its knowledge and its vestige in the community

Message

A message means the information that the communicator has that people want to understand and act on. A good message should always have the following things: The message should have a specific purpose The message should be clear and understandable The message should have an outline The message should be time-sensitive and not demanding

It should be based on the basis of need

Coding

Converting information or ideas into a code, for example, words, pictures, actions, etc. is called coding

Channel of Communication

A channel is a medium of communication between the sender and the receiver. The entire communication is seen through its three media system such as interpersonal communication for example, counseling and traditional media such as Puppet shows, newsreels, etc. In addition, mass media such as radio, telephone, television, posters, films, videos, etc. can be used for a very large number of people. In today’s high-tech era, mobile, email, voice mail, internet, and blogs can also be used as channels.

Receiver

There must be a receiver in every communication. Without an audience, communication has no meaning, it is just noise.

Decoding

Unpacking the code is called decoding, which means that it gives meaning to the content it has received.

Feedback

This is a flow of information from the receiver or audience to the center, which is the audience’s reaction to the message. If the message is not clear, then it is not acceptable, then the audience will reject it. The feedback system gives the center an opportunity to increase the acceptability of its message. Generally, feedback is taken through polls, interviews, surveys, etc.

c) Define BMR and describe factor affecting on BMR.

BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) :

BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) is the amount of energy required by the body at rest to perform basic functions such as respiration, heartbeat, body temperature regulation, and cellular repair. This energy is expended in calories each day, even if you are not doing any physical activity. BMR represents the body’s basic rate of energy expenditure, which is essential for maintaining life. It depends on individual factors such as age, gender, body weight, height, and body composition. A high BMR value indicates that the body is burning more calories, while a low value indicates that energy expenditure is low. Understanding BMR is very important for maintaining a healthy body, as it helps in diet, exercise and weight control.

Factors affecting on BMR:

Variable factors Nutritional status BMR is lower in a malnourished person than in a well-nourished person. BMR decreases in a state of starvation.

Body size and surface area: BMR is proportional to the surface area of the body. More surface area leads to more heat loss, which increases heat production and BMR.

Body composition: Which is seen in the ratio of lean body mass to LPM, if there is more in the body, it is less.

Endocrine and hormonal conditions: BMR increases in hyperthyroidism while BMR decreases in hypothyroidism.

Ambient temperature and climate: BMR is high in winter while it is low in temperate climates. Infections, cancer, stress, etc. increase BMR.

Drugs: Caffeine, nicotine increase BMR, beta blockers decrease BMR.

Variable factors affect BMR.

Gender: Men have higher BMR than women, often due to differences in sex forms.

Age: BMR decreases with age because with age, there is a decrease in the placement of LBM and AD posture triceps, which reduces metabolism.

Q-4Write short notes. 12

a) Functions of protein

Functions of Protein:

Protein is one of the macronutrients essential for the life of the body, which plays a fundamental supporting role for all functions of the body. Protein is made up of amino acids, which are important for the development, maintenance and reconstruction of cells, tissues, and organs.

1. Support for Growth and Development:
   Protein is essential for the development of the body, especially in childhood, adolescence, and pregnancy. It helps in the formation of new cells and tissues.
2. Tissue Repair:
   Protein is essential for the repair of damaged tissues in the body. It plays an important role in wound healing and muscle repair.
3. Enzyme and Hormone Production:
   Protein is essential for the production of enzymes and hormones, which control chemical reactions and physiological functions in the body. For example, the hormone insulin controls blood sugar levels.
4. Energy Source:
   Protein can be a source of energy when carbohydrates and fats are not available. One gram of protein provides 4 calories of energy.
5. Support to Immune System:
   Protein is important for the production of antibodies, which protect the body from infections and diseases.
6. Fluid Balance:
   Protein helps maintain the balance of water and electrolytes in the body, which is necessary for the proper functioning of cells and organs.
7. Transport and Storage:
   Protein is responsible for the transport of important nutrients such as oxygen. For example, hemoglobin carries oxygen to various parts of the body.
8. Regulation of Gene Expression:
   Protein plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression in cells, which is necessary for the growth and function of the body.

b) Measures of mosquito control

Mosquitoes lay eggs in water. It is a common thing. The water in this place should be removed and the place should be closed. For example, drains, puddles of dirty water, etc.

There are many places where mosquitoes breed to control the larvae in this way. Therefore, this method of controlling mosquitoes is known as source reduction.

1. Applying oil

If oil is kept on water, a thin layer is formed on the water by the oil. Due to which the surface tension of the water decreases. And the oil spreads over the breeding place of the mosquito. Then both the larva and the pupa die due to the toxic action of the oil and by drowning a little. Because the air supply they get is stopped due to the oil. The oil used for this. It is crude oil, kerosene and petrol.

2. Synthetic Insecticide

In synthetic products, powders like D.D.T, B.H.C Malathion etc. are used, this can control mosquitoes but the larvae cannot be controlled because they live in clusters. Therefore, they are not found easily.

3. Biological Control

Some types of fish live by eating mosquito eggs. Guppy fish, Gambusia fish and Maspados fish are more famous. Therefore, in many places, such specific types of fish are kept for larva control.

4. Residual Insecticide

Such as B.H.O, D.D.T, O.M.S 33 Malathion, all these measures are used to control mosquitoes. These insecticides are sprayed on the walls and ceilings of the house and everywhere. In addition, spraying is done in areas where mosquitoes are more likely to live in the barn.

c) Bag technique

(1) Spread plastic sheets or newspaper on a flat and clean surface and place the bag on them. So that it does not get contaminated, if it cannot be placed below and there is a place to hang it above, then hang it above. Place the bag in a place that children cannot touch,

(2) Wash hands with soap and water before opening the bag.

(3) Take only the necessary items out of the bag..

(4) Perform nursing procedures as required.

(5) After pre-separation, wash, boil, hand wash everything and only then put it in its place in the instrument bag. When this is not possible, keep everything separate,

(6) Keep everything inside in small packets. It should be.

(7) Label each medicine bottle

(8) Burn contaminated dressing.

(9) Fold the used newspaper in such a way that the used item remains inside and put it in the outer pocket of the bag.

(10) Clean or disinfect each article used before putting it back in the bag.

(11) Record and report the work done with the procedure and home visit bag.

d) Types of A.V. Aids

Types of A.V. Aids (Audio-Visual Aids):

A.V. Aids (Audio-Visual Aids) are devices that help in disseminating information and education using visual and auditory mediums. These devices play an important role in education, health campaigns, and awareness campaigns. The use of A.V. Aids benefits both visual and auditory abilities in individuals and communities.

A.V. There are two main categories of Aids: Traditional and Modern A.V. Aids.

1.Traditional A.V. Aids:

Traditional A.V. Aids are devices that are very simple and easy to use. These devices provide particularly attractive visual and auditory cues and are useful in spreading health awareness among the people.

Charts and Posters:
To visually display health, hygiene, preventive measures, nutrition, and other health-related information.

Flashcards:
To quickly recall key information or concepts or to display a small amount of information.

Models:
3D models of anatomy, pathophysiology, and physiology.

Blackboards and Whiteboards:
A simple way to write and present information.

Maps and Diagrams:
Detailed maps and diagrams for health, disease prevention and education.

2.Modern A.V. Aids:

Modern A.V. Aids are new technology-based tools that can effectively share messages with people and reach a wider area or social group.

Projectors and Screens:
For displaying presentations, videos, and screen shots for large groups.

Smart Boards:
Interactive boards that enable people to ask questions and discuss health topics.

Video Clips and Films:
Videos and films for health education, immunization campaigns, and health awareness.

Multimedia Presentations:
The use of multimedia tools (such as PowerPoint) to combine text, images, sound, and video.

Audio Recordings:
Audio aids for health information, music, and public awareness.

Mobile Apps and Internet:
Mobile and Internet for disseminating information and campaigns on health topics.

A.V. Aids, especially in Community Health Nursing, are important for spreading health awareness, providing quality educational tools, and promoting best practices in health in the community. Both traditional and modern A.V. Aids, each with its own advantages and usability, fully support the provision of possible information.

Q-5 Define following (any six) 12

a) Community health nursing process

“The community health nursing process is a systematic, dynamic, ongoing interpersonal process in which the nurse and the person are viewed as a system in which each affects the other and both are affected by factors in behavior.”

OR

The community health nursing process refers to a systematic series of steps taken by the community health nurse in the community in which the community health nurse uses the approaches and resources available in the community to address community health and nursing problems.

b) Standing order Standing order

When a health worker goes on a home visit or to a school or industry, he or she may provide treatment in the absence of a doctor. This instruction may provide treatment as authorized by the authority. This instruction is given by the Medical Officer or Authorizing Committee and is called a Standing Order.

c) Counseling

“Counseling is a necessary process in which the counselor helps the counselee (the person receiving the counseling) to interpret the facts relevant to the choice, plan, or adjustment that he needs to make.”

Glenn F. Smith

or

“Counseling is a series of direct contacts with the person whose purpose is to help him change his attitudes and behavior.”

Carl Rogers

d) Noise

The word noise comes from the Latin word noise. An unpleasant sound that disrupts the balance of human or animal life is called noise pollution.

e) Balance diet:

Definition of Balanced Diet:

A Balanced Diet is a diet that includes all the nutrients required for the body’s growth, development, energy production, and overall health in the right proportions. This diet should contain a balanced ratio of nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Proteins are essential for cell growth and repair, carbohydrates provide energy for the body, fats are important for long-term energy and cellular function, while vitamins and minerals support the immune system and are essential for metabolic processes. Adequate water is essential for hydration. A balanced diet supports the body’s growth and development, strengthens the immune system, and helps protect against chronic diseases.

f) Nutrition:

Definition of Nutrition:

Nutrition is the process by which living organisms obtain essential nutrients from food, which are necessary for their growth, development, energy production, and overall health. This process involves the ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients from food. The process of nutrition supports various physiological functions of the body, such as cellular function, immune response, and tissue repair. Proper nutrition provides the body with nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water, which are essential for a healthy lifestyle and immune system.

g) Referral system:

Referral System Definition

Referral System is a health care system in which a patient is referred by a Primary Healthcare Provider to a more specialized specialist or a higher level of care when the patient requires more specialized treatment or complex medical intervention. This system ensures that the patient receives the right health care services at the right level at the right time, which helps in improving the health outcomes of the patient. The referral system involves different levels such as primary healthcare, secondary healthcare, and tertiary healthcare, where each level provides services according to the health needs of the patient. This system plays an important role in increasing coordination among health institutions, making effective use of resources, and providing patient-centered care.

h) Environmental health

Those aspects of human health and disease that depend on various environmental factors are called environmental health. Environment is an important factor that plays a role in health.

Q-6(A) Fill in the blanks –05

1.WHO day celebrated on……………. WHO✅ Answer: 7th April

2…………..method is best method for cooking. ✅ Answer: Steaming

3.The sender of the message is also known as …………… ✅ Answer: Communicator

4.Full form of GPCB is……………………….✅ Answer: Gujarat Pollution Control Board

5.Food adulteration act started in India in…………………….. year. ✅ Answer: 1954

(B) Match the following 05

(A) Ascorbic acid (A) Diarrhea

(B) Lodine (B) Tuberculosis

(C) Dehydration (C) 12th May

(D) Sputum slide (D) Vitamin C

(E) International nurses day (E) 22 May

(F) Goiter

🔁 Final Matching Summary:

• (A) Ascorbic acid → (D) Vitamin C
• (B) Iodine → (F) Goiter
• (C) Dehydration → (A) Diarrhea
• (D) Sputum slide → (B) Tuberculosis
• (E) International Nurses Day → (C) 12th May

(C) Multiple choice questions

1.In following which is the first step of physical examination?05

✅ Correct answer: (a) Inspection – Inspection
Reason: Inspection means to visually inspect the patient. This is the first and important step of physical examination, in which the body parts are visually assessed.

(b) Palpation Palpation

(c) Auscultation Oscultation

(d) Percussion

2.Best source of iron is – Very good source of iron

(a) Milk Milk

(b) Rice Rice

✅ Correct answer: (c) Ragi – Ragi
Reason: Ragi (rice) is rich in iron and is known as an excellent food for people with low hemoglobin. Milk and rice contain comparatively less iron.

(d) Wheat Wheat

3.Which of the following disease is transmitted by mosquitoes?

✅ Correct answer: (a) Dengue fever
Reason: Dengue is a virus that is spread by Aedes mosquitoes.

Tuberculosis → By airborne droplets

Kala azar → By Sandfly

Plague → By Flea

(c) Kala azar

(b) Plague

(d) Tuberculosis

4.Following are the components of communication process except

(a) Sender

(b) Receiver

✅ Correct answer: (c) Art & Skill

Reason: The basic elements of communication are – Sender, Message, Receiver, Feedback.
Art & Skill are important aids, but are not considered as a basic element.

(d) Message

5.Population covered by one PHC in plain area

(а) 5,000 – 5000

(c) 20,000 – 20000

(b) 10,000 – 10000

✅ Correct answer: (d) 30,000 – 30000
Reason: According to the norms of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, one PHC in plain areas is for a population of about 30,000 people, while for Tribal/Hilly areas it is for a population of 20,000.