BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE (GNM 1st year) PAPER SOLUTION 25/07/2017- UPLAOD NO-10

Q-1 a. What is Psychology? 03

The word psychology is made up of two Greek words. Psyche and Logos. AD. Till 1590, the word psyche meant soul or spirit and the word logos meant to study. Here the word soul was taken in a very broad sense. Therefore, later the word mind was used instead of soul.

Towards the end of the 19th century, William Woodt used the word behavior instead of mind, so according to the new definition, psychology i.e. the scientific study of human behavior is called psychology.

William Woodt is also known as the Father of Psychology.

The scientific study of mental processes and behavior is called psychology. It also studies the mind and how it works.

b. Write down scope of Psychology. 04

The scope of Psychology is vast and diverse. It involves different areas of study and application. A broad overview of it is given below.

1) Clinical Psychology
Clinical psychology is the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders and psychological problems. Clinical psychologists work in hospitals, clinics and private practice settings.

2) Counseling Psychology
Like clinical psychology, counseling psychology helps individuals cope with life changes, improve well-being, and resolve interpersonal conflicts.
Counselors work in schools, colleges, community centers, and private practice.

3) Developmental Psychology
Developmental psychology examines human growth and development across the lifespan from infancy to old age.
Developmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development.

4) Educational Psychology
Educational psychologists study how people learn and develop in educational settings. Educational psychologists research effective teaching methods, assess learning difficulties, and design interventions to enhance learning outcomes.

5) Social Psychology
Social psychologists investigate how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts. They study topics such as conformity, prejudice, group dynamics, and interpersonal relationships.

6) Industrial-Organization (I-O) Psychology
Industrial-Organization (I-O) psychologists apply psychological principles to the workplace, focusing on areas such as employee motivation, leadership, organizational behavior, and personnel selection.

7) Health Psychology
Health psychologists study the psychological factors that affect physical health and illness. Health psychologists work on topics such as stress management, health behavior change, and the mind-body connection.

8) Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychologists explore mental processes such as perception, memory, attention, language, and problem solving. Cognitive psychologists also investigate how people acquire, process, and store information.

9) Forensic Psychology
Forensic psychologists apply psychological principles to legal and criminal justice contexts. Forensic psychologists assess criminal behavior and competence.

10) Neuropsychology
Neuropsychologists study the relationship between the brain and behavior. Neuropsychologists assess and treat individuals with brain injuries, neurological disorders, and cognitive deficits.

11) Experimental Psychology
Experimental psychologists conduct research to understand the fundamental principles of behavior and cognition. Experimental psychologists study topics such as learning, perception, and motivation.

12) Environmental Psychology
This field examines the interactions between people and their physical environment.
Environmental psychologists study topics such as environmental attitudes, behavioral drives, and the design of spaces to promote well-being.

These are just a few of the major branches of psychology. And within each area, there are numerous subfields and specialists.

C. Explain importance of psychology for Nurses. 05

Nursing and psychology are two different fields but they are related to each other.

Nursing focuses on health problems and their recovery, while psychology studies mental processes and behavior.

Nursing and psychology are related to each other because a nurse needs to know the behavior and emotional status of the patient while helping the patient recover from his/her problem.

A nurse has to deal with different people and different problems, so she/he should have the necessary knowledge about human psychology.

Therefore, it is necessary to have knowledge about psychology in nursing.

Psychology will help the nurse to understand her self.

Psychology will help the nurse to understand her self.

Psychology helps nurses understand their own goals, desires, feelings, and aspirations.

With the help of psychology, nurses can learn about their abilities, strengths, weaknesses, and limitations.

Nurses learn about how to relate to others, how to behave with others, and how to react in certain situations.

Psychology helps nurses understand the behavior of other people.

With the help of which nurses can understand the behavior of other members of the health team, such as doctors, patients, and their family members, and work well with them.

Since a nurse has scientific knowledge of human behavior, she can understand other people better and more easily and can build good interpersonal relationships.

Psychology helps the nurse to understand the different defense mechanisms used by people.

She will understand the impact of customs and culture on people’s behavior and will be able to provide effective care to people.

Psychology will help the nurse to improve situation by solve problem and change in the environment.

A nurse can solve any problem by learning the ability to solve problems from psychology.

The study of psychology helps in making adjustments as a result of mental illness and handicap and in solving the problems that arise as a result of it.

Some types of diseases like heart disease, cancer etc. can be controlled with the help of treatment but these types of diseases cannot be completely eradicated, but they have to be lived with by making special adjustments. This requires special coping skills which the nurse can learn with the help of psychology studies.

Psychology helps in understanding the relationship of body, mind and spirit with each other and how they affect each other.

The nurse will know how her emotions affect her body and similarly she will know about the effect of the patient’s emotions on the patient’s body.

OR

Q-1 a. What is family? 03

Family is a group of people in which people live together to fulfill their biological needs. A group of people who eat in the same common kitchen and have a close relationship between them is called a family.

A family is a unit in which a person’s primary health care and social services are provided. This is a unit of study for social and medical sciences. Most health workers, professionals, nurses are associated with families or people in a similar way.

b. Write down family cycle. 04

Everyone grows and enters different phases in their life. Each phase has different challenges and milestones. For example, when a baby develops trust in his caregiver in the first few years of life, he or she is able to grow and develop. Each child goes through their own growth phase, but along with growth, development is also important. It is important for the family to understand this. Their development can be expanded through a family cycle according to their stage.

(1) Unmarried Adult

In this first stage, man issue is seen in which the child is separated from his parents. For example, when the child enters the age of 20, he goes to college, he is separated from his parents and experiences his own life. He is separated from his family members and connects with the peer group to start his career.

(2) Newly Married Adult

In this stage, there is a commitment to marriage in which the person learns how to maintain his wife and relationship. In this phase, the person starts his marital system.

(3) Child Bearing Adult

In this phase, a new family member comes in the life of the couple who accepts the new family member. In this phase, he has to deal with his financial status duties and the child. Adjustments need to be made to ensure that care is maintained. They need to be visited by the child’s grandparents if they do not live with them.

(4) Preschool Age Children

In this stage, the child enters preschool with full energy and curiosity.

(5) School Age Child

In this stage, the child enters school. Parents encourage the child to maintain relationships with others and encourage him/her in social interaction, which includes education and other activities.

(6) Teenage Child

When the child turns 15, it is a challenging time for the parents. When the child wants to become independent, flexible family boundaries increase in this stage. Parents should give their child the opportunity to grow.

(7) Launching Center

In this stage, the child is on his/her own. The child lives the college life, he gets away from his family, the child goes away from home for his further education and after many months he comes to visit, in which there is a task for the child that he accepts his own pressure and the family supports him

(8) Middle Age Adult

In which the parents feel like they are alone at home, in which the adult converses with others and shares his thoughts with each other and is seen close to other adults, the adult gets married and faces his new illnesses and challenges

(9) Retired Adult

In this stage, the man is of retirement, in which he should accept retirement, take care of his health and stay close to his family members and their children and deal with grief

c. Write down functions of family. 05

The important functions of the family are divided into two parts, essential and non-essential.

Essential Functions of the Family..

In which sexual relationship and satisfaction of sexual desire after marriage of a man and a woman is the main function.

The main function of the family is to produce children through sexual relationship and to raise these children properly by the family members.

Providing a home for each member of the family is the main function of the head of the family. It is the main function of the family that all members live safely and peacefully in the house.

It is the essential function of the family that all members living in the family live with the spirit of mutual socialization, everyone understands each other’s moral and social values, and love and affection are maintained properly between each other.

Non-essential functions of the family..

Every person in the family needs to have their own status and a suitable position in their family. So that they can live their life with full respect and it is also a means for social identity.

The economic function of the family is very important. In which every member has to do economic development and fulfill the needs of every person living in the family.

The educational function is also very important for family members and their children. It is very necessary and compulsory for everyone to get education to live, grow and learn something in society.

Maintaining the health and medical status of every member in the family is also a very important function. In which the health-oriented function of the family member is very important to get the family member treated during the time of illness and to keep him healthy.

The recreational needs of every member living in the family must be met. Therefore, it is necessary to do recreational activities using mass media, television or other recreational tools in the family. For children, toys, things they like and activities must be provided by the family member for recreation.

It is necessary for the family to transmit its religious and cultural values ​​from one generation to another. In which it transfers culture, religion and all principles from one generation to another.

In addition, it is necessary to provide facilities to each family member to maintain their health and hygiene and to meet their needs for good and nutritious food.

Q-2 Answer the following.

a. Describe classification of defence Mechanism in detail. 08

Defense Mechanism is a type of unconscious mental action by which the patient tries to protect himself from internal conflict, stress, sudden emotional pain or unacceptable thoughts. This mechanism is usually used by the Ego.

The main function of this mechanism is to keep the person’s mind stable and provide self-protection to make it work positively.

This is called DEFENSE MECHANISM OR MENTAL MECHANISM OR EGO DEFENSE MECHANISM.

Every person uses DEFENSE MECHANISM. Their use does not imply mental illness or psychosocial imbalance.

The mechanism used to protect a person from psychological problems is known as DEFENSE MECHANISM.

DEFENSE MECHANISM helps individuals to overcome anxiety associated with depression and conflict.

DEFENSE MECHANISM is a system of adjustment through which a person relieves or reduces the anxiety caused by uncomfortable situations that threaten self-esteem.

Ego defense mechanism operates consciously or unconsciously.

Defense mechanisms are originally classified by the American Psychiatric Association and various psychologists into three main categories:

1. Primitive Defense Mechanisms

This mechanism appears at the initial stage of personality development. It is very unstable and immature. It is mostly seen in children to mentally unstable patients.

Type :

Denial: The patient does not accept the real facts or events.

Projection: Showing one’s unacceptable feelings to others. For example, “I don’t like it” instead of “I don’t like it.”

Splitting: Seeing people or situations as either completely good or completely bad.

Acting out: Expressing feelings through harmful behavior rather than speaking them out.

2. Neurotic Defense Mechanisms:

This mechanism is used to deal with small, daily problems. It is used by normal people, but if used excessively, it can lead to personality disorders.

Types:

Repression: Suppressing painful feelings into the unconscious.

Displacement: Taking out anger on someone else instead of on someone else.

Rationalization: Making rational excuses for unacceptable behavior.

Reaction formation: Behaving in a way that is the opposite of what one values.

Intellectualization: Using the mind to explain away emotions.

3. Mature Defense Mechanisms:

This mechanism is more coherent, healthy, and socially acceptable. It is seen in mature patients and medically stable individuals.

Types:

Sublimation: Transforming unacceptable desires into acceptable activities (such as taking out anger in sports).

Suppression: Knowingly and intentionally suppressing painful emotions.

Altruism: Forgetting one’s own pain and serving others.

Humor: Expressing negative emotions in a light, humorous way.

Anticipation: Preparing oneself for future difficulties.

Defense mechanisms indicate the mental health of the patient. It is very important to understand its classification properly and identify the mental status of the patient based on it. Through proper identification and therapeutic intervention, the patient can be helped to develop healthier coping mechanisms.

Other defense mechanisms:

COMPENSATION:- Compensation: A person tries to cover up his WEAKNESS by directing his potential to other aspects of life.

eg:- An academically weak student can become a college champion in cricket by working hard.

DENIAL:- Refuse: Refusal to accept unacceptable ideas, behaviour & reality.

eg:- A seriously ill person refuses to accept that anything is wrong even though he is fully informed about the diagnosis and expected outcome.

DISPLACEMENT:- Displacement: Dissipating one’s inner feelings into a less threatening object.

eg:- A person may yell at his pet dog when he comes home after a bad day at work. So one’s anger is taken out on another person or thing, or on a place where it is less harmful.

INTELLECTUALIZATION:- Intellectualization: Using logical explanations to isolate the emotions of a painful event.

e.g.: After transferring to a new job, i.e. away from home, a person hides his anxiety by increasing the benefits of the job.

PROJECTION:- Projection: Blaming another person for one’s mistakes.

EG:- A person who is untruthful may satisfy himself by saying that other people also lie and are untruthful.

RATIONALIZATION:- Rationalization: To justify one’s unacceptable thoughts by giving socially acceptable reasons.

e.g.:- A person who is not able to do a job well may satisfy himself by saying that working hard at this job does not pay well.

REACTION FORMATION:- Reaction formation: A person behaves in a way that is completely opposite to his real feelings.

eg:- A jealous employee who hates his senior may show respect and affection towards him.

REGRATION:- Regression: Returning to an earlier and more comfortable level of development.

eg:- A person who has made sufficient progress in learning

REPRESSION:- Repression: Unconsciously forgetting painful thoughts, events or conflicts.

eg:- Forgetting a best friend’s birthday after a fight.

SUBLIMATION:- Sublimation: A person can redirect their unacceptable activities into socially acceptable and desirable activities.

eg:- A person with aggressive behavior can transform into competitive sports activities.

b. Write the rights of the individual in a democratic society.

In a democratic society, every person is given some fundamental and inalienable rights, with the help of which he can live an independent life and maintain his identity. Detailed information about these rights is given below:

1. Right to Life:

Every patient has the right to live. Steps must be taken at both the government and private levels to ensure that he is not put in danger and that his life is valued. No person can be deprived of his life in an uncomfortable way. This right becomes more important especially in hospitals during times like anesthesia, transfusion, and organ transplantation.

2. Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression:

A patient has the full right to express his/her thoughts, opinions and feelings, as long as it does not harm others. This right gives the patient the right to ask questions, get information and present his/her preferences about medical options.

3. Right to Equality:

Every patient gets the same rights without discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, caste, colour, sex or any other identity. One patient should not receive less or more treatment than another. Medical institutions also follow this right.

4. Right to Education and Information:

A patient has the right to get clear and complete information about his/her treatment, medical condition, medicines and treatment methods. Its purpose is that the patient can make his/her own informed decision. This right gives the patient the right to make informed and exact choices.

5. Right to Privacy and Confidentiality:

It is necessary to keep the patient’s medical information, test reports and personal history confidential. Ignoring it can affect the patient’s safety and mental state. It is not right for information to be leaked by doctors and healthcare workers.

6. Right to Free Treatment from Cruelty and Torture:

It is the responsibility of any patient not to be subjected to physical or mental suffering on purpose. This right becomes especially important when under psychiatric or cancer care.

7. Right to Choice of Healthcare Provider:

A patient has the right to choose his/her doctor, hospital or treatment method. This means that he/she can decide for himself/herself who to make an appointment with or consult.

All these rights aim to maintain the patient’s independence and dignity. In a democratic society, the responsibility of an individual to these rights is considered essential for a prosperous and just life at the medical and social levels.

Q-3 Answer the following (ANY TWO) 2×6 =12

a. Explain the characteristics of urban community.

Urban community means a group of people living in an urban area. This group of people lives in an area with a very high population density. Some characteristics are seen in this area which are as follows.

In the urban community, the class distribution is seen in different ways, i.e. a separate group of people living a luxurious life as well as the poor and middle class people live in different ways. There is no communication of any kind between the people of both the groups.

The people of the urban community do not have primary contact, they do not even know who lives in the area around them or in the surrounding environment.

The people of this community have a mechanical attitude, i.e. these people live in criteria like sheet machinery. Human beings i.e. humanity and its sensitivity are less seen in the people of this community.

People in urban communities have less sense of belonging towards the people, groups, communities or any organization around them.

In this community, people of different castes and cultures live together and they develop new traits and new cultures together. Their culture, occupation and ideas are very different from each other.

People in this community maintain social distance. They do not have the feeling of living together with each other.

People in urban communities work very fast and energetically during their daily life routine activities, so a very stressful and tense and insecure environment is seen around them.

Due to the fact that the people of this community live in overcrowded and polluted areas and their lifestyle is like this, they also fall prey to many diseases and ailments.

b. Write down development of attitude.

Whatever experience a person gets from his surrounding environment is important for the formation of his attitude towards that thing or situation. The following factors are very important for the formation of this attitude.

Family..

Family is a very important factor for the formation of attitude. A person spends a lot of his time in the family and gets information about any thing or person through parents and other members. Based on this information, his attitude towards that person or thing is formed. This attitude can be negative, positive or neutral.

Pierce..

In this, a person gets information by spending time with people of his same age, friends, neighbors, etc. By coming in contact with him, this information towards any thing or person helps him to develop his attitude.

Condition..

The environment around a person plays a very important role in developing his attitude. The situation that a person goes through or adjusts to, determines his positive or negative attitude towards that situation. If any condition gives a positive experience to a person, then the experience of that condition is positive for that person. If this condition gives a negative experience, then a negative attitude can also develop.

Instruction..

When any instruction or understanding is given by any person towards any person or thing, a negative or positive attitude is generated towards that person or thing. This attitude is also based on our understanding power.

Imitation..

This is very important for learning anything. When any child tries to copy anything from his parents around him and tries to behave accordingly. Which helps in developing his attitude.

Observation..

When any person observes the person or thing around him, he is influenced by any of their behavior and due to this his attitude also changes.

Apart from this, many social and economic sectors are very important for developing attitude. Neighborhood, school environment, friends, social media and other things are very important for the development of attitude.

c. List out social problems in India. Explain Dowry.

Social problems are complex and are not based on any single cause. Many factors affect social problems.
Social problems are also interconnected. To eliminate these social problems, it is necessary to understand or eliminate their basic causes.

The list of social problems is as follows.

• Poverty
• Prostitution
• Crime
• Drug addiction
• Dowry system
• Alcoholism
• Deliciousness
• Handicapped children
• Child abuse

• Population explosion etc. Social problems are seen in the present time.

Dowry is a social problem.

Dowry is defined as the property received by a man from his wife or her family at the time of marriage.

The bride and groom can be defined as the possessions and valuables received by them at the time of marriage.

The practice is based on the following factors.

The service and salary of the boy

The social and economic status of the girl’s father

The educational qualifications of the boy and the girl

The boy’s job and his salary

The beauty and features of the girl

The future prospects of financial security

The size and composition of the girl’s and the boy’s family

The girl’s parents continue to give money and gifts to her husband’s family not only at the time of marriage but also throughout her life

CAUSE OF DOWRY

One of the reasons for dowry is that the desire and aspiration of every parent is that their daughter should marry high and well in the family or to increase her prestige or to increase the comfort and security of the daughter.

Another reason for the existence of dowry is that dowry is given by the parents

It is difficult to change this social custom of dowry suddenly

Some people give dowry only because their parents and ancestors were associated with giving dowry

Marriage within the same caste leads to a shortage of boys who have high jobs or a good career in business.

The parents of these boys demand a large amount of money from the parents of the girls to accept their daughter as their daughter-in-law.

Dowry is given only to show their high social and economic status.

The reason for accepting dowry is that they have to give dowry to their daughters and sisters, so they look forward to their daughter’s dowry in fulfilling the responsibility of finding husbands for their daughters.

DOWRY PROHIBITION ACT 1961

This act was passed on 20 May 1961. According to this act, it is not allowed to exchange gifts exceeding ₹2,000. If a person is found to be accepting or giving dowry, he will be fined.

Violation of this act is punishable with imprisonment for six months or a fine of up to Rs. 5000 or both.

No action can be taken for violation of the act unless some complaint is made.

Q-4 Write Short notes (ANY THREE) 3×4 = 12

a. Characteristics of culture –

Culture is a social system that encompasses all aspects of human life, including beliefs, traditions, religion, art, morality, laws, and every aspect of daily life. Culture represents the identity and behavior of a human society.

Some of the main characteristics of culture are as follows:

Culture is Learned:

Culture is not acquired by birth but is learned. A child is taught the values, traditions, and rules of culture by his family, schools, and society.

Culture is Social:

Culture is not an individual but a social institution. It is developed and followed by people living in a group. This means that culture is not the experience of a single individual but a social practice.

Culture is Symbolic:

Culture is represented by symbols, such as language, color, or signs. The meaning of the ideas and traditions of the culture can be understood through symbols.

Culture is Dynamic:
Culture is never static. It is constantly changing and evolving over time. New generations develop new habits, beliefs, and values ​​based on their time and technology.

Culture Shapes Behavior:
Culture shapes a person’s behavior through moral values, religion, laws, and traditions. It affects the decisions, choices, and actions of a person in their daily lives.

Culture is Transmitted through Cultural Transmission:
Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next. Parents and family members teach their children the rules and values ​​of their culture, so that the culture continues.

Culture is All-Encompassing:
Culture encompasses all aspects of a person’s life, such as their food choices, clothing, housing, and behavior. Every human being has some part of culture in their life.

Culture is Universal:
Although the culture of different societies is different, every society has some kind of culture. Every human community has its own ideas, rules and moral values, which shape their way of life.

Culture has Norms and Values:
Every culture has norms and values, which guide people about what is right and wrong. These rules are believed by the members of the society.

b. Type of conflict

DEFINITION

A state of opposition between two or more ideas, interests, goals, etc. When there is a clash between internal and external environments, between two groups, then conflict develops.

Conflict lasts until a person cannot choose one of several options.

What is conflict?

Conflict-Conflict between people with opposing needs, desires or demands.

TYPES OF CONFLICT:

According to the source, conflict can be of three types:

Interpersonal conflict: Conflict between two people

For example, conflict between husband and wife, conflict between parents and children, conflict between a small group and a large group, conflict between a boss and an employee.

Intrapersonal conflict: Conflict within a person

For example, his desires, goals and objectives.

It is also called internal conflict because this conflict occurs within the person.

Conflict between person and his environment: Conflict between person and his environment

Conflicts caused by changes in the environment such as floods, earthquakes, wars, etc.

A person has to struggle against these situations.

According to goal, conflict can be of the following types:

Approach-approach conflict: Positive positive goals

When there is a conflict between two equally attractive goals, the situation is known as approach approach conflict

For example, a person wants to go to a movie in the evening and at the same time want to watch a cricket match.

Avoidance-avoidance conflict: Negative- Negative Goals

When there is a conflict between two negative goals, the situation is known as avoidance-avoidance conflict.

For example, a student hates to complete his school assignment, but he also dislikes the punishment he will receive if he fails to do it. He wants to avoid both things if possible.

Approach-avoidant conflict: Positive – Negative Conflict

When a person is attracted to a positive goal but this goal also has some negative characteristics, the situation is known as approach-avoidant conflict.

For example, a girl wants to get married, but at the same time, she may be afraid of moving away from her home and her family.

c. Learning

(Definition)

Learning is a permanent change in a person’s behavior that is seen as a result of any kind of practice or experience.

A person’s behavior is constantly changing and changing during the period from birth to death. This change in behavior is known as learning.

(Law of Effective Learning)

Laws are general principles that people follow when they learn something new.

These rules give us an idea of ​​what usually happens when we learn something new.

The laws of learning are as follows:

Law of Readiness:

• The Law of Readiness says that a person should be mentally ready to learn anything.
• If a person is mentally prepared, then he will be able to learn anything well and get satisfaction from it.
• If a person is not mentally prepared, then he will find it difficult to learn that thing.
• If a person is willing to learn, then he can learn better.
• For example, a student is more interested in cricket than studying. So that student will have more information about cricket and can play cricket well. When his poor performance in studying will be seen.

Law of Exercise or Practice:

According to the Law of Exercise, we learn what we practice and we do not learn what we do not practice.

• If any person repeats a task repeatedly, that task becomes easy for him and he can do it well.
• If any activity is not used or practiced for some time, it is likely to be forgotten.
• Most of the nursing skills and procedures can be learned by practicing in the ward and community field.
• Like we can learn better by practicing inserting IV cannula and taking sutures etc.
• We can become proficient in games, music, dance etc. through exercise and practice.

Law of Effect:

According to the Law of Effect, if any person is given some benefit or prize as a response to learning anything, that person can learn better. – For example, if a child gets a number in an activity, he should be encouraged by giving him chocolate. This will make the child enjoy learning new things. – If a child is punished, the child stops learning that thing. For example, if a child has a bad habit like stealing, if he is punished, the child stops doing that thing.

Law of Attitude:

• According to the Law of Attitude, a person’s attitude towards that thing is very important for learning anything. – If a person’s attitude towards learning something is positive, then he will be able to learn that thing well. – For example, if a student nurse has a positive attitude towards a procedure, then he will be able to perform that procedure well.

Law of Analogy:

According to the Law of Analogy, the response of any person to learn anything is based on the past efforts made in that matter. In which any person acts on any new situation based on the incident that happened to him in the past.

Law of Multiple Response:

• According to the Law of Multiple Response, the response of a person to any new situation is affected by the many efforts made by that person and

out of those many efforts, finally any one correct

response is seen.

(Type of Learning)

(Motor Learning)

• Most of the actions that we do every day in our life

are called motor activities

. A person learns something by bringing regularity to his life. For example

walking, driving, running, climbing

all these activities use muscles

.

(Verbal Learning)

• In this type of learning, language is used

. We can do this type of learning through speaking, using communication tools, signs, pictures, figures, sounds

etc.

(Concept Learning)

• In this type of learning, special types of brain functions are required. Thinking, intelligence, reasoning

etc. are examples of this type of learning. We learn this type of learning from childhood. For example, we see a dog and understand the word dog. So we understand that dog is the name of a particular animal. This type of learning is useful for identifying something. (Discrimination Learning) – The difference between a stimulus and an appropriate response to a stimulus is known as discrimination learning. For example, the sounds of different vehicles such as buses, cars, ambulances (Learning of Principles) – The learner learns through different principles of science, grammar, etc. Using each of these, the person makes his work easier. (Problem Solving) – This is a high level of learning. Which requires

Cognitive ability to learn. Such as thinking,

Reasoning, observation, imagination etc. are very useful

. Which helps people to solve their problems.

(Attitude Learning)

• Attitude directly affects our behavior.

We develop attitudes towards people from childhood.

Our behavior can be negative or positive which

depends on our attitude. For example

A nurse’s attitude towards her profession and patients.

(Factors Affecting Learning)

• Successful learning depends on three elements:

1) Learner

2) Learning environment

3) Learning Method

(Learner)

For learning anything, the learner i.e.

the person who learns is a very important factor. Without the learner,

learning cannot take place. The following factors

are associated with the learner which mainly affect learning.

• Age:
• Age is the main factor affecting the learner. Age is the main factor affecting the capacity of learning. Since children are young compared to adults, they cannot learn anything easily.
• Intelligence:
• Intelligence mainly affects learning. A person whose intelligence level is good will be able to learn anything easily and in a short period of time.
• Attention:
• If the learner can focus his attention well, then he can learn well. If a learner cannot concentrate properly, then he cannot learn anything easily.
• Motivation :
• Motivation is important for a learner to learn anything well. If the motivation to learn anything is constantly available, then it can be learned well. If the learner does not have motivation, then despite all the efforts made, he will fail.
• Readiness and Will Power :
• The learner’s readiness, that is, his readiness to learn, is very important for good learning. If he is physically and mentally ready, then he will be capable of learning anything and he will be able to maintain his interest. The will power in the learner will make him successful even in difficult situations.
• General Health :
• The mental and physical health of the learner is very important for learning. If the physical health of the learner is good, he can learn well, but if he has any physical defect like myopia, hyperopia, etc., the condition affects the learning process. Along with physical health, mental health also affects the learning process. Anxiety, stress, tension, etc. of the person affect the learning process.
• Fatigue and Rest:-
• If any person is tired and has not rested enough, then he will not be able to concentrate on anything and will not be able to learn well. Therefore, rest is very important for the learner.
• Ability of the Learner:
• Which includes the learner’s intelligence, creativity, ability, etc. Which are very important for learning.
• Level of Aspiration and Achievement :
• If the achievement level of the learner is high then he works hard and achieves more. Along with this, the achievement level also depends on the ability of the person.

(Learning Material)

• The nature of the learning material is very important for learning. If the learning material is of such a nature that the learner can understand it properly and maintain his interest, then the learner can learn it well. But if the learning material is complex and without his interest, then learning cannot be learned well.

(Learning Method)

The method used in the learning process is very important for learning well. If this method is suitable for the learner and his interest is maintained accordingly, then learning can be done well.

Principles of Learning

• Defined Goal :
• For good learning and continuous motivation, the goal should be clear, due to which learning can be done easily.
• Exercise and Repetition :
• To learn any new thing, it is very important to repeat that thing repeatedly and practice that thing. Even any complex and difficult material can be understood and learned well due to repeated exercise and repetition.
• Parts Learning :
• If any learning material is long, then learning becomes easier by dividing it into different parts.

Reward and Punishment :

• Reward and punishment have a great impact on learning. If a person learns well, he is appreciated through rewards. But if a person is learning badly, then he is punished.
• Results as a Feedback :
• Learning improves by taking results and reviews and feedback from time to time.
• Good Physical Atmosphere :
• Adequate light and ventilation, quiet and clean space, appropriate room temperature and necessary furniture etc. affect the learning process.
• Overlearning :
• It has been proven through research that overlearning increases memory and learning can be done better.

d. Habit

Habit is a big part of our life.

Habits are one of the most influential factors of our existence, because our actions, our responses, our decisions, our life style are all governed by our Habits.

A particular activity that a person repeatedly does unconsciously is known as a habit.

Habit is a behavior that you do automatically and unconsciously without thinking.

A process that happens automatically is called a habit. For example, someone has the habit of putting their nails in their mouth, someone has the habit of getting up and taking a bath, and praying.

A habit is a repeated unconscious pattern of behavior that is achieved through repeated repetition.

A habit is an automatic routine of behavior that is repeated regularly without thinking.

A habit always needs a stimulus to start e.g. any stimulating factor.

Habit can be copied very easily

The more actions are repeated in the behavior, the stronger the Habit will become

TYPES OF HABITS

Habits are of two types Good & bad Habit

Good Habit Good or healthy habit

It is a behavior that is beneficial for a person’s physical & mental health, which is often associated with a high level of discipline and self-control.

Examples are regular exercise, a properly balanced diet, exercising, not smoking, eating healthy food, feeling better about yourself, appreciating everything more and being grateful every day, being more organized, doing yoga, facing the day with a positive attitude, etc.

Bad Habit Bad habits

Habits that are harmful to health, biting nails, smoking, borrowing money, not eating healthy food, eating fast food from outside, drinking excessive alcohol or habitual intoxication, hair pulling, gambling, drug addiction, etc.

Bad habits are easy to form but extremely difficult to break.

Good habits take longer to form. Scientists believe that it takes a person at least 3 weeks to form a good habit.

HABIT FORMATION CYCLE

The habit formation cycle can be explained with the help of the 3Rs of habit change. The 3Rs follow a step pattern while forming a new habit and breaking a bad habit.

1. Reminder Reminder (trigger that initiates the behavior). (The benefit you get from doing the habit)
2. Routine Routine (The behavior itself or the action the person does.
3. Reward Reward (The benefit you get from doing the behavior).

Reminder/Resolution: A resolution is a strong decisive step taken for purposeful action. Resolution relies on the facilitator in the ability to complete tasks and reach goals.

Routine/Rehearsal: Rehearsal of a new habit helps in the formation of a habit.

Reward/Repetition: A new behavior only becomes a habit when it is repeated enough times to make it an automatic behavior.

If the reward is positive, then when the reminder occurs, the person will want to repeat it again regularly. Repeat the same action enough times and it becomes a habit.

BREAKING OF BAD HABITS

BAD HABITS keep a person away from the goals that he wants to achieve in his life.

BAD HABITS not only waste a person’s time and energy, It also changes the physical & mental health of the person.

Tension and addiction are the main factors responsible for the formation of BAD HABITS.

Instead of breaking BAD HABITS, replace BAD HABITS with a new habit that provides the same benefits.

For example, instead of quitting BAD HABITS of smoking when you are stressed, you should come up with a different way to deal with stress and when you feel the urge to smoke, you should come up with a new habit or habit that is positive and has a good effect.

Everyone has at least one bad habit. Whether it is oversharing on Facebook, eating junk food or compulsive shopping.

BAD HABITS harm a person’s happiness, health and social relationships.

For example, in the case of chronic procrastination, when a person constantly fails to arrive on time for social engagements or meetings and others are waiting for him. Eventually, it can lead to loose friends or significant others. And if he does this at work, it is likely that job will lose.

Other BAD HABITS have fatal consequences such as eating the wrong and outside food and failing to exercise, smoking and abusing drugs and alcohol, unnecessary shopping endanger financial stability and mental health; and so on. Some BAD HABITS may require professional help to change.

Understanding the basic steps of behavior change can begin the process which are described below.

1. Really want to change and convince yourself

A person can change what they decide. They can also change their BAD HABITS.

The more honest they are about the nature of their BAD HABITS, the more likely they are to move forward on the path to change.

They may want to start by keeping a list of their BAD HABITS such as how often they are late, overeat, smoke, drink too much alcohol, etc.

Once they have decided that they want to change, convince themselves that they are capable of achieving their goal. Seeing others successfully change is inspiring. But they You need to see what changes in yourself.

2. Gain insight into what causes the habit

Once a person discovers his internal motives and external incentives that cause BAD HABITS, he will move towards changing them.

By finding the triggers that cause BAD HABITS, pay attention to the consequences that reinforce the bad habit such as attention, happiness, excitement, etc. Then use these consequences to develop good habits.

3. Set reasonable goals

It takes years to break BAD HABITS. It is not as easy as it is to give up BAD HABITS in an instant.

Make a time table based on the goals he wants to achieve. For example, to change a sedentary lifestyle, gradually exercise for 5 to 10 minutes every day, then gradually increase the exercise time by 5 minutes every day for a week.

4. Measure progress and do not get discouraged

If a person is going to reach his ultimate goal, he needs to know how well he is doing.

A diary can be kept to achieve a goal. A calendar can also be marked.

Do not get discouraged by any discouragement in your daily regular schedule

Instead, try to find out why it happened. Note these events in the diary and think about changing these BAD HABITS.

5. Get additional support if changing BAD HABITS is proving difficult

The best way is to take support from friends, family, teachers, supervisors or mentors.

Needing help does not mean that the person has failed. It means that the change will require more resources than initially expected.

IMPORTANCE OF GOOD HABIT FORMATION FOR A NURSE

Being a nurse is one thing and becoming a highly skilled nurse is another.

A highly efficient nurse should be able to remain calm and focus on her tasks despite problems with tension.

Good habits help reduce stress.

A nurse who has the ability to handle stressful situations calmly has the greatest chance of performing well for patients.

Good habits are beneficial to the individual because when they become routine, they require limited cognitive abilities.

Good habits also reduce the cost of time and effort because a person can perform well who already has good habits instead of having to find some new options.

Good habits reduce stress and tension.

When a habit is acquired, it does not require any effort or conscious attention.

Habits become automatic and spontaneous.

Habits reduce fatigue.

Actions become automatic and spontaneous through repetition. The same task that initially seems more difficult gradually becomes quite easy.

Habits help nurses to perform simple tasks in the place where they are assigned.

Habits save time because they are automatic and unconscious, so the work is done easily with less attention.

The action and movement of the nurse become easier, faster and more accurate.

Despite all these advantages, habits also have disadvantages. Our actions become stereotyped.

A person finds it difficult to adjust to a new situation.

Habits kill a person’s feelings, thinking and creativity, thus making us feelingless. It affects us physically & mentally.

For example, if there are any changes during the lunch break time in school, students are physically & mentally disturbed. Habits also interfere with our other activities.

When there is an already existing habit, new information is not taken into account.

Also, people are more particular about short-term results compared to long-term outcomes. Habits need to be changed due to their negative outcomes in the long run.

But changing a habit is more difficult if

it is repeated over and over again.

Strong relative rewards are

The reward comes very soon after the action.

Q-5 Give Meaning (ANY SIX) 6×2 = 12

a. Community –

Community means people living in a particular geographical area. They have certain characteristics, follow a particular culture and religion, have interpersonal relationships between them, use a common language and have common interests and values. The community is called a community.

Community is divided into two parts.

1. Urban community.

The group of people who live in urban areas is called urban community.

2. Rural community

The group of people who live in tribal areas or villages is called rural community.

People of urban and rural communities have their own different characteristics.

b. Behaviour

DEFINITION OF BEHAVIOUR:-

Behavior has a very broad and comprehensive meaning. All activities are involved in behavior, such as motor, sensory, covert, overt etc. are included.
Activity is the manifestation of life and behavior is the collection of all these activities. According to Woodworth, behavior is the activity performed from the womb to birth and till the end.
This includes not only conscious but also subconscious and unconscious behavior, that is, both covert and overt behavior are included.
This behavior is not limited to human behavior. This psychology is also seen in animals and plants. This suggests that all living beings have behavior and psychology. In short, behavior is the sum total of the experiences and activities of the entire life.

NATURE OF BEHAVIOUR.

An infant (a child from 1 month to 1 year) is born with many behaviors. The development of behavior depends on how the child interacts with the outside world. The human society in which the child develops learns its values ​​and makes adjustments according to that environment. This behavior varies from person to person. Due to which many similarities and differences are seen.

The nature of a person and his behavior depend on his DNA and his outside environment. His physical activity, cultural differences are seen in it. A child does not come with any racial difference at birth, its DNA and the effect of the external environment affect it.

Factors affecting behavior;

1. Biological factors;

These include the following factors.
a) Ductless endocrine glands;

These glands send their secretions directly into the blood. Which do not have any ducts. Their secretions are called hormones. These hormones are responsible for the changes in the personality of that person. Different types of glands secrete different types of hormones.

~Pancreas:-.

The pancreas sends insulin into the blood. How much sugar remains in the blood depends on the level of insulin in the blood. When there is a deficiency of insulin, the sugar level inside the cells in the body also decreases and due to this, the supply of oxygen to the neurons decreases and due to this, there is a decrease in mental powers. Changes and imbalances are seen in the nature of the individual. There is a change in mood, anger and irritability appear and fear increases.

~Thyroid Gland;-

The thyroid gland plays a very important role in physical and mental development. If the thyroid gland is not present from birth, then the child does not develop. If there is excessive secretion of it, then due to this, there is rapid physical growth, excessive sweating, excessive thirst, irritability, anxiety, agitation, decreased tolerance to heat, and changes in personality are also seen.
If its secretion decreases, then weight increases, drowsiness increases, skin becomes dry, hair loss becomes noticeable, forgetfulness habits may occur, therefore, both decrease or increase in thyroid secretion can be harmful.

~ Adrenal Gland:-

The adrenal gland secretes a hormone called adrenaline. Adrenaline plays an important role in human behavior. Due to adrenaline, sexual characteristics are seen in both males and females. It also gives fight and flight response. When any stressful activity occurs. If its level increases, it can cause blood pressure to increase and heart rate to increase. When the secretion of the adrenal gland decreases, muscles relax, pupils dilate, and sweating occurs.

~ Gonads ;-

• The secretion of the gonads or sex glands plays a very important role in influencing behavior and personality. This gland and its secretions are very important in developing primary and secondary sex characteristics in males and females.

~ Pituitary Gland :-

• The hormones secreted by the pituitary gland control the function of all other glands. The effects of that hormone depend on heredity and environmental factors. Growth, development and behavior are affected due to the secretion of that hormone.

b) Physique:-

Physical structure is related to temperament. For example: Fat people are more reserved and social and thin people are more irritable, self-controlled and less social.

c) Body Chemistry:-

The differences in temperament are due to changes in the chemical elements of the person. These chemicals are of two types, one is produced inside the body and the other is taken by the person from outside, for example. Alcohol, drugs etc.

d) Other Factors:-

These include factors such as sex (male or female), intelligence and nervous system.

2) Social Factors:-

The environment of one person is very different from the environment of another person. Different factors affect it. Such as school, home, family and society etc. It is divided into.

The environment of the home contributes a lot in the development and formation of the personality of the child. The effects of parents and their culture have a great impact on the child. For example, overprotectiveness, if the child is scolded by the parents, broken home, fights between siblings (sibling rivalry), etc. have effects on the child.

a) Home:-

A child is never born socialized, he becomes socialized after birth, and a wide variety of behaviors can be seen in him. This depends on complex factors. When a child is born, he first comes in contact with his family members. Parents, brothers, sisters, grandfathers, grandmothers etc.. The child’s emotional relationship is connected with them. He learns qualities from them and behaves appropriately.

When he is scolded, exploited, neglected, not given enough care, he can also become antisocial. When the parents are overprotective towards the child, the child becomes completely dependent on the parents and cannot trust anyone else.

A child raised in a democratic home can adjust socially in a better way. In democratic parenting, the rules and regulations of living are told to the child by the family members from the very beginning and its benefits are explained.

b) School:-

The child comes out of the home environment and goes to the school environment. There he meets friends, there he forms his group and also meets older people. There he learns to be a good citizen.

He also learns about his academic score and extracurricular activities like games, hobbies etc. It builds his self-confidence. If the child has any problem and the teacher notices it, he should immediately inform his parents about it.

When the phase of puberty comes, there is a change in the attitude of the person. Social activity may decrease, group activity and interest also decrease. Behavior becomes stable, positive and adult instead of being overly sensitive and antagonistic.

c) Society:-

The child learns traits, values ​​and attitudes, beliefs and behavior all according to the norms of the society. His behavior is according to the expectations of the society and according to his comfort. Generally, the person is judged according to his behavior within the society and all these things create different qualities in the person, like language, attitude, etc.………

c. Emotion

Emotion is a set of mental and neural processes that are expressed as deep internal experiences within a person and their behavioral and physiological responses. Emotions are directly related to the limbic system and autonomic nervous system of the human brain, which involve parts of the brain such as the amygdala, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex. Any emotion can be positive or negative, such as happiness, anger, fear, sadness, or disgust, and it also affects a person’s decision-making, perception, and social interaction. From a medical and psychological perspective, emotions play an important role in a person’s mental health and neurobiological functions.

d. Delusion –

Delusion is a false, irrational belief in a person. Which cannot be changed in any way.

This belief is not known to the person by any person or by any education. Delusion is a false belief related to any reference of the person. The following types are given.

Persecutory delusion

Delusion of reference..

Delusion of guilt..

e. Attitude –

Attitude is the way a person behaves or reacts in a particular manner in any situation.

A person’s behavior, according to his beliefs, can be called his attitude towards that person’s attitude towards that thing or situation.

Attitude can be positive, negative or neutral.

f. Frustration –

Frustration is a word derived from the Latin word fustra. Which means to obstruct or block.

When a person has a goal or motivation in his life, it is not easily completed or there is an obstacle in achieving it, then this feeling of frustration is created due to the blocking of the person’s desire.

Life is full of frustration. Every person faces small obstacles in his life as well as some big problems in his day to day life. Due to not completing any task, it creates a feeling of frustration. This feeling of depression leads to anxiety. Frustration is also called negative feeling.

The depressive feeling that arises due to not getting or completing anything is called frustration.

g. Society

Society is a community in which people live in a particular geographical area. They have certain characteristics, follow a certain culture and religion, have interpersonal relationships between them, use a common language and have common interests and values. The community where people live is called a community or society.

Society is divided into two parts.

1. Urban society.

The group of people who live in urban areas is called an urban community. Urban community means a group of people living in urban areas. These groups of people live in areas with a high population density.

2.Rural Society

The group of people who live in tribal areas or villages is called rural community. Rural community lives in villages and has a small population. The main occupation of the people there is agriculture. It is the oldest community settlement.

i. Thinking

It is a common thing that a person or humans can think. It is because of the ability of humans to think that they are different from animals. A person has the power of thinking and has the power of speech.

Many years ago, according to Aristotle, it was said that a human being is a thinking animal. The word used for humans is homosapiens, which means a thinking or thinking person.

Whenever we are awake during the day, we keep thinking about something and that action is continuous.

Thinking is a high-level mental process. Which includes many psychological and physical activities.

Thinking means the perceptual relationship done for the solution of any problem.

Thinking is a cognitive activity. In which information is processed and any problem is solved. It is always goal directed.

Q-6 A. Fill in the blanks,

1.One man marry with one woman is called …… Monogamy

2……. is the father of Sociology. Auguste Comte

3.Day dreaming is dreaming while …… awake

4.IQ more than 140 is known as …… Genius

5.Juvenile delinquents are kept in …… Observation Home

B. State whether following Statement are True or False.

1.Culture do not teach behaviour pattern. : ❌ False

2.Family is a smallest unit of society. . :✅ True

3.Urbanization breaks village. : ✅ True

4.Rights & responsibility of citizens are included in the constitution of our country. ✅ True

5.Maslow’s hierarchy theory is given by william Jones ❌ False

C. Match ‘A’ with ‘B’

C. CORRECT ANSWER :

A	B	Correct Match
1. Infancy –	e. Love & affection –	1 → e
2. Personality –	a. Persona –	2 → a
3. Adolescence –	d. Teen age –	3 → d
4. Family –	b. Unit of Society –	4 → b
5. Rationalization –	c. Sour Grapes –	5 → c

✅ Final Answers:

1 → e
2 → a
3 → d
4 → b
5 → c