🟡Q.1 a. What is Vital Signs? – What are vital signs? 03
Vital signs are the signs of the body that are measured to check whether the basic functions of the body are functioning, which are indicators of physiological state and response to the physical environment, as well as indicators of psychological stressors, called vital signs.
Temperature
pulse
Respiration
Blood pressure
spo 2
It is a vital sign of the body which reflects the changes in the body
🟡b. List the sites of taking pulse rate. Making a list of places to take pulse. 04
Apical pulse :– Which is taken below the left nipple
Radial pulse: taken from the base of the thumb and the radial bone on the inside of the wrist
Temporal pulse: taken from eye to eye lateral to hairline and above zygomatic bone
Carotid pulse: taken between the trachea and sternocleidomastoid muscles and below the angle of the jaw.
Brachial pulse: which is taken from the antecubital fossa of the arm
Femoral pulse: taken below the inguinal fold between the symphysis pubis and the iliac spine.
Popliteal pulse: palpated in the popliteal fossa behind the knee
Posterior Tibial: The side of the ankle bone behind the medial malleolus.
Dorsalis Pedis: Palpated in the lateral tendon of the big toe on the bottom of the foot.
🟡c. Write the factors affecting on pulse rate. Write the factors affecting pulse rate. 05
Gender :- Male pulse rate after puberty is lower than female pulse rate
Age: Pulse rate decreases with age
Exercise: Any activity or exercise increases the pulse rate.
Emotions: In emotional states the sympathetic nervous system is simulated and releases hormones due to which the blood vessels contract and the heart rate increases, but in situations like depression or grief, the heart releases the inhibitory acetylcholine which slows down the heart rate. is
Electrolytes: Electrolytes such as sodium potassium fluctuate or change
Position change: sitting, standing, sleeping, etc. Position also affects the heart rate
Body Temperature: An increase in body temperature also increases the heart rate, which stimulates electrical changes that increase the hit.
Heart disease: Heart disease also causes changes in pulse rate
Medicines: Many medicines increase and decrease the heart rate
OR
🟡a. What is Nursing? What is nsing? 03
Nursing is an art and a science. With the help of which one can protect the life of a sick person by giving careful care and can prevent the disease from happening, can increase the health and also can treat the sick patient to restore the condition is called nursing.
🟡b. Write the qualities of a professional nurse. 04 – Write down the qualities of a professional nurse.
ANS Quality of Nurses
Kindness A nurse should have a sense of service, should be good and kind, should not be mean or benevolent to anything or anyone.
Health Nurse should be physically and mentally: physically healthy and capable. How can a person who is sick himself be of service to others? Sometimes the nurse has to work even after the duty is over. During an accident or sometimes a disease spreads, hundreds of patients in one. He has to be treated at such a time when he has to work for more hours, he must remain in good health.
Cheerful: A nurse should always be cheerful and enthusiastic and should always be cheerful. Only a cheerful person can bring joy to others. A nurse with a cheerful disposition can cheer up a sick patient and the patient has a better chance of recovery from illness.
Character: A nurse should also have good character Good character also makes the profession sacred.
Regularity: A nurse should be regular in her working hours because she has to cure the patient by providing regular and timely treatment.
Seventh Factor: A nurse should not only have tolerance and modesty, she should also be kind and empathetic towards the patient.
Sympathy: A nurse should be empathetic, i.e. should put herself in the patient’s place and think of how we would feel if we find her behaving well. The nurse should have the ability to treat the patient without hurting his feelings.
Self-Confidence: The nurse should have self-confidence to fully heal the patient.
Alertness Alertness: A nurse should have alertness and agility, should have the desire to work quickly. Good behavior of the nurse increases the confidence of the patient.
Apathi: A nurse should not discriminate against any kind of discrimination, she should treat the patient as a patient and not discriminate on the basis of caste, religion or economic status.
Honesty: The nurse should be honest in the ward there are many equipment articles medicine etc. It is the responsibility of the nurse if any item gets spoiled or broken by mistake, it should be reported to the authority.
Scientific Knowledge: The nurse should work with his knowledge in view of the scientific principal, not only the book knowledge but also the experience should be employed and should be applied with the scientific principal and the nurse should also have ten intelligence.
Economical Nature: A nurse should be thrifty in nature and should be able to do any work with saving time and energy.
Self Dependent: Must be self dependent and not dependent on others for patient care.
Curiosity: Nurses should always be eager to learn new things so that they can increase their knowledge as time goes by. Next Resource Resource Resource should be able to fully utilize whatever resources are available to treat the patient.
🟡c. Describe modern approaches to provide nursing care. 05 – Describe modern approaches to providing nursing care.
In the modern nursing field, nurses are also held in high esteem.
They are no longer seen as a physician’s assistant who relies on the physician
. Instead, nursing is a strong field of its own, and nurses have a wide range of duties and responsibilities.
Because of the education and experience required to become a nurse, nurses gain respect for the health care profession.
As medicine and health care change, the field of nursing continues to change rapidly.
As researchers develop new technologies, treatments, techniques, and medications to help patients recover, the field of nursing embraces changes to improve health care for patients.
New nurses learn new techniques and information in nursing classes, and practicing nurses learn about changes and advancements in their continuing education courses when they renew their licenses.
Nursing uses informatics and digital data
🟡Q.2. a. Write the purposes of medical fomentation & state the scientific principles associated with fomentation. 08 – Write the objectives of medical fomentation and state the scientific principles involved in fomentation.
To stimulate circulation
To relax muscle tissue
To relieve retention of urine
To stimulate absorption of effusions in serous and body cavities
To reduce swelling
To ease the pain
Reduce inflammation
Sudhig. To give effect
To provide warmth and comfort
Scientific principles associated with fomentation
Heat application stimulates thermoreceptors of the skin and blocks pain trans-mission from pain receptors.
Hit application causes vasodilatation so its soothing effect is seen in the muscles.
Vasodilatation increases blood flow to that area, as more nutrients and oxygen are available, fluid moves from the intracellular fluid to the intracellular space, reducing AD.
Increased cellular activity leads to faster removal of waste products.
🟡 b. Write preventive measures of bedsore. 04 – Write measures to prevent bedsores.
Prevention of bedsores
Relieving pressure
Using an aircushion or an earring
Relieve pressure by applying a cotton ring to the front of the elbow hill
Gentle handling while giving bed pan
Tie a tight or loose bandage as needed
Back care of serious patient every four hours and changing position every two hours
Inform the physician if the plastered patient experiences pressure anywhere in the bone
Prevent muscle
The patient’s clothing should be changed as soon as it becomes wet for any reason
Bed linen should be changed as soon as it becomes wet
Careful care should be taken during the nursing procedure using a draw seat making toss to prevent wetting of the nipples
If the patient has profuse diarrhoea, provide ventilation, provide a dry environment and change wet clothing.
Avoid friction
Never use rough and broken bed pan
While providing the bedpan, the patient should be lifted to avoid friction and the same care should be taken while taking it.
The bed should always be kept wrinkle-free and clean.Smooth mattress and smooth cloth should be given to serious patients.
Use of sandbags to prevent excessive patient movement Use of water mattresses as needed for bedridden patients Regular back care
Prominent body parts of the body should always be observed and pressure points should be gently massaged with speed.
To maintain the hygiene of the patient’s bed, change bed linen regularly and clean the bed regularly if there is food particles and debris in the bed.
🟡 b. Explain the importance of is and sleep. Explain the importance of rest and sleep.
While planning the nursing care, it is very important to take care that the patient can get enough rest and sleep to make the patient comfortable.
Because every person needs a certain number of hours of sleep, a person who sleeps well will be able to function well physically, psychologically and socially.
Individual sleep depends on the patient’s age, illness, health status, habits, etc. Sleep disturbance also occurs due to social and emotional problems.
Sleep is a kind of unconscious care, body and mind both get rest.
Ignoring this normal process can lead to nervousness, so sleep is essential to relieve fatigue.
Energy can be stored during sleep, so children need more sleep than adults.
How much sleep should be taken daily depends on the person’s age, type of work, how much exercise they do, etc. Generally, eight hours of sleep is required for an alert person.
🟡c. Write the types and hazards of restraint. Write the types and dangers of restraints.
.MITTENS RESTRAINTS
LAP OR BELT IN THE CHAIR
Bed rails or side rails
Chair with belt
Abdominal belt
Elbow restraint
Mummy Restrain
Tissues are damaged due to constant friction.
Damage to other parts of the body such as dislocation
Development or occurrence of pressure sores.
Nerve damage or ischaemia
Foot drop or wrist drop.
Asphyxia or aspiration pneumonia can occur.
Patients feel punished
🟡Q.4 Write Short notes (ANY THREE) 3×4=12
🔸 a. Patient unit and environment – Patient unit and environment,
ANS:The place where the patient is given the coat should be comfortable.
The environment around the cotorney provided to the patient should be airy and pleasant.
While preparing the unit everything should be in such a way that it can be carried easily and does not require much movement.
Patient’s personal items should be kept safe and unnecessary items should be kept in lockers.
The furniture of the ward should be arranged in an orderly manner and the patient’s clothes or bed linen should not be thrown anywhere and should be placed in the wash box.
Make a list of any belongings for the patient’s unit so that they are known if they are lost. The unit should have lights and fans.
Every equipment of the unit should be functional eg oxygen cylinder suction machine
There should be health education posters on the walls of the ward making the wards hoarse and. Should be free from odor.
The ward should be adequately lit during the day and night as required. Requisition and related equipment should be kept functional in the ward.
For example reading material like phone fridge etc should have matching color on the wall Holi waste and garbage should be disposed of.
Every staff should work together to maintain the hygiene and cleanliness of the ward and take enough work from the Class IV staff below us.
There should be a ward environment for the patient’s unit. General board has all the facilities of ventilation but the environment should be maintained for the patient’s separate unit or in a private room. And for this, room temperature, unity, ventilation, proper lighting, prevention, drinking water and sewage disposal etc. play a role in this.
The ideal temperature of a fashion room should be that it neither feels cold nor too hot. The temperature should generally be around 20 to 22 degrees centigrade.
Ward or patient room should have enough sunlight. In absence of sunlight, artificial life is required so provision should be made for it.
Noise sufferers do not like loud noises because loud noises cause a lot of disturbance. Every window should have folding glass and curtains to block outside noise.
Humidity: The humidity level in the air should be right to avoid evaporation from the skin is faster when the humidity is low and the patient feels cold, while when the humidity is high the humidity level in the air should be right.
In the word ventilation means air movement, the window should be kept open in the special room so that the morning can be good. The circulation is also due to the ceiling fan. It is necessary to have ventilation for the normal functioning of breathing to maintain a comfortable environment for the patient.
Provision of Safe Water: Clean drinking water should be available in every ward and adequate provision should be made for this.
Sewage Disposal: All the dirty waste material in the board should be properly disposed so that all these dirty things do not spread disease.
b. Barriers of communication. – Communication barriers
Physiological barrier: in which the sensory organs are not functioning like hearing, seeing, etc. and not being able to express. Cannot receive or deliver messages.
Psychological barrier: which includes emotional factors including anxiety stress fear intelligence ego etc.
Environmental barrier: Insufficient light and ventilation, too low temperature, too much noise or congestion.
Cultural barrier: It includes the cultural aspects of people like their religion, their attitude, language, personality traits, knowledge, understanding, power, etc.
c. First aid treatment for foreign body in eye.-
State the first aid for foreign body in the eye.
To calm the patient, explain not to rub the eye.
If the foreign body is loose, it sometimes comes out with tears. So wait for a while, close the eye in a dish like a saucer filled with water and close it so that the foreign body gets out into the water.
However, if it does not come out, open the lower eyelid and look for a foreign body in it. to take if . The foreign body is in the upper eyelid. If it feels like this, bring the upper eyelid over the lower eyelid and push it very quietly so that the foreign body on the upper eyelid sticks to the outer part of the lower eyelid and the problem is removed.
If there is a foreign body on the cornea of the eye, take the patient to the doctor immediately. Put a drop of Diwal or Paraffin in the eye and close the eye so that the eyelid does not move so that the cornea is not damaged.
If a chemical has gone into the stomach, the problem increases. If you do not know whether it is acid or beige, wash your eyes with water. If it is known in detail, if the acid is gone, make warm water of baking soda and put it in the eyes. (Put one teaspoon of soda in 1/2 liter of water) and if there is beige element, wash your eyes by putting two teaspoons (vinegar) in 1/2 liter of warm vinegar. Then put liquid paraffin or liquid paraffin in the eye and close the eye with a cotton pad as mentioned above.
d. Methods of sterilization. Methods of sterilization.
Physical agents
(1) Heat
(2) Sunlight
(3) Cold
(4) Drying and desiccation
(5) Radiation
(6) Filtration
(7) Sound Wave and Ultra Sonic Vibration )
Chemical agents
(1) Phenol and cresol compound
(2) Alcohol
(3) Halogen
(4) Dia
(5) Aldehyde
(6) Acid
(7) Alkali
8) Gas
9) Metallic salts
(10) Oxidizing agent
(11) Surface active agents
Q.5 Write Meaning (ANY SIX) 6×2=12
🔸 a. Evaluation: Means to evaluate the work done.
b. Osmosis: Osmosis is the movement of a liquid from low concentration to high concentration in the presence of a semi-permeable semi-permeable membrane.
c. Antiemetic: Medicines that stop nausea, vomiting are called antiemetics.
d. Gastric lavage: Gastric lavage is a process in which a small volume of liquid is administered through an orogastric tube to remove toxins from the stomach, and in short, the stomach is emptied through an orogastric tube. is
🔸 e. Asepsis: Asepsis means freedom from disease-causing micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses) or prevention of contact with micro-organisms.
f. Body mechanic: Body mechanics is a term that refers to maintaining posture and alignment of the body and coordination of the nervous system to maintain balance in daily life. Its use can save time and energy.
🔸g. Hosptial- Hospital: Hospital is derived from hospital which means an institute where sick and injured persons are treated.
🔸 h. Dysphagia- Dysphagia: Dysphagia means difficulty in swallowing food so that there is difficulty in passing food or liquids from the mouth to the stomach.
🟡Q.6. A. Fill in the blanks.
2.One tea spoon =——- ml. a spoon ——- ml. (5ml)
🟡B. Give Reasons. Give reasons. 05
🔸 1. Four hourly back care should be given to the bedridden patient. Bedridden patients should be given back care every four hours
Bedridden patients are more likely to develop pressure sores. Due to the reduced circulation of the body part in the same position, rigidity can also occur in the muscles in the area, so this complication can be prevented by giving back care to the patient every four hours.
Bathing after meals affects the digestive system. For the digestion of food, there needs to be more blood supply. Bathing changes the temperature of the body, so digestion becomes slow.
🔸3.Hand washing is must before & after each procedure. Hands should be washed before and after each procedure.
Most of the micro-organisms are in our hands because our hands get contaminated while working. So the infection is transmitted to the patient through our hands and the infection is transmitted from one patient to another so it is important to wash hands after every procedure to prevent this.
By aspiration, the patency of the NG feeding tube and its location is known. By aspiration, its litmus paper PH can be seen. If the stomach is the feeding tube, it is acidic. Based on the color of the aspiration, if bile comes in the tube, it is the intestine. Not in will know.
The structure of the colon is such that the rectal tube can be easily inserted in the left lateral position and the injury is reduced.
🟡C. Match the following. lui assi glsl. Connect the following links. 05
‘A’ ‘B’
a. Hematuria i. Blood in stool-blood in stool
b. Oligouria- Oliguria ii. Bleeding from nose
c. Apnea – Apnea iii. Blood in urine – blood in urine
d. Epitaxis – Epitaxis iv. Less urine- less urine
e. Melena-Melena v. Absence of breathing – Absence of breathing
vi. More Urine – More urine
Answer :-
a-iii
b-iv
c-v
d-ii
e-i