📘 Important for GNM/BSc Nursing, NHM, AIIMS, NORCET, GPSC & Community Health Nursing Exams
📍 The location of a house plays a key role in health, safety, and well-being.
| 🏠 Type | 🧱 Description |
|---|---|
| Kutcha House | Made of mud, thatch, bamboo – weak & temporary |
| Semi-Pucca House | Mix of strong (brick) and weak (wood) materials |
| Pucca House | Cement, bricks, concrete – permanent & strong |
| Slum Housing | Congested, unhygienic settlements in urban areas |
| Government Housing | Provided under schemes (PMAY) for poor families |
🏡 A good house is essential for physical, mental, and social well-being.
| 🛠️ Amenity | 📋 Importance |
|---|---|
| Safe drinking water | Prevents waterborne diseases (typhoid, cholera) |
| Sanitation | Reduces spread of infections |
| Proper drainage | Avoids mosquito breeding |
| Electricity | Lighting, safety, hygiene |
| Waste disposal | Clean surroundings, no foul odor |
| Cooking space | Prevents indoor air pollution |
| Ventilation | Prevents respiratory illnesses |
Town planning is the scientific arrangement of land, buildings, roads, parks, and utilities to ensure organized urban development.
👩⚕️ Assess homes for sanitation and ventilation
👩⚕️ Educate on cleanliness and mosquito control
👩⚕️ Report unsafe housing or outbreak risk
👩⚕️ Support health promotion through housing surveys
👩⚕️ Encourage use of safe water, toilet, and waste practices
🟨 Ideal housing should allow light, air, and be safe
🟨 At least 1 latrine per 10 persons is needed in public housing
🟨 Cross ventilation improves indoor air quality
🟨 Town planning helps prevent slums and overcrowding
🟨 Kutcha houses are prone to vector breeding and infections
Q1. Which is a basic requirement for a good house?
🅰️ TV
✅ 🅱️ Cross ventilation
🅲️ Wall painting
🅳️ Steel windows
Q2. What is the ideal location for a house?
🅰️ Near sewage plant
🅱️ Inside forest
✅ 🅲️ Away from industrial pollution
🅳️ Below river level
Q3. Which of the following is a pucca house?
🅰️ Bamboo hut
✅ 🅱️ Cement-brick home
🅲️ Mud house
🅳️ Thatch-roofed home
Q4. What is the main aim of town planning?
🅰️ Build more shops
🅱️ Encourage slums
✅ 🅲️ Organized and hygienic urban growth
🅳️ Reduce trees
Q5. What is the nurse’s role in housing?
🅰️ Build homes
🅱️ Cut trees
✅ 🅲️ Assess and educate for hygienic living
🅳️ Design town maps
📘 Vital for GNM/BSc Nursing, NHM, AIIMS, NORCET, GPSC & Community Health Nursing Exams
🌀 Ventilation is the process of exchange of indoor air with fresh outdoor air to maintain oxygen levels, remove heat, humidity, odors, and pollutants from a room or building.
✔️ Maintain adequate oxygen supply
✔️ Remove carbon dioxide, dust, fumes, and bacteria
✔️ Control humidity and temperature
✔️ Prevent cross-infection and airborne diseases
✔️ Promote comfort and well-being
✅ Air movement through doors, windows, ventilators
✅ Based on wind flow and temperature difference
✅ Air is circulated using machines or systems when natural ventilation is insufficient.
| 💡 Type | 🔍 Description |
|---|---|
| Exhaust Ventilation | Air is pulled out (e.g., kitchen exhaust fan) |
| Supply Ventilation | Clean air is pushed in (e.g., air ducts, HVAC) |
| Balanced Ventilation | Combines supply & exhaust for proper air flow |
| Air Conditioning | Cools, filters, and circulates air |
| Plenum Ventilation | Used in OT/ICU for sterile airflow |
| 🧮 Standard | 📋 Recommended Level |
|---|---|
| Air changes/hour | 🟢 Minimum 2–3 for homes 🏠 |
| 🔵 10–12 for hospitals 🏥 | |
| 🔴 15–20 for OTs/ICUs | |
| Window area | 🌞 At least 1/5th of floor area |
| Ceiling height | Minimum 10 feet (3 meters) |
| Cross ventilation | Should be present in all rooms |
👩⚕️ Ensure windows and vents are open for airflow
👩⚕️ Monitor air conditioning and exhaust systems
👩⚕️ Educate families on cross-ventilation in homes
👩⚕️ Assist in infection control through proper ventilation
👩⚕️ Observe signs of stuffy, humid rooms (risk to patients)
🟨 Ideal ventilation = cross ventilation
🟨 Plenum ventilation is used in OT/ICU
🟨 Natural ventilation uses windows, doors
🟨 WHO recommends 10–12 air changes/hour for hospitals
🟨 Ventilation is vital to prevent airborne infections
Q1. What is the ideal source of natural ventilation?
🅰️ Air conditioner
✅ 🅱️ Windows
🅲️ Generator
🅳️ Humidifier
Q2. How much air change is required per hour in a hospital room?
🅰️ 2–3
✅ 🅱️ 10–12
🅲️ 20–25
🅳️ 1–2
Q3. Which type of ventilation is used in operation theaters?
🅰️ Natural
🅱️ Balanced
✅ 🅲️ Plenum
🅳️ Supply only
Q4. What percentage of floor area should window area be?
🅰️ 1/10th
✅ 🅱️ 1/5th
🅲️ 1/3rd
🅳️ 1/2
Q5. What is the nurse’s role in ventilation?
🅰️ Seal all windows
🅱️ Close vents in ward
✅ 🅲️ Ensure cross ventilation
🅳️ Use perfume to reduce smell
📘 Important for GNM/BSc Nursing, NHM, AIIMS, NORCET, GPSC & Community Health Nursing Exams
Lighting refers to the provision of light in homes, institutions, hospitals, and public places to allow safe, comfortable, and productive living.
👉 Adequate lighting is essential for visual comfort, work efficiency, and mental well-being.
A good lighting system must fulfill the following:
| 💡 Requirement | 📋 Purpose |
|---|---|
| ✔️ Sufficient intensity | Enough light to work, read, cook, etc. |
| ✔️ Uniform distribution | Avoids harsh contrasts or glare |
| ✔️ No glare or shadows | Reduces eye strain and accidents |
| ✔️ Good color rendering | Light should show object colors naturally |
| ✔️ Energy efficient | Low electricity use (e.g., LED bulbs) |
| ✔️ Ventilation compatibility | Should not block air flow |
| ✔️ Positioning | Lights placed correctly (not behind or too low) |
✅ Comes from sun through windows, skylights, and doors
✅ Comes from bulbs, tube lights, lamps, etc.
✅ Solar lighting uses sunlight converted into electricity using solar panels
👩⚕️ Ensure proper lighting in hospital wards and homes
👩⚕️ Educate patients about eye care and light hygiene
👩⚕️ Promote solar energy use in community health programs
👩⚕️ Report areas with poor lighting in health centers or slums
🟨 Natural light improves mood and kills germs
🟨 LED lights are most energy-efficient
🟨 Solar power is renewable and eco-friendly
🟨 Poor lighting can cause eye strain and falls
🟨 Hospitals need shadow-free lighting in OTs and wards
Q1. Which type of light is most energy-saving?
🅰️ Tube light
✅ 🅱️ LED light
🅲️ Incandescent bulb
🅳️ Halogen
Q2. What is the benefit of natural lighting?
🅰️ Expensive
🅱️ Increases heat
✅ 🅲️ Kills germs and saves energy
🅳️ Needs batteries
Q3. What is the main component used in solar lighting?
🅰️ Generator
🅱️ Coal
✅ 🅲️ Solar panel
🅳️ Gas
Q4. Which is not a requirement of good lighting?
🅰️ Uniformity
🅱️ No glare
🅲️ High electricity bill
✅ 🅳️ Natural color rendering
Q5. Nurse’s role in lighting includes:
🅰️ Replacing bulbs
✅ 🅱️ Promoting safe, well-lit environments
🅲️ Installing fans
🅳️ Designing buildings
📘 Essential for GNM/BSc Nursing, NHM, AIIMS, NORCET, GPSC & Community Health Nursing Exams
Noise is defined as unwanted or harmful sound that disturbs normal activities like sleep, communication, or work.
👉 Continuous exposure to high noise is known as noise pollution.
| 📍 Source | 🔉 Examples |
|---|---|
| 🚗 Transportation | Traffic, trains, airplanes, horns |
| 🏭 Industrial | Machinery, factory operations |
| 🔊 Domestic | Loud music, TV, kitchen appliances |
| 🏗️ Construction | Drilling, concrete mixers, hammers |
| 🧨 Social Events | Weddings, festivals, loudspeakers, crackers |
| 🌍 Area Type | 📢 Day (dB) | 🌙 Night (dB) |
|---|---|---|
| Industrial | 75 dB | 70 dB |
| Commercial | 65 dB | 55 dB |
| Residential | 55 dB | 45 dB |
| Silent Zone (Hospitals, Schools) | 50 dB | 40 dB |
📌 dB = decibel (unit of sound intensity)
🌙 Night hours = 10:00 PM to 6:00 AM
✅ Follow zoning regulations (no factories in residential areas)
✅ Limit use of loudspeakers, firecrackers
✅ Promote noise barrier walls on highways
✅ Use silent machinery and green belts
✅ Enforce noise rules under Environment Protection Act, 1986
✅ Silence zones around hospitals & schools
✅ Display “No Horn” boards
✅ Use rubber paddings on hospital trolleys
✅ Encourage quiet talking and minimal noise
✅ Use earplugs or noise-canceling devices
✅ Maintain low volume of TV/music
✅ Choose quiet appliances
✅ Plant trees around homes (natural sound barriers)
👩⚕️ Educate patients & families about harmful effects of noise
👩⚕️ Promote quiet environment in hospitals
👩⚕️ Support campaigns like “Say No to Noise Pollution”
👩⚕️ Participate in Silent Zone Monitoring around hospitals/schools
🟨 Noise above 85 dB is harmful for prolonged exposure
🟨 CPCB permits 55 dB in residential areas during daytime
🟨 Hospitals & schools are declared silent zones
🟨 Continuous noise causes hypertension and hearing loss
🟨 Trees act as natural sound barriers
Q1. What is the permissible noise level in a residential area at night?
🅰️ 65 dB
🅱️ 55 dB
✅ 🅲️ 45 dB
🅳️ 75 dB
Q2. Which disease is caused by long-term noise exposure?
🅰️ Asthma
✅ 🅱️ Hearing loss
🅲️ Skin disease
🅳️ Anemia
Q3. What is the unit to measure sound intensity?
🅰️ Watts
✅ 🅱️ Decibels (dB)
🅲️ Ohms
🅳️ Lux
Q4. What is a natural way to control noise pollution?
🅰️ Use of speakers
🅱️ Building tall walls
✅ 🅲️ Tree plantation
🅳️ Playing loud music
Q5. In which act is noise pollution regulated?
🅰️ Food Safety Act
🅱️ Water Act
✅ 🅲️ Environment Protection Act, 1986
🅳️ Noise Monitoring Act, 2000