Specimen Collection (Review) Specimen Collection. Introduction Specimen collection is a critical step in medical diagnostics and patient care. Proper collection, handling, and transport of specimens ensure accurate laboratory results, which guide diagnosis, treatment, and disease management. Errors in specimen collection can lead to misdiagnosis, treatment delays, and compromised patient safety. Healthcare professionals must follow strict protocols to maintain specimen integrity, prevent contamination, and ensure patient safety. 1. General Principles of