SECTION=I

Q.1 Select correct answer for Following MCQs.(06)

1.Unit of Social Structure is

A. Institution

B. Association

C. Social Group

D. All of Above

2.The clash of interest is known as..

A. Conflict

B. Competition

C. Co-operation

D. Class struggle

3.Which of the following is an example of psychological abuse

A. Malnutrition

B. Slapping

C. Harassment

D. Pinching

4.Voluntary Association is the group of person who work for the same….

A. Connection

B. Intention

C. Interest

D. Determination

5.Which of the following is a formal method of social control

A. Laws

C. Tradition

B. Customs

D. Cultural norms

6.An Increase or Upward shift in social class is called….

A. Social Mobility

B. Social Custom

C. Horizontal Mobility

D. Upward mobility

Q.2 Long Essay. (Any One) (10 MARKS)

1.Define Culture, Enlist Characteristics of culture. Write down Factors of cultural variability and describe the role of Culture in Socialization.

🌐 Definition of Culture

Culture is the shared set of values, beliefs, norms, customs, behaviors, and material traits that characterize a group or society. It is learned, transmitted from one generation to another, and influences the way individuals live, think, and interact.

✅ According to E.B. Tylor – “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.”

📌 Characteristics of Culture (Enlist Any 6–8)

1. Learned Behavior – Culture is not inherited biologically but learned through social interaction.
2. Shared by a Group – Culture is shared collectively by members of a society.
3. Transmitted from Generation to Generation – Passed through language, tradition, and education.
4. Dynamic and Adaptive – Culture changes over time in response to internal and external influences.
5. Integrative – Various elements of culture (language, religion, customs) are interconnected.
6. Symbolic – Language and rituals act as symbols to convey cultural meaning.
7. Gratifying and Fulfilling – Culture satisfies basic and psychological needs of individuals.
8. Varies from Society to Society – Culture is not universal; it differs across regions, ethnicities, and communities.

🔄 Factors of Cultural Variability

Cultural variability refers to the differences in cultural practices, beliefs, and values between different groups or societies. Several factors contribute to this variability:

1. Geographical Environment

• Climate, terrain, and natural resources influence housing, clothing, food habits, and livelihood.

2. Historical Experiences

• Wars, colonization, migration, and revolutions impact cultural evolution.

3. Technological Development

• Advanced societies may adopt different values due to access to science, medicine, and communication.

4. Religious Beliefs and Values

• Religions shape rituals, family structure, gender roles, and social behavior.

5. Economic Structure

• Capitalist vs. socialist economies affect lifestyle, social mobility, and consumption patterns.

6. Language and Communication Styles

• Linguistic differences affect expression, traditions, and understanding across cultures.

7. Political System and Law

• Autocratic vs. democratic systems foster different cultural outlooks (freedom, rights, duties).

👪 Role of Culture in Socialization

Socialization is the process through which an individual learns to become a functioning member of society by internalizing cultural norms and values.

🔹 1. Culture as a Framework for Behavior

• Culture provides a blueprint that guides acceptable behaviors, ethics, and interpersonal conduct.

🔹 2. Language as a Cultural Tool

• Language (a cultural product) plays a major role in transmitting societal values, beliefs, and morals to the individual.

🔹 3. Role of Institutions

• Institutions like family, school, and religion use cultural norms to shape individuals’ personalities, roles, and expectations.

🔹 4. Formation of Identity

• Culture helps an individual form social identity and group belonging (ethnic, religious, national, etc.).

🔹 5. Influence on Values and Attitudes

• Culture instills values such as honesty, respect, loyalty, and cooperation essential for societal harmony.

🔹 6. Regulation of Behavior

• Through rewards and sanctions, culture ensures conformity to societal rules and moral behavior.

🔹 7. Transmission of Traditions

• Culture helps in transmitting traditional knowledge, rituals, myths, and customs from one generation to another.

Culture is the backbone of social life, influencing every aspect of human behavior and interaction. It provides the tools and norms essential for the socialization process, helping individuals integrate into their societies. Understanding culture and its variations is critical for nurses to deliver culturally competent care and promote holistic well-being.

2.Define Sociology. Explain Scope of Sociology and importance of sociology in Nursing.

📘 Definition of Sociology

Sociology is the systematic and scientific study of human society, social behavior, interactions, institutions, and structures. It examines how social forces such as culture, norms, roles, class, religion, and institutions shape individual behavior and societal functioning.

✅ Auguste Comte – “Sociology is the science of social order and progress.”

✅ MacIver and Page – “Sociology is the study of social relationships, institutions, and social processes.”

Sociology provides insights into how individuals relate to one another and how societies are organized, function, and change over time.

📌 Scope of Sociology

Sociology covers a wide range of topics relevant to understanding society in both macro and micro perspectives. Its scope is ever-expanding with social changes, globalization, and interdisciplinary approaches.

🔹 1. Sociology of Family

• Studies family as the primary social unit.
• Includes marriage types, family roles, kinship patterns, parenting, and intergenerational relations.
• Analyzes domestic violence, changing gender roles, and nuclear vs. joint family systems.

🔹 2. Sociology of Education

• Explores the role of formal and informal education in socialization.
• Discusses education’s function in mobility, cultural transmission, and development.
• Addresses issues like school dropout, inequality in education, and digital divide.

🔹 3. Sociology of Religion

• Examines how religion influences morals, behavior, and community life.
• Studies rituals, belief systems, religious institutions, and secularism.
• Analyzes communalism, interfaith harmony, and spirituality in healing.

🔹 4. Sociology of Politics

• Studies power distribution, political systems, leadership, and public participation.
• Focuses on governance, law-making, and citizen rights.
• Assesses role of politics in shaping healthcare policies and public health.

🔹 5. Sociology of Economics

• Examines how societies produce, distribute, and consume resources.
• Studies poverty, unemployment, labor relations, and class differences.
• Analyzes the impact of economic systems on health and lifestyle.

🔹 6. Sociology of Health and Illness

• Studies how social factors (e.g., caste, income, beliefs) affect health behavior.
• Examines access to healthcare, health-seeking patterns, and patient compliance.
• Essential in understanding psychosocial aspects of illness and recovery.

🔹 7. Sociology of Social Change

• Discusses modernization, urbanization, migration, globalization, and digital transformation.
• Studies how societies adapt, resist or promote change.

🔹 8. Criminology and Deviance

• Analyzes causes, types, and effects of deviant behavior and crime.
• Studies juvenile delinquency, substance abuse, gender violence, etc.

🏥 Importance of Sociology in Nursing

Sociology is vital in nursing practice, particularly in holistic, client-centered care. It enhances a nurse’s understanding of social context, patient diversity, and community needs.

✅ 1. Understanding the Social Determinants of Health

• Nurses recognize how poverty, education, occupation, family support, and caste/religion impact the patient’s health status and response to treatment.

✅ 2. Culturally Competent Care

• Helps nurses deliver care that respects cultural, linguistic, religious, and traditional beliefs of patients.
• Prevents stereotyping and improves trust and cooperation.

✅ 3. Improved Communication Skills

• Nurses understand body language, cultural taboos, and communication styles across different social groups.
• Enhances patient education, consent-taking, and counseling.

✅ 4. Better Community Health Nursing

• Supports nurses in assessing community needs, promoting preventive care, and addressing social issues like malnutrition, sanitation, and immunization gaps.

✅ 5. Understanding Patient Behavior

• Helps explain health beliefs, treatment preferences, or non-compliance.
• Enables empathy toward behavior influenced by illiteracy, stigma, or social pressure.

✅ 6. Strengthens Ethical and Legal Understanding

• Sociology introduces concepts of rights, justice, equality, and responsibilities.
• Helps nurses resolve ethical dilemmas and respect patient autonomy and confidentiality.

✅ 7. Promotes Teamwork and Social Integration

• Encourages working collaboratively with healthcare teams, patients’ families, and communities.
• Teaches conflict resolution, leadership, and professional behavior.

✅ 8. Contributes to Mental Health Awareness

• Understands social causes of stress, anxiety, depression, and psychosis.
• Enables nonjudgmental support and effective referrals.

✅ 9. Supports Health Policy and Advocacy

• Nurses can participate in health reforms, policy-making, and health education campaigns with sociological knowledge.

Sociology offers deep insights into social structure, human interaction, and community dynamics, which are crucial for effective nursing practice. By integrating sociological principles, nurses develop a holistic perspective that respects the social, emotional, cultural, and ethical dimensions of patient care. Thus, sociology is not only an academic subject but a practical tool for socially responsible and compassionate nursing.

Q.3 Write Short notes. (Any Three)(15 MARKS)

1.Family

📘 Definition of Family:

A family is a primary social institution and the most basic unit of society, consisting of individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption, who live together (or share strong emotional bonds) and fulfill emotional, social, economic, and cultural functions.

✅ MacIver and Page:
“Family is a group defined by a sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children.”

✅ Burgess and Locke:
“A group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood, or adoption constituting a single household.”

📌 Key Characteristics of Family:

1. Biological and Social Unit
   • Formed through biological ties (birth) or legal relations (marriage, adoption).
2. Common Residence
   • Traditionally, family members live together under one roof, although modern families may live apart but remain emotionally connected.
3. Emotional and Psychological Support
   • Family members share strong bonds of love, trust, care, and companionship.
4. Socialization of Children
   • The first agent of socialization, where values, morals, language, behavior, and customs are taught.
5. Economic Unit
   • The family shares resources, meets basic needs (food, shelter), and supports financial stability.
6. Continuity and Stability
   • Ensures the reproduction and upbringing of future generations.
7. Regulated by Norms and Values
   • Family roles and behaviors are culturally defined and controlled through social norms and laws.

🏡 Types of Family:

🔹 Based on Structure:

• Nuclear Family – Husband, wife, and their children.
• Joint/Extended Family – Includes multiple generations living together (e.g., grandparents, uncles, cousins).
• Blended Family – Step-parents and step-siblings from remarriage.
• Childless Family – Married couple without children (by choice or circumstance).

🔹 Based on Authority:

• Patriarchal Family – Father or eldest male has decision-making power.
• Matriarchal Family – Mother or eldest female holds authority.

🔹 Based on Residence after Marriage:

• Patrilocal – Wife moves to husband’s residence.
• Matrilocal – Husband lives at wife’s residence.
• Neolocal – Couple sets up a new independent household.

🧩 Functions of the Family:

1. Reproductive Function
   • Ensures biological continuity of society through childbirth.
2. Socialization Function
   • Teaches children how to behave in society; imparts culture, language, ethics, religion, and customs.
3. Economic Function
   • Family manages income, savings, production (in rural setups), and consumption of resources.
4. Emotional and Psychological Support
   • Provides a safe space for emotional expression, love, security, and mental well-being.
5. Educational Function
   • Acts as the first learning environment, building discipline, responsibility, and communication.
6. Protective Function
   • Safeguards members physically, emotionally, and socially, especially the elderly, children, and sick.
7. Religious Function
   • Passes on spiritual values, rituals, and faith-based customs to younger generations.

🏥 Importance of Family in Nursing:

Understanding the family system is essential in nursing practice, especially in community health, pediatrics, psychiatric, and geriatric nursing.

🔹 1. Patient-Centered Holistic Care

• Family dynamics influence health behavior, beliefs, compliance, and emotional recovery.
• Nurses must assess family support before planning home-based care or discharge.

🔹 2. Cultural & Religious Sensitivity

• Families influence treatment choices, spiritual beliefs, and diet.
• Respecting family culture improves patient satisfaction and cooperation.

🔹 3. Health Education & Counseling

• Nurses often educate the family (not just the patient) about disease, hygiene, medication, and follow-up care.

🔹 4. Role in Chronic Illness and End-of-Life Care

• Family provides long-term care, emotional presence, and decision-making during palliative stages.

🔹 5. Crisis and Conflict Management

• Nurses may assist in situations involving domestic violence, addiction, elder neglect, or mental illness.

2.Explain Caste system in India.

The caste system is a hereditary, endogamous, and hierarchical social stratification system prevalent in Indian society, where people are divided into rigid social groups (castes) based on birth, occupation, and ritual purity.

✅ According to Herbert Risley –
“Caste is a collection of families or groups bearing a common name, claiming a common descent, and following the same hereditary occupation.”

✅ In Sanskrit, caste is referred to as ‘Varna’, while the sub-castes are known as ‘Jati’.

🧱 Origin of the Caste System (Historical Background):

The caste system originated from the ancient Vedic period and was initially based on the concept of Varna (meaning color or class), described in Manusmriti and Rig Veda. According to Hindu scriptures, society was divided into four main Varnas:

1. Brahmins – Priests, teachers, and scholars
2. Kshatriyas – Warriors, rulers, and administrators
3. Vaishyas – Traders, merchants, and agriculturists
4. Shudras – Laborers, artisans, and service providers

Apart from these, ‘Avarnas’ or Dalits (formerly untouchables) were excluded from the Varna system and subjected to extreme discrimination.

🔍 Characteristics of the Caste System:

1. Hereditary Status:
   • A person’s caste is determined by birth and remains unchanged throughout life.
2. Endogamy:
   • Members marry within their own caste only.
3. Hierarchy:
   • Castes are ranked in a social order of superiority and inferiority.
4. Occupation-Based:
   • Traditionally linked to specific occupations, which were also hereditary.
5. Social Restrictions:
   • Restrictions on food, interaction, and clothing across castes.
6. Untouchability (now abolished):
   • Lower castes were subjected to discrimination and exclusion.
7. Caste Panchayats:
   • Each caste had its own informal governing body to settle disputes and enforce norms.

🏛️ Impact of Caste System on Indian Society:

🔹 Positive Aspects (Historically):

• Provided social stability and occupational continuity.
• Encouraged cooperation within groups.

🔹 Negative Aspects (Contemporary Relevance):

• Led to social inequality, discrimination, and human rights violations.
• Created barriers to education, employment, and interpersonal relationships.
• Encouraged communalism and weakened national integration.
• Restricted social mobility and modern development.

⚖️ Legal and Constitutional Provisions Against Caste Discrimination:

The Indian Constitution abolished untouchability and prohibited caste-based discrimination.

• Article 15 – Prohibits discrimination based on caste, race, religion, or sex.
• Article 17 – Abolishes untouchability.
• Reservation Policy – Provides educational and job quotas for SCs, STs, and OBCs.
• Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 – Provides legal protection against caste-based violence and injustice.

🧑‍⚕️ Relevance of Caste in Nursing and Healthcare:

1. Influences Health-Seeking Behavior:
   • Caste beliefs may affect access to hospitals, timing of treatment, and use of traditional healers.
2. Health Inequalities:
   • Lower castes often have limited access to clean water, sanitation, and health services.
3. Barriers to Care:
   • In some areas, prejudice and stigma may affect nurse-patient interactions.
4. Importance of Cultural Sensitivity:
   • Nurses must be trained to treat all patients equally, regardless of caste or social background.

The caste system in India, though deeply rooted in history, has undergone significant transformation. While the Indian Constitution provides legal safeguards to promote equality, social prejudices still persist. For nursing professionals, it is crucial to promote social justice, equity, and respect for all, ensuring non-discriminatory, patient-centered care in both hospital and community settings.

3.Causes of Social Disorganization.

Social Disorganization refers to a condition in which established social institutions, values, and systems of control begin to break down, resulting in instability, moral decline, deviant behavior, and increased social problems in a community or society.

✅ It is a state of disorder, conflict, and lack of coordination in social institutions like family, education, religion, law, and economy.

✅ According to Elliott and Merrill –
“Social disorganization is the breakdown of social structure, social norms, and failure of relationships, resulting in the inability of society to regulate itself.”

🔍 Detailed Causes of Social Disorganization:

1️⃣ Rapid Social Change

• Sudden transformations in technology, economy, culture, or political systems disrupt traditional ways of living.
• Individuals struggle to adapt to new values, leading to confusion, insecurity, and loss of moral direction.
• 📌 Example: Transition from rural agricultural life to urban industrial life.

2️⃣ Breakdown of Family and Social Institutions

• When families become dysfunctional, children may grow up without discipline, emotional support, or moral values.
• Weakening of institutions like religion, schools, and community groups leads to the loss of guidance and social control.
• 📌 Example: Divorce, single parenting, abandonment of elders, weak religious engagement.

3️⃣ Poverty and Economic Inequality

• Unemployment, low income, and lack of opportunities create frustration and hopelessness.
• Leads to rise in crime, begging, theft, domestic violence, and youth unrest.
• 📌 Economic imbalance fuels social jealousy, resentment, and rebellion.

4️⃣ Urbanization and Migration

• Large-scale migration from rural to urban areas causes slum formation, overcrowding, lack of housing, and unemployment.
• New migrants often face alienation, loss of cultural identity, and disconnection from community.
• 📌 Urban anonymity weakens traditional social bonds and increases crime rates.

5️⃣ Cultural Conflicts and Value Crisis

• When diverse cultural groups with contrasting beliefs, practices, and customs interact without harmony, it leads to ethnic tension, communal riots, and loss of national unity.
• 📌 Modern youth often face value conflicts between tradition and modernity (Westernization vs. Indian values).

6️⃣ Political Instability and Corruption

• When the political system is corrupt, inefficient, or oppressive, it loses public trust.
• Leads to lawlessness, violence, political polarization, and sometimes even anarchy.
• 📌 Lack of justice or favoritism discourages law-abiding behavior.

7️⃣ Crime and Juvenile Delinquency

• High rates of theft, rape, drug trafficking, gang violence, and juvenile crimes indicate social disorganization.
• Reflects failure of families, schools, police, and legal system in regulating behavior.

8️⃣ Substance Abuse and Addiction

• Widespread abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs leads to family breakdown, health problems, road accidents, and criminal behavior.
• Addicted individuals often abandon responsibilities and may resort to crime to support their habit.

9️⃣ Technological Disruption and Media Influence

• Overuse or misuse of social media, internet, and smartphones contributes to fake news, cybercrime, pornography, online addiction, and erosion of real relationships.
• 📌 Media sometimes promotes violence, unrealistic lifestyles, and anti-social behavior.

🔟 Natural Calamities and Public Health Crises

• Floods, droughts, earthquakes, and pandemics (e.g., COVID-19) disrupt economic life, cause displacement, and increase vulnerability.
• Lead to breakdown of health services, education, and community life, contributing to disorganization.

🏥 Importance of Understanding Social Disorganization in Nursing:

1. Helps in Identifying At-Risk Populations
   • Nurses can recognize vulnerable communities affected by crime, poverty, or addiction.
2. Useful in Mental Health and Community Nursing
   • Addresses social causes behind anxiety, depression, suicide, and substance abuse.
3. Promotes Public Health Awareness
   • Nurses educate communities on family planning, hygiene, disease prevention, and social values.
4. Supports Rehabilitation and Counseling
   • Understanding root social causes helps nurses guide patients back to normal functioning and reintegrate into society.
5. Essential for Planning Health Policies
   • Helps government and NGOs design welfare programs, housing schemes, and addiction treatment centers.

Social disorganization is a serious threat to community well-being, resulting from a combination of economic, cultural, political, and institutional failures. It affects both individuals and society at large, creating instability, crime, and inequality. For nurses and healthcare professionals, recognizing signs of social disorganization is essential for delivering holistic care, promoting social health, and participating in preventive and rehabilitative strategies.

4.Effects of over Urbanization.

Over-urbanization occurs when the urban population grows at a pace faster than the city’s capacity to provide housing, infrastructure, employment, healthcare, sanitation, and essential services. It leads to serious social, economic, environmental, and health-related problems.

✅ Over-urbanization results in unplanned urban growth where people migrate to cities without corresponding growth in jobs, housing, or facilities, leading to urban decay and poverty.

🔍 Key Features of Over-Urbanization:

• Excessive rural-to-urban migration
• Growth of informal settlements (slums)
• Overburdened infrastructure and services
• Poor urban governance and planning
• Social disorganization and inequality

⚠️ Major Effects of Over-Urbanization:

1️⃣ Development of Slums and Inadequate Housing

• Massive influx of migrants leads to the mushrooming of slums and squatter settlements.
• These areas lack basic amenities like:
  • Clean drinking water
  • Sanitation facilities
  • Drainage and electricity
• Residents are exposed to contagious diseases, overcrowding, and fire hazards.

2️⃣ Overcrowding and Congestion

• High population density results in congested public spaces, making it difficult to maintain hygiene and public order.
• Public transport, hospitals, markets, and schools become overburdened.
• Leads to mental stress, social tension, and lack of privacy.

3️⃣ Rising Unemployment and Informal Economy

• Cities fail to generate adequate formal employment opportunities.
• Migrants often work in the informal sector as:
  • Street vendors
  • Daily-wage laborers
  • Ragpickers or domestic workers
• Causes economic instability, job insecurity, and child labor.

4️⃣ Collapse of Urban Infrastructure

• Public services are unable to meet the growing demands:
  • Frequent power cuts
  • Water shortages
  • Waste accumulation on streets
  • Blocked drains and waterlogging
• This creates urban chaos and reduces the quality of life.

5️⃣ Increased Health Hazards

• Overcrowding and unsanitary living conditions lead to:
  • Outbreaks of communicable diseases like cholera, TB, typhoid, dengue, and malaria.
  • Airborne infections due to poor ventilation in congested homes.
  • Mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse.

6️⃣ Environmental Pollution and Degradation

• Over-urbanized areas contribute to:
  • Air pollution from vehicles and industries
  • Water pollution from untreated sewage
  • Noise pollution from traffic and construction
• Natural resources are depleted and climate change effects worsen (e.g., urban heat islands).

7️⃣ Traffic Problems and Road Accidents

• Exponential rise in the number of vehicles without proper road expansion.
• Leads to:
  • Traffic jams
  • Delayed emergency services
  • Increased vehicular accidents
  • Higher air and noise pollution

8️⃣ Social Inequality and Urban Poverty

• Sharp contrast between affluent urban elite and slum dwellers.
• Increases social resentment, unrest, and sometimes even crime and communal tensions.
• Marginalized groups, including women, children, and elderly, face greater vulnerability.

9️⃣ Increased Crime and Anti-Social Activities

• Over-urbanized regions often have:
  • Unemployment-induced theft and robbery
  • Drug abuse, gang violence, human trafficking
  • Rise in juvenile delinquency due to lack of supervision and support

🔟 Strain on Health and Educational Systems

• Government hospitals, PHCs, and schools become overcrowded and underfunded.
• Inadequate doctor-patient ratios, teacher-student ratios, and shortage of medical supplies.
• The urban poor often avoid seeking treatment due to distance, cost, or lack of awareness.

🔁 Loss of Agricultural Land and Green Areas

• Urban sprawl encroaches on forests, wetlands, and farmland.
• Reduction in green cover affects air quality, local climate, and food security.
• Threatens ecological balance and leads to loss of biodiversity.

🏥 Relevance of Over-Urbanization to Nursing and Public Health:

✅ 1. Urban Health Challenges

• Nurses working in community health or slum areas must deal with:
  • Outbreaks of infectious diseases
  • Undernutrition and anemia
  • Maternal and child health issues

✅ 2. Health Promotion & Disease Prevention

• Nurses conduct:
  • Immunization drives
  • Health education on sanitation, contraception, hygiene
  • Screening for non-communicable diseases (NCDs)

✅ 3. Community Assessment

• Understanding population density, housing conditions, and availability of healthcare helps in community diagnosis and health planning.

✅ 4. Mental Health Services

• Over-urbanization contributes to stress, isolation, and depression.
• Nurses play a critical role in mental health assessment, counseling, and referral.

Over-urbanization, though a byproduct of modernization and development, causes serious economic, social, environmental, and health-related problems. Unplanned urban growth leads to a breakdown in the quality of life, especially among the urban poor and vulnerable populations. Nurses, as key public health professionals, must actively engage in urban health interventions, promote awareness, and support sustainable urban development through community-based care.

Q.4 Write Very Short notes. (Any Three)- (06 MARKS)

1.Define Society.

Society is a structured group of people who share a common culture, values, norms, institutions, and territory, and interact with one another to fulfill collective needs.

✅ It is a network of relationships among individuals bound by roles, rules, and cooperation to maintain social order.

🟢 Key Features:

• Shared identity and culture
• Social interaction and communication
• Organized structure (family, education, religion, etc.)
• Social norms and roles

2.List out types of Groups.

Groups are classified based on size, function, and relationships:

🔹 Primary Groups

• Small, close-knit, emotionally bonded.
• Long-term interaction and intimacy.
• Example: Family, childhood friends.

🔹 Secondary Groups

• Large, goal-oriented, formal.
• Limited emotional involvement.
• Example: School, workplace, political party.

🔹 Other Classifications:

• Formal Group: Structured, with defined rules (e.g., hospital staff).
• Informal Group: No formal structure, formed by friendship or interest.
• In-Group: Group with which one identifies (e.g., religious group).
• Out-Group: Group seen as different or opposed.
• Reference Group: Group used as a standard for self-evaluation (e.g., nursing peers).

3.What you mean by anthropology?

Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, their origin, development, behavior, cultures, physical traits, and social institutions across time and space.

✅ It explores both biological (physical) and cultural (social) aspects of humans.

🟢 Branches of Anthropology:

• Cultural Anthropology – Study of customs, traditions, beliefs.
• Physical Anthropology – Study of human evolution and genetics.
• Archaeological Anthropology – Study of past human life through artifacts.
• Linguistic Anthropology – Study of language and communication in culture.
• Applied Anthropology – Practical use of anthropological knowledge (e.g., health practices, public policies).

4.What is Child Labor?

Child labor refers to the employment of children below legal age in work that:

• Hinders their physical and mental development
• Denies them education
• Exposes them to exploitation, abuse, and hazardous conditions

✅ Defined by ILO and UNICEF as any work that deprives children of childhood, schooling, and safety.

🟢 Types of Child Labor:

• Domestic labor (household servants)
• Street vending, begging
• Agricultural or factory work
• Mining, construction, or hazardous jobs

🛑 Prohibited under:

• The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986
• Right to Education Act (RTE), 2009
• UN Convention on the Rights of the Child

SECTION=II

Q.5 Select correct answer for Following MCQs.

1.What is introspection

A. Self motivation

B. Self observation

C. Self interest

D. Self learning

2.The Theory of learning by Operant conditioning is given by

A. B.F. Skinner

B. Kohler

C. Sigmund Freud

D. Albert Bandura

3.First Level of thinking based on blooms taxonomy

A. Knowledge

B. Comprehension

C. Application

D. Analysis

4.Partial or complete loss of memory is called

A. Agnosia

B. Ataxia

C. Amnesia

D. Forgetting

5.Thinking is

A. Higher mental process

B. Physical activity

C. Imagination

D. None of above

6.The first stage of memory is

A. Encoding

B. Storage

C. Retrieval

D. Imagination

7.Which of the following factors influence an individual’s Perception

A. Motives and needs

B. Learning

C. Person’s mental set

D all of above

Q.6 Long Essay. (Any One) (18)

1.Define Psychology and explain in detail about methods and Scope in psychology.

📘 Definition of Psychology:

Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior, including thoughts, emotions, motivations, and actions. It aims to understand how individuals perceive, learn, think, feel, and behave in different situations.

✅ According to William James:
“Psychology is the science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions.”

✅ According to American Psychological Association (APA):
“Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior, encompassing all aspects of the human experience.”

🔬 Methods of Psychology (Detailed Explanation):

Psychologists use systematic scientific methods to understand and analyze mental processes and behaviors. The major methods of studying psychology are:

1️⃣ Introspection Method

• It is the examination of one’s own thoughts and feelings.
• The subject observes and reports internal mental states like emotions, sensations, and perceptions.

🟢 Advantages: Direct, simple, and useful in studying consciousness.
🔴 Limitations: Highly subjective, not suitable for children or unconscious states.

2️⃣ Observation Method

• The psychologist observes and records behavior in a natural or controlled environment.
• Can be participant or non-participant observation.

🟢 Advantages: Real-time behavior study, widely applicable.
🔴 Limitations: Observer bias, difficult to control external factors.

3️⃣ Experimental Method

• Most scientific and objective method.
• Conducted in controlled settings (e.g., laboratory) to test hypotheses using variables.

🟢 Advantages: High accuracy, replicable, cause-effect relationship.
🔴 Limitations: Artificial setting, may not reflect real-life behavior.

4️⃣ Case Study Method

• In-depth and detailed study of a single individual or small group over time.
• Used in clinical psychology and abnormal behavior analysis.

🟢 Advantages: Rich data, useful for rare disorders.
🔴 Limitations: Time-consuming, not generalizable.

5️⃣ Survey Method

• Gathering information from large populations using questionnaires or interviews.
• Often used in social psychology, attitude studies, and public opinion.

🟢 Advantages: Covers large samples, economical.
🔴 Limitations: May include biased or dishonest responses.

6️⃣ Psychological Testing

• Use of standardized tests to measure intelligence, personality, aptitude, etc.
• Objective and quantitative.

🟢 Examples: IQ tests, MMPI, aptitude tests.
🔴 Limitations: Cultural bias, requires expert interpretation.

🌐 Scope of Psychology (Detailed Explanation):

Psychology has a vast and interdisciplinary scope, applied across education, healthcare, industry, defense, sports, and social life.

1️⃣ General Psychology

• Basic study of perception, learning, memory, emotion, intelligence, personality, and motivation.
• Builds foundation for all other branches.

2️⃣ Developmental Psychology

• Studies growth and development from birth to old age.
• Includes physical, emotional, social, and cognitive development.

🟢 Useful in pediatric nursing, geriatrics, and counseling.

3️⃣ Clinical and Abnormal Psychology

• Deals with mental disorders, their causes, diagnosis, and treatment.
• Includes depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, etc.

🟢 Nurses must understand patient behavior and refer appropriately.

4️⃣ Counseling Psychology

• Focuses on adjustment problems, career guidance, relationship issues.
• Uses therapeutic techniques for emotional support.

🟢 Nurses can apply basic counseling in mental health and community care.

5️⃣ Educational Psychology

• Studies how people learn and retain knowledge.
• Helps in student assessment, motivation, classroom behavior.

🟢 Useful for nurse educators and school health programs.

6️⃣ Social Psychology

• Examines how individuals behave in groups, communities, and societies.
• Studies attitudes, prejudice, leadership, conformity, etc.

🟢 Important for nurses working in public health, health education.

7️⃣ Industrial/Organizational Psychology

• Applies psychological principles in the workplace.
• Focuses on productivity, job satisfaction, leadership, and teamwork.

🟢 Relevant for nurse managers and hospital administrators.

8️⃣ Health Psychology

• Studies the relationship between psychological factors and physical health.
• Promotes healthy lifestyle changes and disease prevention.

🟢 Vital for nurses in chronic illness care and rehabilitation.

9️⃣ Forensic Psychology

• Applies psychology to legal and criminal justice systems.
• Involves criminal profiling, witness analysis, and mental competency.

Psychology is a scientific discipline that plays a vital role in understanding human behavior, emotions, and mental health. For nurses, knowledge of psychology enhances communication, empathy, mental health care, and holistic patient management. The wide scope and varied methods of psychology make it applicable in clinical practice, education, counseling, and research, making it an essential tool in modern nursing.

2.Define learning. Explain laws of learning.

Definition of Learning:

Learning is defined as the process of acquiring new knowledge, behavior, skills, values, or preferences that leads to a relatively permanent change in an individual’s behavior through practice or experience.

✅ According to Crow and Crow:
“Learning is the acquisition of habits, knowledge, and attitudes. It involves new ways of doing things.”

✅ According to Skinner:
“Learning is a process of progressive behavior adaptation.”

✅ According to Hilgard:
“Learning is the process by which an activity originates or is changed through training procedures.”

✳️ Characteristics of Learning:

• It is a lifelong, continuous process.
• Learning involves modification of behavior through experience.
• It may be intentional or unintentional.
• It is influenced by motivation, environment, reinforcement, and individual capacity.
• Learning may take place through observation, imitation, trial-and-error, or instruction.

📌 Types of Learning:

1. Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Learning)
   – Learning by association between stimulus and response.
2. Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Learning)
   – Learning based on reinforcement and punishment (Skinner).
3. Cognitive Learning
   – Involves mental processes like thinking, understanding, and problem-solving.
4. Observational (Social) Learning
   – Learning by watching and imitating others (Bandura).

⚖️ Thorndike’s Laws of Learning:

The first psychologist to propose formal laws of learning was Edward Lee Thorndike, based on his trial-and-error learning experiments with animals. He proposed three primary laws and several secondary laws.

🔶 Primary Laws of Learning

1️⃣ Law of Readiness

• Learning occurs best when a person is ready (prepared) to act.
• If the individual is mentally and physically prepared, learning is effective and satisfying.
• If learning is attempted without readiness, it leads to frustration or resistance.

✅ Application in Nursing:
A nursing student who is motivated and mentally prepared will perform better during clinical training.

2️⃣ Law of Exercise (Use and Disuse)

• Repetition of a response strengthens the connection (use).
• Lack of practice leads to forgetting or weakening of the response (disuse).
• Practice makes learning strong, stable, and permanent.

✅ Application in Nursing:
Regular practice of procedures like dressing wounds or administering injections improves skill mastery.

3️⃣ Law of Effect

• If a response is followed by a reward or satisfaction, it is more likely to be repeated.
• If followed by discomfort or punishment, it is less likely to occur again.
• Reinforcement is the key to strengthening desirable behavior.

✅ Application in Nursing:
Positive feedback from mentors increases confidence and encourages continued good performance.

🔷 Secondary Laws of Learning

Later, Thorndike and other psychologists proposed additional supportive laws that influence learning efficiency:

4️⃣ Law of Primacy

• The first impression or initial learning leaves a long-lasting impact.
• What is learned first is remembered best.

✅ Example: First exposure to aseptic techniques in a lab becomes the base for all future practice.

5️⃣ Law of Recency

• The most recent learning is retained better and recalled more easily.
• Repetition close to examination or practice reinforces memory.

✅ Example: Revising drug calculations just before clinical rounds helps better recall.

6️⃣ Law of Intensity

• Strong and vivid experiences create stronger learning than weak or passive ones.
• Emotionally charged learning is better retained.

✅ Example: Learning CPR through real-life simulations is more effective than reading alone.

7️⃣ Law of Freedom

• Learning is more effective when the learner is allowed to express themselves freely, ask questions, and explore ideas.

✅ Example: Nursing students learn better in a participatory classroom rather than a rigid lecture-only setting.

8️⃣ Law of Multiple Responses

• When faced with a problem, individuals try various approaches until they find a correct one (trial and error).

✅ Example: A student may try different study methods (notes, videos, group discussion) until finding what works best.

🏥 Importance of Laws of Learning in Nursing Education:

• Helps in planning teaching strategies based on readiness and motivation.
• Enhances clinical skill development through repeated practice and reinforcement.
• Promotes positive behavior through timely praise and feedback.
• Encourages individualized learning and active participation.
• Helps nurses apply psychological principles during patient education and counseling.

Learning is a scientific and purposeful process that enables individuals to grow, adapt, and function effectively in society. Understanding the laws of learning, especially Thorndike’s principles, helps educators and nurses create meaningful learning environments. For nursing students, these laws are essential in developing clinical competencies, critical thinking, and patient-centered care skills.

Q.7 Write Short notes. (Any Three) (15 MARKS)

1.What is intelligence? Explain the different tools used for the measurement of IQ

Intelligence is one of the most important psychological traits that differentiates human beings in terms of their mental abilities. In psychology, intelligence refers to the general mental capability to reason, solve problems, plan, think abstractly, comprehend ideas, and learn from experience. The ability to adapt effectively to the environment and to use knowledge efficiently in different situations is also considered part of intelligence. It is a complex trait influenced by both heredity and environment.

🧠 Definition of Intelligence:

According to Alfred Binet, intelligence is the ability to judge well, understand well, and reason well.
According to David Wechsler, intelligence is the global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment.

Thus, intelligence is a composite mental ability that allows individuals to adjust to their surroundings, solve problems, and engage in meaningful activities.

📊 Concept of IQ (Intelligence Quotient):

The level of intelligence is often expressed as an Intelligence Quotient (IQ). IQ is a standardized score derived by comparing a person’s mental age to their chronological age.

The formula for calculating IQ was originally proposed by Binet and Simon:

An IQ score of 100 is considered average. A higher or lower score may reflect superior or below-average intellectual functioning.

📐 Tools Used for the Measurement of IQ:

To assess intelligence accurately, psychologists have developed several standardized tools and tests. These tools are used in schools, clinics, hospitals, and research settings.

1️⃣ Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale:

This was the first formal IQ test, developed by Alfred Binet and later revised by Stanford University. It is applicable from age 2 to adult and measures reasoning, memory, problem-solving, vocabulary, and number skills. It is widely used in educational and psychological assessments.

2️⃣ Wechsler Intelligence Scales:

These tests were developed by David Wechsler and are among the most commonly used IQ tests today. The three versions are:

• WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) – for individuals 16 years and above.
• WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) – for ages 6 to 16 years.
• WPPSI (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence) – for young children aged 2.5 to 7 years.

These tests measure both verbal and non-verbal intelligence and provide a full-scale IQ score.

3️⃣ Raven’s Progressive Matrices:

This is a non-verbal intelligence test that assesses reasoning ability through pattern recognition. It is especially useful for testing individuals who do not speak the test language well. It is widely used in educational and military settings.

4️⃣ Bhatia’s Battery of Performance Tests:

Designed for Indian populations, this test is suitable for individuals with little or no education. It includes non-verbal subtests such as Koh’s Block Design and Pass-Along Test. It is commonly used in rural or semi-literate settings in India.

5️⃣ Seguin Form Board Test:

This is a performance-based test used mainly to assess the intelligence of mentally challenged or developmentally delayed individuals. It involves placing shaped objects into corresponding slots as quickly as possible, testing coordination and problem-solving skills.

6️⃣ Draw-A-Man Test:

Also called the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test, it is used primarily for children. The child is asked to draw a human figure, and the quality and detail of the drawing are used to estimate mental maturity or IQ.

7️⃣ Group Intelligence Tests:

These tests are conducted on large groups at a time, using paper-pencil methods. They are useful in schools, colleges, or during competitive exams. Though less precise than individual tests, they are time-saving and economical.

🧠 Classification of IQ Scores:

IQ Score	Classification
130 and above	Very Superior
120–129	Superior
110–119	High Average
90–109	Average
80–89	Low Average
70–79	Borderline
Below 70	Mentally Challenged

🏥 Importance of IQ Measurement in Nursing:

In nursing, understanding a patient’s intelligence level is important for planning education, communication, rehabilitation, and care. IQ testing helps identify intellectual disabilities, learning difficulties, or cognitive decline, especially in pediatric, geriatric, and psychiatric nursing. Nurses may work alongside psychologists to interpret results and adapt care accordingly.

2.Explain Concepts and theory of motivation

Motivation is a vital psychological concept that drives human behavior. It refers to the internal or external forces that arouse, direct, and sustain goal-directed actions. In simple terms, motivation explains why people do what they do—why they study, work, eat, or rest.

For nurses, understanding motivation is essential to help patients comply with treatments, change unhealthy behaviors, and achieve recovery goals.

🧠 Concept of Motivation:

✅ According to Morgan:
“Motivation refers to a state within a person that drives behavior toward a goal.”

✅ According to Woodworth:
“Motivation is the state of the individual which disposes him to certain behavior for seeking a goal.”

Motivation can be:

• Intrinsic – driven by internal satisfaction, curiosity, interest, or personal goals.
• Extrinsic – driven by external rewards such as money, praise, or punishment.

🌟 Types of Motivation:

Type	Description	Example
Biological	Basic survival needs – hunger, thirst, sleep	Eating food when hungry
Social	Need for belonging, status, approval	Making friends, joining groups
Personal	Self-growth and achievement	Studying for career goals
Achievement	Striving to succeed and excel	Competing in exams or sports
Affiliation	Desire for relationships and companionship	Joining social or peer groups

🧪 Theories of Motivation:

Several psychologists have developed theories to explain how motivation works. These theories are broadly divided into content theories (what motivates) and process theories (how motivation occurs).

1️⃣ Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Abraham Maslow)

Maslow proposed that human needs are arranged in a hierarchical order, and lower-level needs must be satisfied before moving to higher levels.

🔹 Levels of Maslow’s Pyramid:

1. Physiological Needs – Food, water, sleep, air
2. Safety Needs – Security, protection, stable environment
3. Love and Belonging – Friendship, intimacy, family
4. Esteem Needs – Recognition, respect, self-confidence
5. Self-Actualization – Realizing one’s full potential and creativity

✅ Example in Nursing: A patient recovering from surgery needs pain relief (physiological) before focusing on self-esteem or rehab goals.

2️⃣ Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Proposed by Frederick Herzberg, this theory states that there are two sets of factors that influence motivation:

🔹 Hygiene Factors (do not motivate, but prevent dissatisfaction):

• Salary, job security, work conditions, policies

🔹 Motivators (lead to satisfaction and motivation):

• Achievement, recognition, responsibility, growth

✅ Application: A nurse may stay in a job because of salary (hygiene factor), but may feel truly motivated by appreciation and opportunities to learn (motivators).

3️⃣ McClelland’s Theory of Needs

Developed by David McClelland, it focuses on three key needs:

1. Need for Achievement (nAch) – Desire to do better and be successful
2. Need for Affiliation (nAff) – Desire to be liked and accepted
3. Need for Power (nPow) – Desire to influence or control others

✅ Different people have different dominant needs, and understanding these can help manage teams or patient behavior better.

4️⃣ Drive Reduction Theory (Clark Hull)

This theory suggests that motivation arises from biological drives or needs that create discomfort. Behavior is directed toward reducing the drive and restoring balance (homeostasis).

✅ Example: Hunger creates discomfort, so we eat to reduce the hunger drive.

5️⃣ Incentive Theory

It states that individuals are motivated by external rewards or incentives. Even if no internal need exists, a desirable reward can stimulate action.

✅ Example: A patient may follow a diet plan better if promised a reward like a treat or appreciation.

6️⃣ Cognitive Theory of Motivation

According to this theory, expectations, goals, and thinking patterns influence motivation. People act if they believe their action will lead to success or desired outcome.

✅ Example: A student studies hard believing that good results will bring future benefits.

🏥 Importance of Motivation in Nursing:

• Encourages patients to follow treatment plans and achieve health goals
• Helps in changing unhealthy behaviors like smoking or poor diet
• Boosts student nurses’ learning and performance
• Supports staff motivation and retention in hospitals
• Enables rehabilitation and recovery in chronic or psychiatric patients

3.Explain Personality

Personality is a key concept in psychology that explains the unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize an individual. It reflects who we are, how we interact with others, and how we respond to situations. In nursing, understanding personality is important for delivering individualized, empathetic care and for promoting effective communication with patients and colleagues.

🧠 Definition of Personality:

✅ According to Gordon Allport:
“Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to the environment.”

✅ According to Eysenck:
“Personality is the more or less stable and enduring organization of a person’s character, temperament, intellect, and physique.”

In essence, personality includes a person’s traits, habits, attitudes, emotional patterns, and social behavior. It is influenced by heredity, environment, and experiences.

🧬 Characteristics of Personality:

1. Uniqueness – Each person has a distinct personality.
2. Consistency – Personality traits are relatively stable over time.
3. Dynamic Nature – Personality can change or grow with experience and maturity.
4. Integrated Whole – It is the combination of physical, emotional, and social traits.
5. Influences Behavior – Personality affects how we react to people and situations.

🌱 Factors Influencing Personality Development:

🔹 1. Heredity:

Genes inherited from parents determine physical features, intelligence, and temperament.

🔹 2. Environment:

Includes family, education, peer groups, culture, and social surroundings that shape personality.

🔹 3. Culture and Traditions:

Cultural beliefs and values influence attitudes, behavior, and personality traits.

🔹 4. Life Experiences:

Successes, failures, trauma, and learning influence personality over time.

🔹 5. Socialization:

Interaction with family, teachers, and society teaches norms and develops personality.

🧪 Theories of Personality:

1️⃣ Type Theories:

These theories categorize people into personality “types.”

• Hippocrates’ Temperament Theory:
  Divides personality into 4 types –
  • Sanguine (cheerful)
  • Choleric (angry)
  • Melancholic (depressed)
  • Phlegmatic (calm)
• Carl Jung’s Classification:
  • Introverts – shy, reserved
  • Extroverts – outgoing, sociable
  • Ambiverts – balanced traits of both

2️⃣ Trait Theories:

• Gordon Allport emphasized that individuals possess thousands of traits.
• Raymond Cattell identified 16 Personality Factors (16PF).
• Eysenck proposed three dimensions:
  • Extroversion vs. Introversion
  • Neuroticism vs. Stability
  • Psychoticism vs. Socialization
• Big Five Model (OCEAN):
  1. Openness to experience
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Neuroticism

3️⃣ Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud):

Freud believed personality is shaped by unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences.

• Id – Instincts and desires
• Ego – Rational self, reality
• Superego – Moral conscience

✅ Defense mechanisms (like denial, repression) protect the ego from anxiety.

4️⃣ Humanistic Theory (Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow):

• Focuses on free will, personal growth, and self-actualization.
• Every person has the potential for positive change and fulfillment.

5️⃣ Behavioral and Social Learning Theories (B.F. Skinner & Bandura):

• Personality is developed through learning, reinforcement, and social interactions.
• Albert Bandura emphasized observational learning (learning by watching others).

🏥 Importance of Personality in Nursing:

1. Helps in understanding patient behavior and tailoring care accordingly.
2. Enables nurses to develop therapeutic relationships based on trust and empathy.
3. Promotes effective communication with diverse patients and team members.
4. Supports stress management and emotional control in challenging healthcare situations.
5. Assists in identifying patients with personality disorders or mental health issues.

4.Explain Conflict and its resolution.

Conflict is a common and natural part of human interaction. It occurs when two or more individuals or groups have incompatible goals, desires, values, or needs, leading to disagreement, tension, or hostility. Conflict can occur within an individual (intrapersonal), between individuals (interpersonal), or among groups (intergroup). While often seen as negative, conflict can also be constructive if managed effectively.

In healthcare and nursing, conflict may arise due to differences in opinions, workload, communication gaps, or patient-related decisions, making conflict resolution an essential skill for nurses.

🧠 Definition of Conflict:

✅ According to Gillin and Gillin:
“Conflict is the deliberate attempt to oppose, resist, or coerce the will of another or others.”

✅ According to Lewis Coser:
“Conflict is a struggle over values or claims to status, power, and resources in which the aims of the opponents are to neutralize or destroy their rivals.”

🔍 Types of Conflict:

1️⃣ Intrapersonal Conflict:

• Occurs within the individual (e.g., confusion, anxiety, moral dilemma).
• Example: A nursing student feels torn between studying and attending a family function.

2️⃣ Interpersonal Conflict:

• Occurs between two individuals with different opinions or personalities.
• Example: Conflict between a nurse and a doctor over patient care decisions.

3️⃣ Intragroup Conflict:

• Arises within a team or department.
• Example: Conflict among nursing staff regarding duty allocation.

4️⃣ Intergroup Conflict:

• Occurs between two or more departments or units.
• Example: Conflict between ICU nurses and general ward staff over bed transfers.

5️⃣ Organizational Conflict:

• Results from structural, communication, or policy issues in the healthcare system.

🧨 Common Causes of Conflict:

• Poor communication or misunderstandings
• Difference in values, opinions, or beliefs
• Role ambiguity or overlapping responsibilities
• Competition for limited resources (staff, equipment, beds)
• Emotional stress, fatigue, or burnout
• Lack of respect or recognition

💡 Effects of Conflict:

🔴 Negative Effects:

• Decreased morale and teamwork
• Increased stress and anxiety
• Reduced productivity and efficiency
• Poor patient care and outcomes
• Workplace violence or bullying

🟢 Positive Effects (when handled properly):

• Encourages discussion and innovation
• Strengthens problem-solving skills
• Improves relationships and understanding
• Leads to better decision-making and clarity

🔧 Conflict Resolution – Meaning and Methods:

Conflict resolution is the process of recognizing, addressing, and managing conflict in a peaceful and constructive manner to restore harmony and effective communication.

🔑 Methods of Conflict Resolution:

1️⃣ Avoidance (Withdrawing):

• Ignoring the conflict or avoiding confrontation.
• Suitable for minor issues but may lead to unresolved tension if overused.

2️⃣ Accommodation (Yielding):

• One party gives in to the other’s wishes.
• Maintains harmony but may lead to resentment over time.

3️⃣ Competition (Forcing):

• One party imposes its viewpoint.
• Useful in emergencies, but may damage relationships if used excessively.

4️⃣ Compromise (Sharing):

• Each party gives up something to reach a mutual agreement.
• Often used in workplace settings to maintain balance.

5️⃣ Collaboration (Problem-Solving):

• Both parties work together to find a win-win solution.
• Most effective and constructive method.

✅ Example: A nurse and doctor resolve a disagreement about treatment by discussing patient needs and agreeing on a combined approach.

👩‍⚕️ Role of Nurse in Conflict Resolution:

1. Recognize early signs of conflict (tone of voice, body language, disagreement).
2. Use active listening to understand all viewpoints.
3. Maintain calm and respectful communication.
4. Promote teamwork, empathy, and cooperation.
5. Use mediation or involve supervisors when needed.
6. Maintain professional boundaries and emotional control.
7. Encourage a positive work culture where concerns can be discussed openly.

Q.8 Write Very Short notes. (Any Three) (06 MARKS)

1.Define Emotion

Emotion is a complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, physiological arousal, and behavioral expression in response to a stimulus.

✅ According to William James:
“Emotion is the feeling resulting from bodily changes.”

🧠 Example: Fear, anger, happiness, sadness, and surprise are basic emotions.

2.Define Id. Ego and Super ego

(Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality)

• Id
  • The primitive and instinctual part of personality.
  • Operates on the pleasure principle (seeks immediate gratification).
  • Example: Hunger, sex, aggression.
• Ego
  • The rational and realistic part.
  • Operates on the reality principle, balancing Id and Superego.
  • Example: Decides when and how to satisfy urges acceptably.
• Superego
  • The moral and ethical component (conscience).
  • Represents social values, rules, and ideals.
  • Example: Feeling guilty after doing something wrong.

3.Define Counseling

Counseling is a professional helping process where a trained counselor assists an individual in understanding and resolving personal, emotional, behavioral, or psychological problems.

✅ According to Carl Rogers:
“Counseling is a series of direct contacts with the individual which aims to offer assistance in changing attitudes and behavior.”

🟢 It involves confidential communication, active listening, empathy, and guidance to promote mental well-being.

4.Enlist Preventive strategies in Mental Health.

✅ 1. Primary Prevention:

• Mental health promotion and risk reduction in healthy individuals
• Strategies:
  • Health education
  • Stress management programs
  • Parenting workshops
  • School mental health programs

✅ 2. Secondary Prevention:

• Early identification and prompt treatment of mental health problems
• Strategies:
  • Mental health screening
  • Early diagnosis
  • Crisis intervention
  • Suicide prevention hotlines

✅ 3. Tertiary Prevention:

• Reducing complications and disability from existing mental illness
• Strategies:
  • Rehabilitation services
  • Vocational training
  • Support groups
  • Follow-up care and relapse prevention