MICRO-UNIT-I HISTORY

Introduction
a) History of bacteriology and microbiology.
b) Scope of microbiology in Nursing

MICRO ORGANISM :-

• MICRO ORGANISM :-  Micro-organism 
• MICRO:- VERY SMALL, NOT SEEN THROUGH NAKED EYE.(Which we cannot see with the naked eye)
• BIO:- LIFE ( Life-related)
• LOGY:- SCIENCTIFIC  STUDY (Science- Scientific Study)

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY :-

Physics began in ancient times, mathematics began even earlier, but knowledge of small living things, their biology and their impact on human life dates back only to the late 19th century. Until about the 1880s, people still believed that life could be created from thin air and that illness was caused by sins or bad smells.

   Microorganisms may have been the first to come to Earth. Old studies have shown that thousands of years ago, microorganisms existed and caused epidemics. Microbiology is a science that has developed in the last 200 years. Earlier people had some knowledge of medicine but did not have knowledge about the causes of disease. Due to differences in cultures and parts of society and treatment, opinions about why people get diseases differ. Bad odors were believed to be caused by diseases, treated by removing or masking the offensive odor. Imbalances in the humors (different fluids) of the body, and were treated with bleeding, sweating, and vomiting. Sins of the soul, treated with prayer and rituals. Although the concept of infection was known, it was not attributed to small living organisms but to bad odors or spirits, such as the Devil.

(1). Varo and Columella:- Disease is caused by invisible organisms (Animalia minuta). Which are inhaled or eaten

(2). 13th Century Roger Bacon:-

Proved that diseases originate from invisible living creatures. They enter the body through breathing or some other means.  

(3). 1546- Fracastorius of Verona:-

He first suggested that disease is caused by minute “ Seeds ” or “ Germs ” and is spread from one person to another.

(4).1675 : – Antony Van Leeuwenhoek:-

Made their own microscope which could magnify 160 times. With the help of which they discovered bacteria. He is called the FATHER of MICROSCOPY. 

(5).1776:- Edward Jenner:-

First vaccine against small pox (chickenpox) was prepared. Immunization was started.

(6). 1762-Von Plenciz :-

Every disease  It was concluded that fermentation occurs through different agents.

(7).1861 – Louis Pasteur (Louis Pashwar) :-

Fermentation occurs in fruits by microorganisms It was shown that .

 In 1856, they developed the Pasteurization method, which was first used for wine and is now used for milk and dairy products to rid milk and its products of harmful microorganisms.

In 1881, the Anthrax Vaccine (anthrax is a fever caused by a bacteria called anthrax) was discovered

In 1885, the Pasteurization treatment of Rabies was developed (treatment) developed), which is still used today. He is known as the FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY.

8)1867 -Lord Lister (Lord Lister) :-

Started using phenol for the prevention and treatment of wounds. Started using antiseptic solutions for wounds to keep them free of microorganisms. He is known as the FATHER OF ANTISEPTIC SURGERY . He used carbolic acid during surgery

(9) 1876 Robert Koch (Robert Koch) :-

• In 1881, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis-TB) was not bacteria) discovered .
• Cholera vibrio (the bacteria that causes cholera) discovered in 1883.
• Anthrax bacteria isolated
• FATHER OF MODERN BACTERIOLOGY

(10) 1925 – Sir Alexander Flemming (Sir Alexander Fleming) :-

Discovery of the first antibiotic (a drug that kills bacteria) He first discovered the antibiotic penicillin.

(11) Paul Ehrlich (Paul Ehrlich):-

1. Discovery that the nature of tuberculosis bacteria is acid fast bacilli
2. Staining for tissue and blood cells (Stain) technique developed
3.  Paul Ehrlich is known as the father of chemotherapy.

 (12) Hans Christian Gram:  Developed the ‘Gram stain’ method.

(13) Ernst Ruska: Invented the electron microscope.

(14) Elie Metchnikoff: Explain how phagocytosis i.e. how the immune system destroys bacteria etc.

(15) Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger:  1977* Developed the method of DNA sequencing.

11. Karry B Mullis: invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)..  

1. Microorganisms have the ability to cause disease in humans, so through this study Their characteristics and behavior can be known. So that the nurse can treat and take care of the disease caused by that microorganism in a better way.
2. By studying Microbiology, we can know how the disease occurs. How it spreads and how it can be prevented. Nurses always live in the hospital environment, so infection control and self-protection are also necessary, so it is also necessary to have knowledge of Microbiology.
3. Laboratory testing is required to identify bacteria. Different tests are performed for different diseases so that it can be known which type of bacteria causes which disease
4. It is possible to understand how important personal health and immune measures are to resist microbial diseases
5. The superstitions, ignorance and misconceptions prevalent among people about diseases caused by microorganisms can be removed and a correct understanding can be given. Social beliefs can be changed
6. While providing patient care or Nurses use microbiology concepts when performing procedures.
7. Diseases caused by microorganisms can be identified and measures can be taken to diagnose and prevent the spread.
8. Nurses use hot water or antiseptic to sterilize surgical knives, needles, scissors, and other metal instruments.
9. Knowledge. Importance of Microbiology in Nursing Practice Thus, nurses must have adequate education and training in microbiology to perform many roles in clinical nursing practice. (e.g., administering antibiotics, collecting specimens, preparing specimens for transport and distribution, educating patients and families, communicating results to the healthcare team, and developing care plans. Taking care of microbiology study results and patient’s immune status).