PERSONALITY:

MEANING ( મીનિંગ ) :

• Personality is difficult to define, but we know it when we see it. We all make judgments about the personality of people we know and we also form impressions about the personality of people we do not know but have only read about.
• The word personality comes from the Latin word persona which means the person a person uses when they come into contact with others.
• Thus the word personality means the social mask people wear as they assume the roles imposed on them by social conventions and traditions.

DEFINITION ( Definition ):

• Personality refers to the qualities within a person, the characteristics of their behaviour, or both.
• Psychologist, Gordon Allport (1937), defined personality as “the dynamic organization within an individual of those psychophysical systems which determine his unique adjustment to his environment.”
• According to RS Woodworth, “Personality is the total quality of an individual’s behavior.”
• According to Cattell, “Personality is that which permits prediction of what an individual will do in a given situation.” Therefore, from the above definitions, we can say that personality is not a static state but dynamic in nature, which is constantly changing. It is related to the environment.
• Integratively, personality is defined as the sum total of an individual’s physical, mental, and social qualities. can be done.
• Personality refers to the systematic, consistent and general pattern of a person’s behavior that helps us understand his behavior as a person.

NATURE OF PERSONALITY:

Various characteristics of personality shed light on its nature and are as follows:

Uniqueness:

Personality is the most important part that makes us a person. It is said that no two people look alike; the same can be said about personality; no two personalities are exactly alike.

Personality is a constant changable (personality is a dynamic):

Allport’s The definition of personality shows that personality is a dynamic thing. The parts of personality are organized into units that are not static but active.

Personality measures the behaviour:

The personality of individuals can be assessed through their behaviour.

Motive force:

There are various motivational theories that describe Personality. helps in understanding the dynamics of. A person’s  behaviour is influenced by overall motives, incentives, ego involvement, etc.

Personality is the interaction between heredity and environment:

In short, personality is the result of the interaction of heredity traits and environment factors. Environmental factors influence the development of physical, social, emotional and moral characteristics of individuals.

other points

• unique and special
• self-conscious.
• It includes all behavioral patterns. cognitive, conative and affective domains
• The sum of the (total) characteristics of an individual.
• Dynamic and ever-changing.
• The unique adjustment of an individual to his or her environment.
• Personality always strives for goals.
• Intentions, abilities, interests and nature are known as the underlying determinants of behavior. Every individual personality has one or more distinctive traits to achieve recognition.

DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY:

• Personality development is the development of an organized pattern of behavior and attitude that makes an individual unique, and is recognizable immediately after birth.
• Nature Temperament, the constant interaction of environment and character help in the development of personality.

Nature :

• Genetically determined characteristic that determines a child’s approach to the world and how the child learns
• To specify the personality traits of a person, there are no genes that control the development of the nervous system that controls a person’s behavior.

Environment:

• The second component of personality comes from the adaptive pattern of the child’s specific environment, both of which play the most important roles in the development of a person’s personality, both of which play a role in the nature and environment.

Character:

• Character is the third component of personality, defined as the set of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral structures learned from a person’s experience.
• Although Character depends on the innate traits and the experience of a person starting out, it continues to develop throughout a person’s life.

TYPES OF PERSONALITY:

Different psychologists have given different types of personality.

HIPPOCRATES CLASSIFICATION:

According to Hippocrates (a Greek physician known as the FATHER OF MEDICINE), people are divided into four temperament groups:

Sanguine : Individuals in this group are cheerful, enthusiastic and confidently optimistic. Energetic, emotionally & physically strong, confident.

Melancholic : People in this group are depressed and stupid. no energy, no happiness, emotionally & physically weak.

Choleric: People in this group are hot-tempered. Active but irritable, emotionally weak, physically strong.

Phlegmatic : Individuals in this group are slow, calm and restless. Happy but lazy, emotionally strong, physically weak, calm.

ERNST KRETCHMER’S CLASSIFICATION:

According to Ernst Kretschmer (a German psychologist), humans are classified into four types.

Ernst found from his studies on mental patients that certain body types are related to certain types of mental disorders and these are:

Pyknic :

People with this body type are short, round and associated with manic depression. They have the personality traits of extroverts.

Good nature, jolly, fatty, sociable..

Asthenic (asthenic):

People with this body type have a thin body and an introverted personality.

They suffer from mental disorders like schizophrenia.

They are Shy, sensitive, unsociable.

Athletic (Athletic):

People with this body type have strong bodies. They are energetic and aggressive, strong-willed, adventurous and balanced.

They are usually associated with manic depression.

Dysplastic:

People with this body type have disproportionate body parts and do not belong to any of the three types mentioned above (this disproportion is due to hormonal imbalance). Just as the body is disproportionate, so is their behavior and personality.

SHELDON CLASSIFICATION:

Influenced by Kretschmer’s views, Sheldon classified personality based on Nature and body type.

The body components are Endomorphic Endomorphy, Mesomorphic Mesomorphy and Ectomorphic Ectomorphy.

The corresponding temperament dimensions are Viscerotonia, Somatotonia and Cerebrotonia respectively.

SELDON SOMATOTYPES (Sheldon somatotype):

Endomorphic Endomorph (Viscoserotic)

character-character:- gentle, sociable, tolerant, comfort-loving, peaceful

appearance:-fatty

Mesomorphic Mesomorph (Somatotonic)

character- vigorous, combative

appearance:- active, Firm, muscular, plump, buxom,

Ectomorphic Ectomorph (Cerebrotonic)

character- calm, delicate, restrained, non-aggressive, sensitive

Appearance:- lean, delicate, weak muscles

Endomorphic (Viserotonia): This aspect of personality indicates the predominance of the visceral organs. Individuals in this group are plump, soft, fat, and round-bodied, with a temperament and a light punch indicating excess viscera as fat.

Mesomorphic (Somatotonia): This aspect of personality refers to bone and muscle. Mesomorphic has broad shoulders, narrow hips, and rippling muscles.

Ectomorphic (Cerebrotonia): It is one of the classifications given by Sheldon.

JUNG’S CLASSIFICATION:

• CG Jung (a leading Swiss psychologist who was originally a follower of Sigmund Freud) classified personality into two main groups:
• INTROVERT (introvert) and EXTROVERT (extrovert) and individuals in this group are called introverts and extroverts respectively.

INTROVERT (introvert):

• According to Jung, INTROVERT introverts tend to keep whatever they have to themselves, especially in times of emotional stress and conflict. Characteristics of introverts include shyness and a preference for working alone.
• INTROVERT Introverts love indoor games and spend their time reading and writing books alone in a corner. He likes to be alone more.
• He doesn’t like busy people/places.
• INTROVERT Introverts have some fixed ideas and think a lot before doing anything.
• INTROVERT Introverts are very sensitive and don’t spend as much money on other people as extroverts.
• They are day dreamers, shy, moody, alone, and cool.

EXTROVERT (Extrovert):

• EXTROVERT Extroverts have the opposite behavioral traits overall. Individuals in this group are outgoing, extravagant, lively and direct in action.
• EXTROVERT Extroverts react positively to various situations and mix freely with others.
• They are talkative and good at social interaction. Extroverts are very generous and outspoken and sometimes even bold.
• EXTROVERT Extroverts always prefer outdoor games and do not pay much attention to details. They are always happy, lucky people.
• EXTROVERT Extroverts usually spend a lot of money on other people and try to get love and affection from others.
• They are friendly, talkative, emotionally sensitive, fluent in speaking, always looking for something to enjoy.

HANS EYSENEK’S CLASSIFICATION:

In his theory of Personality, there are two types of personality, Introversion, Extroversion, Neuroticism and Psychological.

TYPE A PERSONALITY

• Restlessness
• Competitive Drive
• Hard driving
• Sense of  urgency

TYPE B PERSONALITY

• Calmer calmer
• more philosophical more philosophical
• easy going
• Non competitive
• Longer life
• Little dull

Factors affecting personality development:

Personality is the set of unique characteristics, thoughts, and behaviors within a person that shape their identity and progress in life. Various factors affect the development of personality, which are basically the influence of a person’s life circumstances, hereditary qualities and environment.

Factors affecting personality:

1. Heredity:
The genetic material received from a person’s lineage has an important influence. Inherited physical traits, mental abilities, and some health-related conditions shape a person’s nature and behavior.

2. Environment:
Environmental factors include the place where a person lives, the social conditions surrounding him, the family environment, the circle of friends, and the school environment. These factors affect a person’s ideology, discourses, and moral values.

3. Family:
A person’s early habits and qualities develop in the family. The relationship with parents, conscience, and culture shape a person’s thoughts. The number of siblings in the family, the economic status of the family, and the educational culture of the parents also play a major role in the development of personality.

4. Education:
Education and educational institutions play an important role. Education enhances a person’s knowledge, purpose, and self-confidence. Interactions with teachers and students, school morals, and the academic environment are also influential.

5. Social Factors:
Society and social acceptance or rejection, psychological pressure, and religious or cultural norms of society shape a person’s nature and behavior. Friends, peers, and interactions with society help in practical knowledge and development.

6. Cultural Factors:
A person’s cultural heritage shapes their ideals, beliefs, and moral values. Every culture has different rules and practices, which influence a person’s attitude and behavior.

7.Personal Experience:
The experiences a person has during their life affect their thinking and behavior. The experience of success or failure, happiness or sadness is very important in teaching a person.

Along with these factors, a person’s internal capacity and efforts also play an important role in his development.

ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY:

• Personality assessments are done for a variety of reasons.
• A psychologist wants to identify people for a salesperson’s job. Clinical psychologists often use personality tests to assess psychological disorders. Personality tests do not have “right” and “wrong” answers. Instead, they look for answers that will reveal people’s typical attitudes or behaviors.
• Dr. According to Saul Rosenzweig, personality testing and assessment methods can be divided into the following categories:

1. Self-Report Technique OR Subjective method
2. Observation Technique OR Objective method
3. Projective Technique

1. Self-Report Technique OR Subjective method:

• Subjective method is the method in which the object has to know about the subject
• In this method, the subject himself tells about his attitude, personal experience, goals, needs and interests.
• Some important Subjective methods are:

Autobiography (Autobiography)

• An autobiography is a description by a person of his or her life experiences, his or her current goals, objectives, interests, and attitudes.
• The subject has the freedom to choose experiences that reveal his or her personality and that are important to him or her.

Case History

• Case History on Autobiography Depends to a greater or lesser extent.
• In a case history, information about a person from various sources is combined.
• For this, several interviews are conducted with the individual and other people who know the person.
• Provides information about case study techniques

Interview

• An interview is the most common method of assessing a person’s personality.
• The interviewer either asks questions or lets the person speak freely to get a clear picture of the person.
• From what the person says, the interviewer learns about their interests.

Questionnaires

• Questionnaires A questionnaire is a series of printed or written questions that a person is asked to answer. The subject is expected to answer each question by checking or circling or underlining the ‘yes’ or ‘no’ given against the question.
• The investigator counts the number of “yes, no” and thus the examiner is in a position to state whether the person has certain traits or not.
• The limitation of this method is that the person may not be willing to reveal true facts about him or herself or may not be in conscious possession of these facts.
• The method at its best reveals that part of the personality which is clearly stated or available for investigation by the subject.

2.Observation Technique OR Objective method

• objective method Objective methods rely on the subject’s explicit behavior disclosed to observers, examiners, or others serving as judges.
• Where his specific traits, habits, needs, and other characteristics can be directly observed by the examiner.

3.Projective Technique

• In this method, the subject is requested to behave in a fictional manner, i.e. by making up a story, interpreting ink-blots or making some objects out of plastic material and drawing what he wants to draw.
• In this way the subject is encouraged to ‘project’ or freely throw his thoughts, feelings, desires and other reactions into some situations that are provided. Therefore, this method reveals the underlying traits, mood, attitude and perceptions that determine a person’s behaviour in real life situations.
• Some of the important projection techniques are-
• Rorschach test,  TAT or Thematic Apperception Test, Sentence Completion Tests, Play Technique  Game Techniques, Word Association Test, Incomplete Sentence Technique.

IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE OF PERSONALITY FOR A NURSE (Nurses Importance of personality knowledge for nurses):

• Knowledge of personality development and change is very important for nurses.
• With this knowledge, the nurse can understand not only the patient’s personality but also her own personality, which is positive and helps in effective nursing care.
• Therefore, the nurse should try to understand the personality of the patients, and if they are negative, try to change them.
• The relationship with patients and job satisfaction can also be influenced.
• Personality, or the way you address the person you are serving and present yourself, is very important in the job place.
• A nurse is a person who helps sick patients, helping them to get well and healthy again.
• Nurses should have a good nature, be very cheerful and have a smile on their lips.
• They should get satisfaction from their work, and they should do their work consciously and with concentration.
• It incorporates socio-cultural concepts in the development of personality. It provides a systematic, step-by-step approach and outlines specific tasks that should be completed during each stage.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS AGE GROUPS- CHILD ADOLESCENT, ADULT & AGED (Characteristic of Various Age Groups Child, Adolescent, Adult and Aged):

• Various Age Groups Characteristics
• Every person has a unique identity. This identity includes various personality traits that can be positive or negative.
• These traits can also be innate, and vary depending on the degree of influence of the environment on the person.

INFANCIE (बल्यावस्था):

• From birth to 3 months of age, the infant does not understand the physical separation between itself and the mother.
• The developmental stage lasts from 3 to 18 months. Infant is completely dependent on others.
• The need for trust is met consistently and predictably.
• Feelings of loving, nurturing, and accepting the environment result from the infant’s complete dependence.
• The capacity for empathic understanding in future relationships develops between the ages of 18 months and 3 years.

Early Childhood (0-5 years) :

Formation of basic nature:

• nature  which includes characteristics such as activity level, emotional responsiveness, and so on, forms the foundation of personality.
•  Attachment formation: Interactions with caregivers during infancy and early childhood contribute to the development of attachment styles, influencing trust, intimacy, and interpersonal relationships later in life.
• Exploration and learning: Children begin to explore their environment, develop language skills, and learn social norms through interactions with family members and peers.

 Middle Childhood (6-12 years):

•  Formation of self-concept: Children develop a sense of self-awareness and self-esteem based on the feedback of others and their own experiences.
• Socialization: Peer relationships become increasingly important, influencing social skills, empathy.
• Cognitive development: Advances in cognitive abilities, such as reasoning and problem-solving, affect personality development by shaping how individuals understand and interpret the world around them.

Adolescence (13-18 years):

•  Identity formation: Adolescents explore various roles, values, and beliefs as they seek to establish a coherent sense of identity.
• Peer influence: Peers play a role in shaping the development of adolescents’ attitudes, behavior, and identity.
• Risk-taking and experimentation: Adolescents may engage in risk-taking behavior as they navigate the formation of autonomy and identity, which can affect the development of personality. is.

Early Adulthood (19-40 years):

• Identity consolidation :
  Young adults continue to refine their sense of self and establish long-term goals and values.
• Intimacy and relationships:
  The formation of intimate relationships and commitment to career paths or life goals contribute to the development of adult personality.
• Coping strategies Coping strategies:
  Individuals Develops coping mechanisms and resilience in response to life’s challenges and tensions, which shape emotional stability.

Middle Adulthood (41-60 years):

Career and family roles Career and family roles:

• Adults may experience changes in priorities and responsibilities related to career advancement, parenthood and caregiving, which influence personality development.

Late Adulthood (61+ years):

Adjustments to aging:

Coping with the physical and cognitive changes associated with aging can affect personality traits.

WILL AND CHARACTER:

WILL:

• Will: It is the will of a person which is expressed through his actions, knowingly or unknowingly.
• WILL Will: Will regulates activities and behavior consciously by individuals.
• WILL “Will” helps in achieving the set goals by overcoming various obstacles and difficulties.
• WILL Will depends on various factors such as: Age of the person Physical & mental health Amount of training
• When a person does an activity according to his choice, it is known as free will.
• Will is not considered a separate psychic faculty. It is considered a quality or aspect of behavior.
• Strength of will may be due to one or more of the following:
• Having appropriate ideals and standards
• Ability to choose between alternative solutions to problems
• Ability to stick with a decision once made
• Ability to resist desires, impulses, and urges
• Will is determined by our actions or activities performed by us.
• These actions can be either involuntary or voluntary. The former is something that you do without even thinking about it, such as, blood circulation, breathing, heart rate, blinking if the eyes are involuntary actions. While a voluntary action is something, you do intentionally such as throwing a ball, clapping, talking, running, holding, reading, eating etc. are examples of voluntary actions.

CHARACTER:

• Character: Strength and originality are the nature of a person
• What is acquired from education and environment is known as character.
• Character is the life time asset of a person. It is the result of growth, it is not innate, which means that individuals are not born with CHARACTER but they acquire it.
• CHARACTER can be good and strong such as honesty, friendliness, etc. or bad such as lying, dishonesty, etc.
• Character is a set of behavioral traits that define what kind of person a person is. It determines whether a person will effectively achieve goals.
• Although character is related to personality, they are not the same thing.
• Personality is primarily an innate trait, while character involves learned behavior. Both can change depending on the situation.
• People seem to be born with a certain personality or attitude. Some people are shy, while others are outgoing and talkative.
• This learning comes directly or through observations of other characters and is related to their attitudes and values. Whether you are an introvert or an extrovert, your character concerns your attitude towards taking on difficult tasks, dealing with others, and following the rules of your culture.

SOURCES OF FORMATION OF GOOD CHARACTER:

• Heredity
• early childhood experience
• modeling by important adults and older youth
• peer influence
• general physical & social environment the general physical or social environment
• communication media
• the content taught in schools, churches, etc.
• specific situations and roles
• good character is best developed through shared values ​​within family, schools, religious institutions, and communities.

Factors Affecting Willpower in Psychology:

Willpower is the mental strength that gives a person the strength to be determined to achieve their goals, control circumstances, and fight against obstacles. This willpower is affected by various factors, which come from a person’s mental, physical, and environmental makeup.

Main Factors:

Personal Mindset:

A person’s mindset and their strategic approach greatly influence willpower. If a person’s psychology is strong and positive, they can stand firm in the face of difficulties.

Clarity of Goals:

A person who is clear about their goals and knows what they want to achieve has a stronger willpower. If there is no clarity in goals, willpower decreases.

Mental Fatigue:

You will think more, become more mentally tired, and willpower may decrease. Mental fatigue removes the clarity between desires and goals, which reduces willpower.

Environment:

The conditions and environment around us have a big impact on willpower. If someone lives in an inspiring environment, their willpower remains strong. However, willpower weakens somewhat in a negative or chaotic environment.

Social Support:

The morale support from family, friends, or work colleagues also affects willpower. With the right social support, a person can move more strongly towards their goals.

Personal Habits:

A daily disciplined lifestyle, healthy diet, regular exercise and proper rest keep the mind calm and strengthen willpower. An irregular lifestyle can reduce willpower.

Emotional State:

A person’s mental states, such as happiness, sadness, anger, or stress, have a direct impact on willpower. Willpower is strong with the ability to cope with or control mental states appropriately.

Previous Experiences:

A person who has experienced both success and failure in a previous life can develop willpower better. Experiences of success serve as inspiration to increase willpower. All these factors together have a direct impact on a person’s willpower and morale.