MEMORY:

INTRODUCTION ( Introduction ):

• Memory is a store house for everything. Memory is a very important cognitive process.
• It involves two functions, remembering and forgetting. That is, two sides of the coin because the nature of both is opposite to each other. Both these functions play a very important role in a person’s life.
• Memory is very important for effective learning.
• Remembering happy events makes life happy. On the contrary, remembering sad events makes life sad. At such times, forgetting helps in forgetting sad events. With the help of which a person can remain happy.
• Thus, forgetting and remembering are equally important for living a normal life. But in the case of learning, the importance of remembering increases.
• Without memory, a person cannot learn anything well. If a person learns anything, if he cannot remember it well, then the learning goes in vain.
• Memory begins through sensory input. Which occurs as a result of stimulation of the environment. Which includes vision, hearing, touch, etc. The stimulation received by the sensor is recorded in the secondary register and this information is stored in the secondary register for 20 to 30 seconds.
• A large part of the information is processed and repeated. Through rehearsal, some information is stored in long-term memory. There, it is divided into different categories and stored for a long time. Information stored in this way is remembered for a long time.

DEFINITION:

• Humans can store and preserve information for a long time and recall it again when needed, which is called memory.
• Memory is the power to store experiences that can be brought back to consciousness when needed after some time after the experiences.
• Memory is a neurochemical process. In which information can be saved by the brain and retrieved when needed.

NATURE OF MEMORY:

• Memory is the special ability of our mind to store past experiences and learning and to recall them when needed.
• The process of memory begins with learning or experience and ends with revival and reproduction. The process of memory consists of four stages. Which involves first learning or experiencing something, then retaining it, then recognizing it, and finally recalling it.
• Memory is a complex process that includes factors such as learning, retention, recognition, and recall.
• Memory is a storehouse for everything in which three stages are found: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

PROCESS OF MEMORY:

• Although there are many different models of how memory works, they all involve the same three processes. are:
  Getting information into the memory system (encoding), storing it there (storage), retrieving it when needed (retrieval).

-The memory process is divided into three parts.

• Encoding (putting it in)
• Storage (keeping it in)
• Retrieval (recovering it in)

Encoding:

• This is the first step in the memory process.
• Encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.
• Storing sensory information in a form that the brain can use is known as encoding.

Storage:

• Storage is storage.
• The information obtained through encoding is preserved for a certain period of time, which is called storage.
• This information is stored in the person’s brain, which is called neural trace or memory trace. Therefore, information can be retrieved from it when needed.
• This period of time varies depending on the use of memory. Like for short term or long term

Retrieval:

• Retrieval means recovery.
• Retrieval means reusing or considering stored information.
• Stored information can be brought into the conscious mind when needed.
• The experience of attending any class can be compared to the above. Where listening to lectures and preparing notes is encoding or learning.
• Memorizing the information received during lectures is storage. And when needed, recall that lecture and retrieve the information again.

TYPES OF MEMORY (Types of memory):

Memory is divided into three types based on the duration of storing information:

1. Sensory memory (sensory memory)

2. Short term memory

3. Long term memory

1. Sensory memory:

• Sensory memory is also known as immediate memory is recognized.
• Information in the sensory register is stored for a very short period of time, from a fraction of a second to a few seconds.
• In this type of memory, information is received through sensory organs such as eyes and ears and that information is stored for only a few seconds.
• For example, if a picture comes in front of our eyes while watching TV, it is remembered for a few seconds.
• This sensory memory is converted into short-term memory or long-term memory or is forgotten. is.

There are three types of sensory memory:

• Iconic memory
• Echoic memory
• Hapetic memory (haptic memory)

Iconic memory

• Iconic memory is a form of sensory memory that holds or stores visual information for a quarter of a second or more.

Echoic memory

• Echoic memory is a form of sensory memory in which auditory information is held for two to three seconds.

Hapetic memory

Haptic The memory stores the textile sensory memory generated by the sense of touch for two seconds, which includes pain, pressure, and itching sensations.

2. Short term memory:

• Short term memory is also known as ‘working memory’ It is.
• Various experiments have shown that memory remains in our conscious and preconscious minds for a short time, which is called short-term memory.
• The storage capacity of short-term memory is very limited. Short-term memory stores information for a short period of 15 to 30 seconds and can remember six to seven things at a time.
• This information is made up of sound, image, word and sentence.
• This old information is forgotten when new information is received.
• This short-term memory can be transferred to long-term memory through maintenance or rehearsal.
• For example, by revising the notes given in a lecture, these notes can be stored in the long term. Can be stored in memory.

3. Long term memory:

• This type of memory has unlimited information storage capacity.
• This memory has an unlimited capacity to store information for days, months, years, and even a lifetime.
• Long-term memory is a complex process. A person stores information through various types of experiences and files the information according to categories. And reproduces it when needed.
• Due to long term memory, we always remember our name, our father’s name, date of birth and personal data life time.

There are two types of long term memory:

Explicit / Declerative memory (with conscious recall)

Implicit / non Declerative memory (without conscious recall)

Explicit memory:

• Explicit memory is also known as declarative memory.
• Explicit memory stores facts, events, concepts, and general knowledge for the long term.
• Explicit memory requires conscious effort to recall. For example, we need to consciously remember which formula to use in a mathematical example.

There are two types of explicit memory.

i) Episodic memory:
ii) Semantic memory:

i) Episodic memory:

– In episodic memory, information about our personal experiences and personal events is stored for the long term. For example, how our first day of college went is stored in episodic memory.

ii) Semantic memory:

– Semantic memory stores information about facts, concepts, and general knowledge. Remembering our names and those of our relatives and remembering their birthdays is an example of semantic memory.

Implicit memory:

– Implicit memory is also known as non-declarative memory.

– Implicit memory does not require conscious effort to remember. No effort is required to recall this memory.

– For example, while riding a bike, which gear to put the car in and when to brake  which does not require any effort to remember. We remember this thing.

   – There are two types of implicit memory:

   i) Procedural memory

   ii) Emotional memory

i) Procedural memory:

•  – Procedural memory includes motor skills and actions. In which the memory of how to do things is stored. We cannot explain this information.
•   – For example, a small child ties his own shoelaces. A nurse gives an injection well. Which cannot be explained.

ii) Emotional memory:

• – Emotional memory is a function of conditioning.
• – Emotional memory stores information about a condition or situation or how to react and give emotions to someone.
•  – For example, when we see a dog, we are afraid of it because the dog bit us once in childhood.

Factor affecting memory (Factor affecting memory):

• Age (एज) :

– Adult people have better memory and recall better than the old age. Can keep. Memory is at its peak between the ages of 16 and 26.

• Maturity:

 – A mature person can remember better than a child.

• Confidence:

– Good self-confidence helps in remembering. is.

• Interest (Interest) :

 – Interest in gaining knowledge helps in improving memory.

• Intelligence (Intelligence) :

– Intelligence also affects memory. People who have good intelligence will have more powerful memory.

• Diet (Diet) :

– A healthy diet improves memory. Eating a diet rich in vegetables, omega 3 antioxidants increases memory. Vitamin D, vitamin B12, folic acid, zinc etc. vitamins and  Minerals also affect memory.

• Exercise:

– Exercise provides oxygen to the brain and helps produce certain neurochemicals that are useful for stimulating memory.

• Rest and Sleep:

– If you get enough rest and sleep, your mind becomes healthy and you remember what you have learned well.

• Drug and chemical (Drug and chemical):

– Exposure to hormone therapy, alcohol, nicotine, lead, mercury, chemicals can lead to a decrease in cognitive processes.

• Clinical Condition (Clinical Condition):

– Conditions like epilepsy, high blood pressure, brain tumor, Alzheimer’s disease, attention deficit disorder, head injury, autism etc. affect memory.