COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING 1 (GNM 1st YEAR) PAPER SOLUTION 04/04/2025 -UPLOAD NO.10

Q-1a. Write the purpose of home visit 03

1) To maintain the health of the people,

2) To provide total family care e.g.: antenatal care, postnatal care, family planning etc.

3) To remove the superstitions, ignorance of the people and to explain the scientific point of view.

4) To provide health education e.g.: on personal hygiene and other subjects.

5) To detect, treat and prevent communicable diseases.

6) To make every program run by public health successful. e.g. Family planning, immunization etc.

7) To improve health by providing nutritional advice to the people.

8) To improve hygiene in the homes of the people,

9) To obtain statistical information,

10) To explain health hazards to the people.

11) For Rehabilitation & Follow – Up.

b. Write down principles of bag technique 04

Bag technique is a medical procedure used to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases while providing quality care to patients during a home visit or community health service. A nursing bag is a portable medical kit that contains various equipment and materials as per the needs of the patient. Proper use and management of the bag ensures safe care for the patient.

1.Maintain hand hygiene:

Maintain hand hygiene before using the bag, before and after attending to the patient. Proper use of handwashing or alcohol-based hand sanitizer is very important to prevent microbial contamination.

2. Follow Aseptic Technique:

Always follow aseptic technique while removing sterile materials or equipment from the bag. Keep sterile items separate from non-sterile items. Use only clean and sterile equipment for each patient.

3. Place the bag on a clean surface:

Always place the bag on a clean, dry and non-contaminated surface. Placing the bag on a dirty or wet surface increases the risk of cross-infection. If necessary, place a non-absorbent mat under the bag.

4. Keep the bag organized:

Always keep the bag organized. All materials and equipment inside should be clearly separated so that they can be quickly accessed when needed. Follow standard protocols while cleaning and storing used items.

5. Proper handling of used materials:

Materials that have been used once should be kept in a proper disposal pouch or container. Do not use outdated or damaged equipment at all.

6. Regular cleaning and disinfection of nursing bags:

Clean and disinfect the bag at regular intervals. Keep both the inside and outside of the bag clean. It should be properly disinfected especially after home visits.

7. Prepare a clean environment in the patient’s home:

Choose a fresh and clean place in the patient’s home before opening the bag. The place where the bag is opened should have minimal movement of the patient’s family or other people.

8. Use separate sterile equipment for each patient (Sterile):

The equipment coming out of the bag should be separate and sterile for each patient. Do not repeat use of any equipment without sterilization.

9. Follow the standard guidelines for infection prevention (Guideline):

Following the standard precautions and infection control limits recommended by the World Health Organization is an important part of the bag technique.

All these principles of the bag technique are necessary to ensure safe and effective home care for the patient. Proper adherence to this technique protects not only the patient but also the nurse from disease and infection transmission. Sterility, hygiene and organized work are the main foundations. Every nurse should fully understand all the principles of the bag technique and implement it.

C. Write down about maintenance of records 05

Record is a very important element in the health care system. It is a complete documentation of the treatment, diagnosis, medication, and condition of the patient. Maintaining medical records is not only a legal duty, but also an extraordinary tool for quality care, communication, and future reference. Proper maintenance of records proves to be effective for the health management of the patient.

1. Maintaining Accuracy and Authenticity:

Records should always be accurate. The information given in it should be specific, clear, and directly related to the health status of the patient. Do not write any kind of estimated or unexpected information.

2. Timely Entry:

Record information related to each patient such as observations, treatment and response promptly. Delay can lead to important information being forgotten and quality of care can be affected.

3. Maintain Confidentiality:

Medical records are personal to the patient. Therefore, their information should not be shared with others. Records should always be stored in a secure place so that unauthorized access does not occur.

4. Follow a standard format:

Records should always be written in a standardized format, such as SOAP notes (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan) which are used in clinical documentation. This maintains consistency and facilitates review or audit.

5.Maintain as a legal document (Legal):

Medical record is also a legal document. If any medico-legal case occurs, the record acts as evidence. Therefore, each entry should be signed with date and time.

6.Basis for evaluation of patient care (Evaluation):

The patient’s response and effectiveness of treatment can be evaluated on the basis of the record. This can be used to update the care plan.

7.Useful for research and education (Research):

Records also prove to be useful for future research and medical education. Having standard and complete data is helpful for analysis in research.

Maintaining records is not just a formal work of filling registers. It is a medical, ethical and legal responsibility. Proper documentation can improve the quality of patient care and communication. Every health care professional should understand all the principles of record maintenance and avoid any errors in its implementation.

OR

a. Define the referral system – .03

Referral System is a health care system in which a patient is referred from a primary healthcare provider to a more specialized specialist or higher level of care when the patient needs more specialized treatment or complex medical intervention. This system ensures that the patient gets the right health care services at the right time at the right level, which helps in improving the health outcomes of the patient. The referral system involves different levels such as primary healthcare, secondary healthcare, and tertiary healthcare, where each level provides services according to the health needs of the patient. This system plays an important role in increasing coordination among health institutions, making effective use of resources, and providing patient-centered care.

b. Write down functions of primary health centre 04

The functions of primary health centre are as follows:

According to Alma Ata, PHCs are supposed to perform the following functions.

(1) Medical Care:- In this, the patient is treated according to his disease, in which injections or medicines are used, in addition to this, preventive, promotive, curative treatment is given and minor diseases are treated

(2) M.C.H. Service and Family Planning:- Maternal and Child Health Care in which all services of child health from antenatal period to child health like immunization, antenatal checkup, postnatal checkup, nutrition etc. are provided.

(3) Safe Water Supply and Basic Sanitation:- To ensure safe drinking water for people, chlorination of wells, running sanitation programs etc.

(4) Prevention and Control of Locally Endemic Diseases:- It is important to control the diseases that are frequently seen in the community.

(5) Collection and reporting of vital statistics:- Collection and reporting of vital statistics like birth, death, delivery, notification of epidemic diseases etc.

(7) National Health Programme:- Implementation of every health programme is done from Primary Health Centre only. Like school health programme, participation in malaria, filorrhea, leprosy, tuberculosis, AIDS etc.

(8) Provision of referral services:- Provision of referral services as per requirement.

(9) Training of health guides, health workers and health assistants:- Facilities for training of health workers

(10) Provision of basic laboratory services:- Providing basic laboratory services like hemoglobin test, urine test, blood smear for malaria, etc.

c. Write down role of community health nurse.05

(1) Community Need Assessment or Identification of Community:

To conduct a survey to know the community health needs, go door to door to know the needs of the people. Apart from this, geographical situation, environmental aspects, sociocultural aspects etc. are also included.

(2) Planning:

To provide comprehensive nursing care, the nurse plans the work with the medical and other team members, including planning for health services in schools, clinics and health centers. In addition, the nurse plans for health education programs.

(3) Care Provider:

The community health nurse works to provide continuous and comprehensive care to the larger community. Performs health promotion and decision making, treats sick people and gains their trust

(4) Educator:

Educates people so that they can resolve their health problems on their own. As a health educator, the community health nurse educates people in the community, groups, families and individuals, thereby promoting health and preventing illness, as well as rehabilitation and preventing disability. The community health nurse plans and conducts health education sessions in the community for school children, mothers, eligible couples, etc.

(5) Counselor:

The community health nurse works with families in the community to obtain resources to solve their problems and reduce them

(6) Human Resources:

Community Health Identify and utilize resources early within the nurse committee

(7) Observation:

Community Health Community Nurse observes and records all the events happening around her/him so that any changes in the health status can be identified

(8) Care Manager:

As a care manager, the community health nurse provides health care services to the family

(9) Medical Assistant:-

Assist the medical officer and health program as required

Q-2

a) Write down factors affecting on immunity. .08

Immunity is the ability of the body to protect itself against viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and other pathogens. Immune response helps protect the patient from infection and diseases. Below are the major and scientifically proven factors affecting the immune system explained in detail.

1. Nutrition:

The presence of nutrients is necessary for the immune response to remain strong in the body. Micronutrients like Protein, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Zinc, Iron, Selenium etc. are essential for the formation and functioning of immune cells. Malnutrition can severely weaken the immune response.

2. Age:

Immune response changes with age. Immune response is less seen in newborn and elderly patients. The immune system in children is in a developing state, while in elderly patients the immune response gradually decreases, due to which they are at higher risk of infection.

3. Stress:

Prolonged mental stress causes hormonal imbalance in which the amount of hormones like cortisol increases. This hormone suppresses the immune response. As a result, the number and efficiency of lymphocytes and natural killer cells decrease.

4. Sleep:

Adequate and quality sleep is very important for the immune response. During sleep, the production of proteins called cytokines increases, which are important for the inflammatory response and the fight against infection. Lack of sleep can weaken the immune response.

5. Exercise:

Moderate exercise improves the flow of immune cells by increasing blood circulation in the body. Exercise strengthens the immune response. But excessive exercise can reduce the immune response and make the patient susceptible to infection.

6. Medications:

Some medications such as immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, chemotherapy, antibiotics, etc. have a detrimental effect on the immune response. Since the immune response is weak in such patients, the risk of infection is higher.

7. Substance Abuse:

Smoking and alcohol consumption can suppress the immune response. Alcohol damages the mucosa of the respiratory tract and alcohol affects the immune response. Such patients can become victims of pathogens more quickly.

8. Chronic Diseases:

Diseases like Diabetes, Hypertension, Kidney Failure, Cancer, HIV/AIDS affect the immune response. In the presence of these diseases, the patient’s immune system is reduced and he becomes susceptible to infection.

Immunity is an important element for the overall health of a patient. Factors such as nutrition, sleep, stress, age, medications, addictions and diseases affect the immune response. A proper lifestyle, balanced diet and stress-free life can strengthen the immune response. It is essential for every patient to keep these factors in mind so that they can fight transmission and diseases in a healthy manner.

b) List out common health problems of school children. 04

List of Common Health Problems in School Children:

The different health problems seen in school going children usually vary depending on their age, religion and socioeconomic factors.

Here, the list of health problems seen in school going children is as follows:

1) Respiratory infections: Including, common cold, flu, tonsillitis, and bronchitis.

2) Gastro-intestinal system: Including, diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain.

3) Dental problems: Including, cavities, tooth decay, and gingivitis.

4) Allergies: Allergic rhinitis (hay fever), food allergies, and skin allergies.

5) Injuries:

Injuries due to falls, sports activities or playground accidents.

6) Vision problems: Refractive errors such as nearsightedness or astigmatism.

7) Hearing problems: Hearing loss or ear infections.

8) Mental health issues: Anxiety disorders, depression, and behavioral changes.

9) Obesity and overweight due to excessive intake of fatty and spicy foods and lack of physical activity.

10) Skin conditions: Eczema, dermatitis, and fungal infections like ringworm.

11) Nutritional Deficiency: Iron Deficiency Anemia, Vitamin Deficiency.

12) Chronic Conditions: Asthma, Diabetes Epilepsy and Other Long Term Health Conditions.

13) Social and Emotional Issues: Bullying, Peer Pressure, Family and Academic Related Stress.

14) Infectious Diseases: Measles Chicken Pox, and Other Communicable Diseases.

15) Sleep Disorders: Insomnia, Sleep Apnea, and Inadequate Amount of Sleep Due to Various Reasons.

16) Others: Tiredness, Defective Posture, Headache, Urinary Infection, Congenital Health Problems.

17) Anti-social problems: stealing, lying, pretending, being cruel,

18) Habit disorders: thumb sucking, nail biting, bedwetting.

19) Personality disorders: jealousy, quick temper, timidity, shyness, daydreaming, fear and anxiety.

20) Psychosomatic complaints: tremors, headaches, asthma, depression, delusions, hallucinations.

21) Educational difficulties:

Being behind in studies, school phobia, school failure.

Collaboration between the child’s teachers, parents, and healthcare personnel is essential for timely assessment of this common health problem seen in children and for its appropriate intervention, so that the child’s condition can be treated timely and it can be prevented from becoming further complicated.

OR

a) Classify the methods of family planning and describe any one method. 08

1.Natural Method

Withdrawal or Coitus Interrupts

Self Control

Rhythm Method or Safe Period

Basal Body Temperature

2.Artificial

A . Temporary

1. Chemical method → Form tablets
   →Jelly or cream
   →Mechanical method
2. Mechanical method → Condom for male → Condom for female → Vaginal diaphragm → Cervical cap for female
3. Hormonal method
   → Oral pills
   → Injectable contraceptive
   → Subdermal implant
4. Intrauterine device → Lipis loop → Copper-T

B. Permanent
→ Vasectomy or NSV (N.S.V) for male
→ Tubectomy for female
→ Laparoscopy

Condom

A condom is 17.4 cm long and 4.5 cm in diameter, worn on the erect penis before intercourse. After intercourse, the semen should be removed from the penis in such a way that it does not come out and should be discarded, burned or crushed in such a way that no one can get it into the hands of children.

This is a thin rubber device used for contraception through mail.

It is to be worn during intercourse.

Condoms are very effective and safe for birth control

. With its use, the desired period can be kept between two children. Pregnancy does not occur with its use.

It has no side effects.

This is to be worn on the penis during every sexual intercourse.

With its use, semen can be prevented from entering the vagina.

It is more effective when used with chemical spermicide (jelly).

This not only prevents pregnancy but also protects against AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases.

Use a new condom every time,

Before using a condom, check whether it is leaking or not

Many types of condoms are available in the market,

Advantages : –

Easily available. Available in every family welfare center.

Easy to use.

Prevents unwanted pregnancy.

Protects against STD & AIDS.

No side effects.

No need for any kind of medical supervision.

Dis Advantages :-

Reduces sexual pleasure.

A new condom is required every time

Tear often.

Failure rate is 14%

b) Write down elements of primary health care. 04

Elements of Primary Health Care:

Primary Health Care:

Primary Health Care is an essential health care that is universally made accessible to everyone and acceptable to everyone through full participation of the individual and should be affordable to the community and the country. There are 8 essential elements of Primary Health Care which are as follows:

ELEMENTS:

1) E: Ensure safe water supply,

2) L: Locally endemic disease control

3) E: Education

4) M: Maternal and child health (immunization against infectious diseases)

5) E: Environmental sanitation

6) N: Nutrition

7) T: Treatment Of Minor Alignment

8) S: School Health Services.

1) E: Ensure Safe Water Supply:

Supply of adequate amounts of safe drinking water and sanitation are essential for good health and are an important factor in an environment. Access to safe drinking water is essential for preventing waterborne diseases and promoting overall health. Primary health care involves efforts to ensure that communities have access to clean and safe water sources, which are fundamental for disease prevention and health promotion.

2) L: Locally Endemic Disease Control:

The main focus of primary health care is to control any endemic diseases in a particular region or community. It involves surveillance, preventive measures (such as vaccination and vector control) and early detection and treatment of locally prevalent diseases. Prevention and control of locally and endemic diseases to reduce morbidity rates.

3) E: Education:

Health education is a key component of primary health care. Its aim is to empower individuals and communities with the knowledge and skills to make informed decisions about their health. Education covers a wide range of topics including hygiene practices, nutrition, family planning, sexual health, and prevention of disease. To provide education to people about health and current health problems. To control and prevent these health problems, certain measures are formulated and people are made aware about the health services available to them so that they can use them when needed.

4) M: Maternal and Child Health (Immunization Against Infectious Diseases):

Mothers and children are the most vulnerable groups to health problems and account for a large percentage of the population. Primary health care places significant emphasis on maternal and child health services. It involves prenatal care, safe childbirth, proper postnatal care, newborn care, immunization, growth monitoring, and nutrition to ensure healthy development during critical stages of life. Protecting mothers and children from illness and other risks ensures the good health of families and communities. Immunization against infectious diseases:

Provide proper immunization to the child to protect them from major infectious diseases. Such as,
Poliomyelitis,
Diphtheria,
Tetanus,
Measles,
Tuberculosis,
Hepatitis B, etc.

Provide proper immunization to the child to prevent infectious conditions like.

5) E: Environmental Sanitation:

Environmental sanitation is essential to prevent diseases caused by poor hygiene and environmental conditions. Primary health care includes improving sanitation, proper disposal of waste materials, and providing education on hygienic practices to reduce the risk of communicable diseases in the community.

6) N: Nutrition:

Good nutrition is essential for health and for the growth and development of children. People should be encouraged to pay attention to a balanced diet. Nutrition is the foundation of primary health care, which identifies both malnutrition and overnutrition as issues. It involves promotion of balanced diet, micronutrients, supplementation, support breastfeeding, and nutritional counseling to improve health outcomes and prevent nutritional deficiencies. It is necessary to provide knowledge on food preparation and preserving nutrients present in the diet.

7) T : Treatment of Minor Alignment:

Primary health care provides accessible and timely treatment for common health conditions and minor alignments. Primary health care is provided by trained health care personnel to manage illnesses (such as respiratory infections, diarrhea, skin conditions, and minor injuries). And there should be easy availability of drugs.

8) S: School Health Services:

School health services are integrated with primary health care to improve the health and well-being of school-age children. These services include screening, immunization, health education sessions, counseling, and referral for further evaluation and treatment when needed.

Thus, a total of 8 elements are involved in primary health care.

Q-3 Write short answer (any two) 6×2 = 12

a) Write down hazards of water pollution.

Water pollution is a condition in which harmful chemicals, heavy metals, pathogens, and toxic materials are dissolved in water. Intake or contact with such contaminated water causes severe physical and medical effects on the patient’s body. Below is a detailed explanation of the main risks of water pollution.

1. Waterborne Infections:

Direct contact or intake of contaminated water can cause waterborne diseases like diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, and giardiasis. All these diseases are transmitted by pathogenic microorganisms.

2. Heavy Metal Toxicity:

The addition of heavy metals like Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, and Arsenic in water can have severe effects on the nervous system, kidneys, and liver of a person. Lead poisoning in particular can damage brain development in children.

3. Carcinogenic Effects:

Some organic chemicals like Benzene, Trichloroethylene, and Chloroform found in contaminated water are carcinogenic. These chemicals increase the risk of diseases like liver cancer, bladder cancer, and skin cancer in the long run.

4. Effects on Reproductive System:

Endocrine disruptors such as Bisphenol A and Phthalates present in water cause hormonal imbalances. As a result, the reproductive system of the patient is affected and fertility may decrease.

5. Neurological Effects:

Heavy metals such as mercury and lead have harmful effects on the brain and nervous system of the patient. These types of pollutants can cause problems like developmental delay, autism, and attention deficit in young children.

6.Skin Disorders:

Bathing in or contact with contaminated water can cause skin diseases like skin allergy, eczema, dermatitis. Bacterial or fungal infections are also more common.

7.Impact on Gut Microbiome:

Ingesting contaminated water impairs the balance of the gut microbiome. Due to which the immune response in the patient decreases and the chances of developing digestive disorders like irritable bowel syndrome or Crohn’s disease increase.

8.Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria:

Bacteria present in contaminated water are often antibiotic resistant. In such a situation, it becomes difficult for the patient to treat even common infections and the mortality rate increases.

Water pollution is not only an environmental problem, but also a cause of serious medical concern for human health. It affects many systems of the patient’s body. The use of clean and safe water, proper sanitation, and pollution control are the main means of protecting against the dangers of water pollution.

b) Write the classification and functions of carbohydrate.

Carbohydrates are organic molecules that are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. It is the main source of energy for the human body and is essential for many biological processes.

Classification of Carbohydrate:

Carbohydrates are mainly divided into three types based on their structure and the products obtained during hydrolysis.

1. Monosaccharides:

This is the most basic unit, which is not further divided. Its molecular formula is usually C6H12O6. For example: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose. Monosaccharides are absorbed immediately into the bloodstream of the patient and can provide immediate energy.

2. Disaccharides:

Two monosaccharides combine to form disaccharides. Example: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose. Disaccharides are a temporary source of energy for the patient.

3. Polysaccharides:

Although made up of countless monosaccharide units, they are non-sweet and complex. Example: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose. They are stored as glycogen in the patient’s body and are used for energy as needed.

Functions of Carbohydrate:

1. Source of Energy:

Glucose enters the patient’s cells and produces ATP through cellular respiration, which is the energy required for all biochemical processes.

2. Energy Storage:

Polysaccharides are stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles. When needed, they are converted back to glucose through glycogenolysis.

3. Structural Function:

Cellulose, a polysaccharide, is a major component of plant cell walls. The human digestive system cannot digest it, but it helps maintain bowel health as a fiber.

4. Role in Metabolism:

Carbohydrates provide the necessary molecules in major metabolic pathways such as Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain.

5.Nucleotide Synthesis:

Ribose is obtained through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, which is essential for RNA and DNA.

6.Protein Sparing Function:

If carbohydrates are available, the rate of protein utilization as energy in the patient’s body decreases and it is saved for bonding and repair.

7.Regulation of Lipid Metabolism:

Due to lack of carbohydrates, ketone bodies are produced more, which can lead to ketosis. That is, by taking the right amount of carbohydrates, lipid metabolism remains in balance.

Carbohydrate is an essential micromolecule for the patient’s body’s energy source, metabolism, and structural function. Its proper intake is essential for a healthy lifestyle. Its different types function differently in the human body, and each type has its own scientific importance.

c) Write down process of communication.

Sender / Source: This person is the originator of the message. An effective communicator should have the following qualities: Its purpose should be clear The message should be according to the needs and interests of the audience The effectiveness of the message is seen based on its own social status, its knowledge and its vestige in the community

Message: The message is the information that the communicator has that people want to understand and act on it A good message should always have the following things The message should have a specific purpose The message should be clear and understandable The message should have an outline The message should be time-sensitive and not demanding It should be based on the basis of the need

Coding: To convert information or ideas into a code, for example, words, pictures, actions, etc., it is called a coding

Channel of Communication: A channel is a medium of communication between the sender and the receiver. The entire communication is seen through its three media system such as interpersonal communication for example, counseling and traditional media such as puppet shows, Navtanki etc. In addition Mass media like radio telephone television poster film video etc. Mass media can be used for a very large number of people. In the present high-tech era, mobile email voice mail internet and blog etc. can also be used as channels.

Receiver: There must be a receiver in every communication. Without an audience, communication has no meaning, it is just noise.

Decoding: Opening the code is called decoding, which means that it gives meaning to the content that they have received.

Feedback: This is a flow of information from the receiver or audience to the center, which is the reaction of the audience to the message. If the message is not clear, then it is not acceptable, then the audience will reject it. The feedback system gives the center an opportunity to increase the acceptability of its message. Generally, feedback is taken through polls, interviews, surveys, etc.

Q-4 Write short notes. . (Any three)12

a) Food adulteration act

Food adulteration is the process of introducing harmful or unwholesome substances into food. Such substances can pose a serious risk to a person’s health. Food pollution occurs due to adulteration, which has a harmful effect on the patient’s digestive system, liver, kidney, nervous system and immune response. Consumption of such food can cause serious medical conditions like food poisoning, allergy, cancer, neurological disorders.

Food Adulteration Laws and Regulations:

1. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954:

This law was enacted by the Government of India in 1954. Its main objective was to maintain the quality of food and protect the health of the patient. It is clearly stated in this law that it is an offence to sell, manufacture or distribute adulterated food.

2. Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006:

This law replaced the PFA Act and is still in force. Under this law, FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) was formed. This authority is responsible for regulating food quality, labelling, packaging and adulteration. This law makes it mandatory for every food business operator to have a food license.

FSSAI’s main responsibilities:

To set standards for the quality of all food items.

To arrange laboratory facilities and testing for food analysis.

To create awareness about adulterants that affect the health of patients.

Regular inspection and sample collection.

Investigation and legal action by Food Safety Officer.

Penalties and Punishments for Food Adulteration:

If adulteration is found in food, the food business operator may be punished, the license may be cancelled or the food may be imprisoned.

Death of a patient due to food poisoning can lead to life imprisonment and heavy penalty for the person responsible.

Medical Hazards of Food Adulteration from a Medical Point of View:

1.Acute Toxicity:

Sudden but severe effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain can arise.

2.Chronic Disorders:

In the long run, toxic substances such as lead, methanol, and arsenic prove to be fatal to the nervous system and liver.

3.Neural Damage:

Heavy metals like Mercury or Lead can degenerate the central nervous system of the patient.

4.Hormonal Imbalance:

Endocrine Disruptors are found in food items which affect the reproductive system of the patient.

Food adulteration is not just an economic or ethical issue, but a serious medical risk to a person’s health. To prevent food adulteration, the Government of India has enacted strict laws such as the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006. Only by following the standards and regulations set by FSSAI can patients get safe and nutritious food.

b) Dimensions of health-

1. Physical Dimension

The overall functioning of the body is a sign of good physical health.

Good complexion

Healthy skin

Bright complexion

Luscious hair and body without excess fat

A sweet breath

Good appetite

Good sleep

Regular function of the bowel and bladder

Smooth and coordinated body movements

All vitals are within normal range.

2. Mental Dimension

It is the ability to respond to the various experiences of life with flexibility and a sense of purpose.

Good signs of a mentally healthy person

Free from internal conflict

Well-adjusted

Accepting criticism and not easily upset. Searcher for self-identification
Strong sense of self-esteem He knows himself (needs problems and goals)
Self-control Faces problems well and tries to solve them intelligently.

3.Social dimension
A person’s social skill level Social functions and ability to see himself as a member of society.

4.Spiritual dimension
It is related to the soul and feelings of man. It is the belief in the universal aspect of the universe.
Which resolves both internal and external conflicts.
Helps individuals find the meaning and purpose of life.
Provides philosophy of life. Direction, ethics, values and principles of living a high life.
Keeps strength and confidence to face real life situations.

5.Emotional Dimension
This is related to feelings.

6.Vocational Dimension
This is a part of human existence.
It plays the role of promoting both physical and mental health.
It provides satisfaction and self-esteem.

7.Other Dimension
Philosophical Dimension Cultural Dimension
Socio-economic Dimension Educational Dimension
Nutritional Dimension Curative Dimension
Preventive Dimension etc.

c) Methods of cooking

The following different methods are used to cook food.

(1) Boiling

(2) Steaming

(3) Frying

(4) Rousting

(5) Baking

(6). Grilling

(1) Boiling:-

Food is cooked by boiling water at 100* C. Grade. This method is used to prepare lentils, rice, vegetables, beans, tubers, and other vegetables.

Since more water is used in this method, vitamins and salts are destroyed. Therefore, sufficient amount of water is used in the boiling method.

(2) Steaming:-

In this, food is cooked with hot steam. Pressure cooker works on this principle. In it, there is more steam than in a pressure cooker. Through this, all the nutrients are preserved. This saves time and fuel. So this method is good.

(3) Faying: –

In this, thepla, dosa, all types of pudla, oil are made by drying them. Similarly, puri, bhajiya, vada, kachori etc. can also be fried in oil.

(4) Rousting:

It is made by putting a little oil or ghee. After that it is placed on direct heat. Chicken is made with this method. This method is also good.

(5) Baking:

In this, food is cooked by dry heat. In this, the oven is used to cook food through its hot air. This method is good. It is used to make biscuits, bread, and cakes.

(6) Grilling:

In this, dry heat is used to cook food by heating it on a metal griddle.

d) Rodent control measures

1. Tracking

Tracking is a very old method of catching rats. In this way, the rats caught are destroyed. In this method, there is a track filled with water in which the rats can be submerged. Many rats can be destroyed at once. Generally, rats are suspicious animals, so they do not go near the trap when they are aware of trapping.

2. Rat poisoning

Nowadays, many types of rat poison are available in the market. In our country, mainly barium carbonate and zinc phosphate are found.

A. Barium carbonate
In this, to kill rats, four parts of wheat or rice flour and one part of barium carbonate and one part of zinc sulfate are taken to lure the rats. Therefore, a pill is made and placed. After eating this pill, the rat dies within 10 to 48 hours.

The growth and development of rats includes three things such as food, water and shelter.

So that all this is easily available to them. So its reproduction is more and faster, so environmental sanitation is necessary for its permanent control.

The following steps can be taken in environmental sanitation:

Storing food properly

Building a root-proof building

Proper disposal of animal excreta, garbage, etc.

Enclosing the rat’s habitat with cement, in this way rats can be destroyed and controlled.

Q-5 Define following (any six) 12

a) Epidemiology

Epidemiology is a scientific branch that studies the distribution, causes, and control of diseases in populations. This branch identifies the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors of diseases and develops strategies for disease prevention. The goal of epidemiology is to understand what factors affect the spread of diseases and how these diseases can be prevented.

Or

“Epidemiology is the study of diseases that occur in large numbers”

Greenwood (1934)

b) Health team Health team

A health team is a group of many individuals who work together to maintain good health in a community and hospital, in which each member of the team has different knowledge, qualifications, skills, abilities, personality. The health team includes medical and non-medical personnel who work complementary to each other. Which works according to the policies and rules applicable by the government.

Eg:- PHC’s health team which includes Medical Officer, Pharmacist, Laboratory Technician, Male Health Supervisor, Female Health Supervisor, Female Health Worker, Male Health Worker etc.

c) Cold chain

The process adopted to maintain the temperature of the vaccine from the point of production until it reaches the beneficiary is called cold chain

d) Health education

According to Alma Ata (1978), “Health education is a process that encourages people to bring about changes in knowledge and behavior related to health practices and to be personally healthy about health and to get help as needed.

e) Standing order

When a health worker goes to a home visit or school or industry, he can provide treatment in conditions where a doctor is not present. In this instruction, the authority can provide treatment that has been granted. This instruction is given by the Medical Officer or Authorizing Committee and is called a standing order.

f) Noise

The word noise is derived from the Latin word Unpleasant noise that disturbs the balance of human or animal life is called Noise Pollution.Acceptable

Responsible to the country’s health care agencies.

h) Kilocalorie

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by 1* C is called a kilocalorie.

Q-6(A) Fill in the blanks 05

1) …… Bacteria work in Septic tank.Anaerobic Bacteria

2)…… chart helps to know whether the Child is malnourished or not. Growth chart

3) Fileria is spread by …… types of mosquitos. Culex types of mosquitos

4) Vitamin C also known as …… Ascorbic Acid

5) The headquarter of W.H.O is located in …… Geneva

B) True or False – .05

1.Covaxin is given by intradermal route False

2.Vitamin K helps to control bleeding : True

3.One ASHA serves 2000 population. False

4.BCG is a live vaccine. True

5.Child suffering with marasmus is having Oedema on the leg. : False

(C) Multiple choice questions – 05

1.World Population Day is

(a) 15 July -15 July

(b) 01 March – 01 March

(C) 11 July – 11 July

(d) 01 May – 01 May

Correct Answer: (c) 11 July – 11 July

Reasoning: World Population Day is observed every year on 11th July to raise awareness about global population issues.

2.Hospital acquired infection is known as

(a) Droplet infection

(b) Nosocomial infection

(c) Opportunistic infection

(d) Contamination

Correct Answer: (b) Nosocomial infection

Reasoning: A nosocomial infection is an infection acquired in a hospital or healthcare facility setting, after 48 hours of admission.

3.Best source of iron is

(a) Milk

(b) Wheat

(C) Rice

(d) Jaggery

Correct Answer: (d) Jaggery

Reasoning: Jaggery is a rich plant-based source of iron, especially beneficial in preventing iron-deficiency anemia.

4.Goiter is caused by deficiency of –

(a) Sunlight

(b) Vitamin C

(c) Vitamin A

(d) Iodine

Correct Answer: (d) Iodine

Reasoning: Iodine deficiency leads to goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland.

5.Which of the following is not macronutrient? –

(a) Vitamin

(b) Protein

(c) Fat

(d) Carbohydrate

Correct Answer: (a) Vitamin

Reasoning: Vitamins are micronutrients, while carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are macronutrients as they are needed in large quantities.