BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE (GNM 1st YEAR) 02/04/2025 PAPER SOLUTION NO.11

Q-1 a. What is behavior? 03

Behavior is the collection of actions, responses, or reactions that an individual displays in response to his or her internal mental state, physiological condition, and environmental stimulus. It involves attitude, body language, voice tone, and personal reactions. Behavior can be conscious or unconscious, voluntary or involuntary.

b . Write down structure of behavior 04

Structure of Behavior:

Behavior is the response or action taken by an individual, which is based on their internal mental state, biological condition, and environmental stimulus. Behavior is a complex and dynamic system, which depends on three main components: cognition, affect, and conation.

1.Cognition:

Cognition refers to the cognitive processes of an individual. It involves mental activities such as perception, memory, learning, attention, and thought process.

This part of an individual’s behavior determines how he perceives, knows, and thinks about the events and stimuli around him.

2. Affect:

Affect is part of an individual’s emotional response or feelings.

This involves mood, emotional tone, and reaction to emotional stimuli.

Affect has an immediate and profound effect on an individual’s behavior. For example, an individual’s behavior may change markedly in depression or anxiety.

3. Conation:

Conation refers to an individual’s will, motivation, and capacity for intentional behavior.

It involves the individual’s readiness to take action, planning, and goal-directed activities.

If the conditional function is disturbed, the individual exhibits inappropriate or minimal behavior—such as apathy or abulia.

The structure of behavior is not a fixed or mechanical system. It is continuously changing and interacting with neurochemical, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

A full assessment of an individual’s behavior can only be done properly by analyzing all three components – Cognition, Affect, Conation – individually and collectively, not just one component.

Behavior is a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon, which depends on the internal mental, emotional and intentional elements of the individual. Understanding it is extremely important for therapeutic intervention.

c. Explain in detail about factors affecting on behavior. 05

Factors affecting behavior;

1. Biological factors;

These include the following factors.
a) Ductless endocrine glands;

These glands send their secretions directly into the blood. Which do not have any ducts. Their secretions are called hormones. These hormones are responsible for the changes in the personality of that person. Different types of glands secrete different types of hormones.

~Pancreas:-.

The pancreas sends insulin into the blood. How much sugar remains in the blood depends on the level of insulin in the blood. When there is a deficiency of insulin, the sugar level inside the cells in the body also decreases and due to this, the supply of oxygen to the neurons decreases and due to this, there is a decrease in mental powers. Changes and imbalances are seen in the nature of the individual. Mood swings are seen, anger and irritability are seen and fear increases.

~Thyroid Gland;-

The thyroid gland plays a very important role in physical and mental development. If the thyroid gland is not present from birth, then the child does not develop. If there is excessive secretion from it, then due to this, physical growth occurs quickly, excessive sweating occurs, excessive thirst occurs, irritability occurs, anxiety, agitation, tolerance to heat decreases, and changes are also seen in personality.
If its secretion decreases, weight increases, lethargy increases, skin becomes dry, hair loss becomes noticeable, forgetfulness can occur, therefore, both decrease and increase in thyroid secretion can be harmful.
~ Adrenal Gland:-

The adrenal gland secretes a hormone called adrenaline. Adrenaline plays an important role in human behavior. Due to adrenaline, sexual characteristics are seen in both males and females. Along with this, it also gives a fight and flight response. When any stressful activity arises. If its amount increases, it can increase blood pressure and heart rate. When the secretion of the adrenal gland decreases, the muscles relax, the pupils dilate, and sweating occurs.

~ Gonads ;-

• The secretion of the gonads or sex glands plays a very important role in influencing behavior and personality. This gland and its secretions are very important in developing primary and secondary sex characteristics in males and females.

~ Pituitary Gland :-

• The hormones secreted by the pituitary gland control the function of all other glands. The effects of that hormone depend on its heredity and environmental factors. Its secretion of hormones affects growth, development, and behavior.

b) Physique :-

Physical structure is related to temperament. For example: Fat people are more reserved and social and thin people are more irritable, self-controlled and less social.

c) Body Chemistry :-

The differences in temperament are due to changes in the chemical elements of the person. These chemicals are of two types, one is produced inside the body and the other is taken by the person from outside, e.g. alcohol, drugs etc.

d) Other Factors :-

These include factors such as sex (male or female), intelligence and nervous system etc.
2) Social Factors :–

The environment of one person is very different from the environment of another person. Different factors affect it. Such as school, home, family and society etc. It is divided into.

Home environment contributes a lot in the development and personality formation of the child. The effects of parents and their culture have a great impact on the child. For example, overprotectiveness, if the child is scolded by the parents, broken home, fights between siblings (sibling rivalry), etc. have effects on the child.

a) Home :–

A child is never born socialized, he becomes socialized after birth, and a wide variety of behaviors can be seen in him. This depends on complex factors. When a child is born, he first comes in contact with his family members. Parents, brother, sister, grandfather, grandmother etc.. The emotional relationship of the child is connected with them. He learns qualities from them and behaves appropriately.

When he is scolded, exploited, neglected, not given enough care, he can also become antisocial. When parents are overprotective towards the child, such a child becomes completely dependent on the parents and cannot trust anyone else.

A child raised in a democratic home can adjust socially in a better way. In democratic parenting, the rules and regulations of living are told to the child by the family members from the very beginning and its benefits are explained.

b) School:-

The child comes out of the home environment and goes to the school environment. There he meets friends, there his group is formed and he also meets people older than him. There he learns to be a good citizen.

He also learns about his academic score and extracurricular activities like games, hobbies etc. It builds his self-confidence. If the child has any problem and the teacher notices it, then he should immediately inform his parents about it.

When the phase of puberty comes, there is a change in the attitude of the person. Social activity may decrease, group activity and interest also decrease. The behavior becomes stable, positive and towards adulthood instead of being overly sensitive and antagonistic.

c) Society :-

A child learns traits, values ​​and attitudes, beliefs and behavior all according to the norms of the society. His behavior is according to the expectations of the society and according to his comfort. Generally, a person is judged according to his behavior within the society and all these things create different qualities in a person, like language, attitude, etc.………

OR

a. What is learning?

લર્નિંગ એટલે કે વ્યક્તિના બીહેવિયર મા થતા કાયમી ફેરફાર જે કોઈપણ પ્રકારની પ્રેક્ટિસ અથવા અનુભવ ના પરિણામે જોવા મળે છે.

વ્યક્તિના જન્મથી લઈને મૃત્યુ સુધીના સમયગાળા દરમિયાન તેના બિહેવિયર મા સતત બદલાવ આવતા જાય છે અને ફેરફાર થતા જાય છે. બિહેવિયર મા થતા આ ફેરફારને લર્નિંગ તરીકે ઓળખવામાં આવે છે.

b. Write down types of learning.

Motor Learning:

Most of the actions performed in our daily lives are called motor activities. A person learns something by bringing regularity to his life. For example, walking, driving, running, climbing, all these activities use muscles.

Verbal Learning:

In this type of learning, language is used. We can do this type of learning through speaking, using communication tools, sign, picture, figure, sound etc.

Concept Learning:

This type of learning requires special types of brain functions. Thinking, intelligence, reasoning etc. are examples of this type of learning. We learn this type of learning from childhood. For example, we see a dog and understand the word dog. So we understand that dog is the name of a particular animal. This type of learning is useful for identifying something.

Discrimination Learning:

The difference between a stimulus and an appropriate response to a stimulus is known as discrimination learning. For example, the sounds of different vehicles such as bus, car, ambulance

Learning of Principles:

The learner learns through different principles of science, grammar corresponding to the language, etc. By using each of these, the person makes his work easier.

Problem Solving:

This is a high level learning. Which requires cognitive abilities to learn. Such as thinking, reasoning, observation, imagination, etc. are very useful. Which helps people to solve their problems.

Attitude Learning:

Attitude directly affects our behavior. We develop attitudes towards people from childhood. Our behavior can be negative or positive depending on our attitude. For example, a nurse’s attitude towards her profession and patients.

c. Explain in detail about Trial and error theory of learning.

This method of learning is given by American psychologist Edward Lee Thorndike. He states that any person or animal learns something through the trial and error method. According to him, learning is a process that can be learned gradually. If repeated trials are done to learn anything, the rate of error decreases and anything can be learned well.

Therefore, to understand this theory, he conducted an experiment on a cat in which a cat is kept in a box and a piece of bread is placed in front of it so that it can see it. There is a lock and key system in the place where the cat is kept. If any key is pressed, the door can be opened and the food can be reached. The cat tries to open the door by pressing each key many times, but an error is seen. Due to the repeated efforts of the cat, finally the door opens due to pressing one key and the cat can get that food.

Through this experiment, it can be known that if anything is tried repeatedly, the error rate can be reduced and become zero. Even a person can learn anything new through this method. Like swimming, cycling etc.

In children, especially through this method, activities like walking, sitting, standing, running etc. can be learned only by trying repeatedly.
The disadvantage of this method is that a lot of time is wasted in trying repeatedly.

Q-2

a) Explain in detail about process of socialization.

Process of Socialization:

Socialization is a psychosocial process through which an individual learns the norms, values, behavior patterns, and roles necessary to live in society.

Through this process, an individual gradually adopts the culture, language, spirituality, ethics, and social contract of the society. Socialization does not only occur in childhood, but continues throughout life.

Main Stages of Socialization:

1. Primary Socialization:

This stage occurs in infancy and early childhood.

The individual remains in contact with his/her immediate family, caregivers, and first-hand environment.
Here basic concepts such as language, trust, attachment, and respect for authority are learned.

2. Secondary Socialization:

This stage occurs when the individual comes into contact with school, peer groups, teachers, and the media.
Here, personal development occurs — abilities such as leadership, cooperation, self-efficacy, and social role playing are developed.

3. Anticipatory Socialization:

This stage occurs when the individual prepares himself for a future role.

For example, a medical student learns his behavior for the role of becoming a doctor.

This stage is based on modeling, observation, and rehearsal.

4. Resocialization:

Resocialization occurs when the individual abandons old behavior patterns and adopts new norms and values.

This especially happens during rehabilitation, prison reform, military training, or mental health treatment.

Main Agents of Socialization:

Family: First and most influential agent

Educational system: Formal learning and discipline

Peer group: Social interaction and identity

Media: Exposure to societal standards

Religion: Teaching moral and ethical values

Medical relevance:

Understanding socialization is very important in medical psychiatry and mental health.
If a patient’s mental illness or personality disorder causes difficulties in social development, the therapist tries to improve it through this type of socialization intervention.
For example, resocialization is important for patients with autism, antisocial behavior, or secondary trauma.

Socialization is a continuous psychological and social process through which an individual gradually learns all the necessary qualities and roles to live in society.

Its different stages and agents shape the individual in different ways at each phase of life.

A complete understanding of socialization plays a very important role not only from a social, but also from a medical and therapeutic perspective.

b) Write down importance of study of character.

Importance of Study of Character:

Character is a collective symbol of a person’s moral standard, integrity, discipline, and ethical behavior.

This study is very important to understand a person’s value-based behavior and his mental position in society.

Importance of Study of Character:

Personality Development:

Character is the basic element of personality. Good character strengthens the overall personality of a person.

For Ethical Judgment:

Character enables a person to take the right decision during a moral dilemma.

For Social Adjustment:

A person with character has social traits like Empathy, Tolerance and Cooperation which help in adjusting in society.

For Maintaining Mental Health:

A person stays away from mental problems like Stress, Guilt and Conflict through a Character-based Lifestyle.

Leadership Development:

Good character develops leadership traits like Loyalty, Courage and Truthfulness in a person.

Educational Guidance:

Character Building is possible through education which makes students responsible citizens.

Clinical Psychology & Counseling:

Character Disturbance can give signs of personality disorder, hence its study is very important in the mental health field.

The study of character is very important from a personal, social, educational and therapeutic point of view. It is not only an individual but also a foundation for the development of a civilized and moral society.

OR

a) What is social problem? Explain one of them in detail.

Social problems are complex and are not based on any single cause. Many factors affect social problems.
Social problems are also interconnected. To eliminate these social problems, it is necessary to understand or eliminate their basic causes.

The list of social problems is as follows.

• Poverty
• Prostitution
• Crime
• Drug addiction
• Dowry system
• Alcoholism
• Delicacy
• Child crime
• Handicapped children
• Child abuse
• Population explosion etc. are seen in the present time.

Although the Constitution of India considers women and men equal, women are still not given the same status as men in social terms. Their rights and privileges are not given to them in the right proportion.

Currently, many crimes have been seen due to social discrimination against women. Among the important crimes, rape, dowry system, kidnapping, prostitution, all these crimes are seen against women in India. Apart from this, women are also forced to follow some different religion after marriage.

Women are also forced to get abortions if they have a female child in their womb.

Physical and mental torture and exploitation of women in their field of employment is also a very important crime.

In the present society, women and children are still not given adequate education and they do not get quality health services, food, nutrition and their hygienic needs.

All the above crimes against women are more common among people from lower castes and lower socio-economic backgrounds because they are predominantly male-dominated and have lower literacy rates.

In the modern era, women are given importance in many fields and are also considered equal to men and due to their abilities, women are now working in good positions and posts in many fields.

b) Write about factors affecting on intelligence.

Factors affecting intelligence

Intelligence is the intellectual ability of the human brain based on which a person can understand, learn, remember, reason and solve problems. Many scientific and medical factors affect its development ability. The following are discussed in detail according to the important stages:

1.Genetics:

Genetics is the basic factor for human intelligence. Chromosomes and genes play a very important role in the development of the child’s brain. Some neurodevelopmental processes are directly controlled at the genetic level. Studies on twins show that the hereditary factor of intelligence is about 50%.

2.Brain Neurology:

Different parts of the brain such as the cerebral cortex, prefrontal lobe and hippocampus are directly involved in a person’s intelligence. The number of neurons, the efficiency of synapses and the balance of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin are also important.

3.Early Nutrition:

Nutrition in infancy is a key factor for neural development. Elements such as Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Iodine, Iron, Vitamin B12, Folate and Zinc are essential for the neurological development of the brain. Malnutrition reduces intelligence.

4.Health and Medical Conditions:

Neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, autism and intellectual disability can affect intelligence. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis are also harmful.

5.Mental Health:

Mental health is important for the processing of intelligence. Anxiety, depression and long-term stress affect cognitive processes. Chronic stress reduces the function of the hippocampus.

6.Environment and Stimulation:

A positive social environment, language stimulation and educational activities help in increasing the cognitive power of children. Neglect and less stimulation lead to impairment in the development of intelligence.

7.Education and Cognitive Input:

Quality education has a direct impact on reasoning, problem-solving and memory. Exposure, learning materials and proper education system are essential for intelligence development.

8.Technology:

Proper use of digital media helps in the development of children, but excessive screen exposure and overuse of social media can reduce intelligence.

9.Drugs and Toxins:

Toxic substances like Alcohol, Nicotine, Lead and Mercury have a negative impact on the child’s brain. These substances damage neural tissue.

10.Culture and Language:

Bilingual children have better memory and attention. Culture, language and paradigms guide intellectual ability and develop thinking.

Q-3 Write short answer (any two) 6 × 2 = 10

a) Write down characteristics of mentally health person.

• A mentally healthy person is free from internal conflict or stress with himself.
• He feels comfortable with himself.
• He understands that he is a person who is needed and is loved by others.
• He can maintain a healthy daily routine and can maintain proper food, rest, physical activity and personal hygiene.
• He understands the rights and needs of others.
• He is capable of identifying and fulfilling his needs in life.
• He can maintain good relationships and communication with other people.
• He can adjust well. He can adjust his relationship with himself and with other people well.
• He can accept criticism from others and has the qualities of not getting upset easily.
• He can tolerate the frustrations and disappointments that come in everyday life and move forward.
• He is always searching for his identity, self-respect, sense of security and has faith in his abilities.
• He is aware of his strengths and weaknesses and behaves in a way that can be accepted by others.
• He gives respect to others and also gets respect from others.
• He has good self-control and balance towards himself. So he can adjust logically and emotionally. He faces problems and solves them by using intelligence. Also, he has the quality of adapting to everyday stress and anxiety.
• He accepts new changes in his environment and daily activities and adapts to them.

b) Write down factor affecting on social change.

FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIAL CHANGE

Social change has been observed in society which keeps happening from time to time.

This change differs from society to society it can be fast in one society and slow in another society that is there are many factors influencing social change.

Biological Factor,

Physical Factor,

Technological Factor,

Cultural Factors.

Biological Factor;

Includes biological factors including plants, animals, and humans.

The number of people, the constitution of humans, the hereditary quality of successive generations The wave of happiness in society is always changing.

This can be seen from the life in ancient times and the life of people in the present time.

This change has come gradually.

If the number of girls in the society increases then only different arrangements of marriage and family will come.

Due to the improvement in medical and sanitary conditions, the high birth rate results in an increase in population and a decrease in the death rate.

Along with the change in the standard of living, there has also been a change in the attitude of the people.

The position of the woman in the family, the relationship between the family members, and the self-reliance of the family will change.

Population growth affects the physical health and vitality of the people.

It can be seen from the above factors that the quality of the population affects the social structure and social institutions, so all those factors are included in the factors that are responsible for the change in population growth.

For example:

Birth rate,

Death rate,

Infant mortality rate,

Increase in the number of children and the elderly,

Inequality between the ratio of women and men,

Increase in the number of disabled people,

Increase in the number of people living in villages.

The standard of living decreases.

PHYSICAL FACTOR :

Here are some types of physical reasons that are responsible for changing the society.

Geographical environment,

Tornadoes,

Earthquakes,

Floods,

Sudden changes,

Volcanic eruptions,

etc.

It has been found that the physical environment controls the social situation and the environment allows or limits the development of culture.

geographical environment :

The geographical environment changes very slowly.

The same geographical environment can support very different cultures,

It has been found that the geographical setting is a part of what is created by man.

Man lives in a society with social relations.

Therefore, in most cases the geographical environment causes social change.

STROM (of storm) :=

A storm changes the structure, size and structure of a society.

Which also affects social relations, meaning that this can lead to social change.

EARTHQUAKES :=

Earthquakes cause destruction of natural resources and human losses.

They result in important changes in society, thus social change.

FLOODS :=

Floods can give birth to new villages in place of villages that have been washed away

Dams will need to be built to save from floods.

All this is leading to social change.

EPICAL CHANGES (Epochal Changes)

Sometimes there are such epochal changes that raise parts of the earth’s surface, and some parts sink. These changes play a big role in the change of society.

VOLCANIC CHANGES (Volcanic Eruptions)

Volcanic eruptions are ready to bring new ones.

Due to this, changes occur in society.

MISCELLANEOUS (Other factors)

Such as changes in temperature,

Non-availability of certain resources such as coal, iron, oil, etc.

Lack of natural resources.

TECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR

Technological changes are the reason for diversity in some organizations

Since the advent of machine technology, not only has there been economic change but the structure of society in the form of social groups is also gradually leading to degradation.

Technology changes society by changing our environment.

To which we in turn adapt, these changes are usually in the physical environment. And the adjustments that come with the changes often lead to changes in customs and social institutions.

c) Write down laws of perception.

Laws of Perception:

Perception is the process by which the human brain tries to understand the world around it with the help of various sensory inputs. In this context, different laws are described that show how the patient’s brain collects and interprets various visual, auditory or other sensations.

These laws have been developed specifically in Gestalt psychology. Gestalt principles show how we learn to see and understand individual elements of the environment not as separate entities, but together as a complete unit.

Main laws of perception:

1. Law of Proximity:

When two or more objects are close to each other, the individual perceives them as a group. Even if they are different in form, the brain considers them related because they are close.

2. Law of Similarity:

When an individual sees objects with the same color, shape, size or texture, the brain recognizes them as a group or pattern. For example, circles of the same color all seem to be part of a group.

3. Law of Continuity:

The brain prefers to recognize structures with straight lines or smooth curves. That is, the individual perceives even disconnected lines in continuous form.

4. Law of Closure:

Even when a picture is incomplete, the patient’s brain interprets it as complete. That is, even if a fragment is missing, the brain completes it.

5. Law of Figure and Ground:

During perception, the brain identifies a specific object as a figure and the rest of the background as a ground. For example, a black circle on a white page is immediately identified as a figure.

6. Law of Common Fate:

When several objects move in the same direction at the same time, the patient perceives them as a group. Like when a flock of flying birds move together, they appear as a unit.

7. Law of Symmetry:

The patient’s brain recognizes symmetrical shapes easily and finds them more attractive. The brain perceives a figure as a complete unit if it is the same on both sides.

8. Law of Common Region:

When different elements are within the same boundary, the patient perceives them as elements of a group. For example, elements placed inside a square seem related together.

9. Law of Uniform Connectedness:

When two elements are connected by a single line, color, or texture, the patient perceives them as a unit. This connectivity makes perception clearer.

10. Law of Perceptual Constancy:

According to this law, the patient’s brain perceives the shape, size, and color of objects as constant, even if the sensory input changes. For example, a clock appears to have the same shape whether it is far away or near.

The laws of perception play an important role in understanding the individual’s perspective and the structural processes of the brain. These laws are the fundamental elements of basic neuropsychology, cognitive neuroscience, and visual science.

Q-4 Write short notes. 12

a) Body-mind relationship

The body-mind relationship is a very important concept in the medical and mental health fields, which shows that there is a deep and interdependent relationship between the physical body and the psychological mind of an individual. The brain is not only the organ of thought, but it continuously interacts with many biological and functional systems of the body. This relationship has a direct effect on the health outcome of the patient, disease onset, and recovery ability.

Medical Perspective:

1. Neuroimmunoendocrine Network

Three major systems of the body — the nervous system, the immune system, and the endocrine system — are directly influenced by the individual’s state of mind. When a person experiences stress or chronic anxiety, the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis is activated, which causes the secretion of hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones affect the immune response, blood pressure, metabolism and memory in the body.

2. Psychosomatic Response:

Emotional, cognitive or stressful events going on in the mind of an individual have a physical effect on the body, which is called a Psychosomatic Disorder. For example: Headaches with depression, heart palpitations with anxiety, or physical problems like peptic ulcers develop in a patient due to chronic stress.

3. Neuroplasticity and Mindful Therapy:

The ability of the brain’s neural networks – called neuroplasticity – to be positively altered through the patient’s mindful thoughts, meditation, and cognitive therapy. This positive neural remodeling is helpful in both the patient’s physical recovery and mental relief.

4. Mind-Body Medicine:

This approach involves the mind factor in the medical treatment of the individual. Psychological interventions such as Cognitive Behavior Therapy, stress management, mindfulness practices, meditation, and biofeedback are used to improve a person’s overall health, along with medical therapy.

Important conditions in which the body-mind relationship becomes important:

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Tension Headache

Fibromyalgia

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Panic Disorder

Hypertension

In all these conditions, targeting the stressful relationship between a person’s brain and body has proven to be the most effective treatment.

The body-mind relationship is a central element of human health. Both the medical and mental conditions of an individual are mutually influenced. Understanding this relationship is not only a theoretical concept but also essential for clinical practice.

Therefore, a holistic medical approach should be adopted, which includes the patient’s physical symptoms as well as his emotional and mental factors — so that treatment becomes complete, effective and human-centric.

b) Self-actualization

Self-actualization

Self-actualization is the highest and final stage of psychological development, as described in Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

This stage occurs when a person fully develops their personal potentials and talents and lives their real self to the fullest. This is the stage where a person moves beyond basic needs such as food, water, safety, love, and esteem to inner purpose and creative satisfaction.

Key Characteristics:

1. Authenticity:

The individual begins to live as he or she is, without any pretense or fake attitude.

2. Creativity:

Makes full use of his or her creative potential, whether it be in music, art, science or other fields.

3. Autonomy:

Gets inspiration from within (Intrinsic motivation) and does not depend on external situations.

4. Purposeful life:

Understanding the meaning of life and fulfilling it.

5. Peak experiences:

Moments where a person experiences extreme happiness, internal peace, and connection to the universe.

6. Realization of personal potential:

A person recognizes and actualizes their inner capacity.

Medical and psychological perspective:

Self-actualization is related to mental health, neurocognitive development, and personal growth. It is a state of fulfillment that can be experienced in a state of balance of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin.

Self-actualized individuals typically exhibit high resilience, emotional intelligence, and self-awareness. It is a continuous process that lasts a lifetime. What it means for each person may be different, but it is based on self-reflection, personal development, and a positive approach to life.

Self-actualization is not just a mental achievement, but a lived experience where a person recognizes the best version of themselves and expresses it fully.

To reach this state, it is necessary for a person to continuously improve themselves through self-reflection, learning, and exploration.

c) Family cycle

Everyone grows and enters different phases in their life. Each phase has different challenges and milestones. For example, when a baby develops trust in his caregiver in the first few years of life, he or she is able to grow and develop. Each child goes through their own growth phase, but along with growth, development is also important. It is important for the family to understand this. Their development can be expanded through a family cycle according to their stage.

(1) Unattached Adult

In this first stage, man issue is seen in which the child is separated from his parents. For example, when the child enters the age of 20, he goes to college, he is separated from his parents and experiences his own life. He is separated from his family members and connects with the peer group to start his career.

(2) Newly Married Adult

In this stage, there is a commitment to marriage in which the person learns how to maintain his wife and relationship. In this stage, the person starts his marital system.

(3) Child Bearing Adult

In this stage, a new family member comes in the life of the couple who accepts the new family member. In this stage, he has to deal with his financial status duties and the child’s Adjustments need to be made to ensure that care is maintained. They need to be visited by the child’s grandparents if they do not live with them.

(4) Preschool Age Children

In this stage, the child enters preschool with full energy and curiosity.

(5) School Age Child

In this stage, the child enters school. Parents encourage the child to maintain relationships with others and encourage him/her in social interaction, which includes education and other activities.

(6) Teenage Child

When the child turns 15, it is a challenging time for the parents. When the child wants to become independent, flexible family boundaries increase in this stage. Parents should give their child the opportunity to grow.

(7) Launching Center

In this stage, the child is on his/her own. The child lives the college life, he gets away from his family, the child goes away from home for his further education and after many months he comes to visit, in which there is a task for the child that he accepts his own pressure and the family supports him

(8) Middle Age Adult

In which the parents feel like they are alone at home, in which the adult converses with others and shares his thoughts with each other and is seen close to other adults, the adult gets married and faces his new illnesses and challenges

(9) Retired Adult

In this stage, the man is of retirement, in which he should accept retirement, take care of his health and stay close to his family members and their children and deal with grief

d) Group dynamics

Group dynamics is a mental, social, and behavioral process that provides an analytical explanation of how changes, influences, and relationship patterns develop when individuals interact with each other as a group. This concept is most useful in psychology, social sciences, and medical fields such as nursing education and therapeutic communication.

Core components of group dynamics:

1. Forming:

Group creation begins. Members get to know each other and roles and responsibilities are determined.

2. Storming:

Personal views, conflict and power struggles arise among the members.

3. Norming:

The group now starts becoming cohesive. Norms and mutual understanding develop.

4. Performing:

Now the group members work with maximum efficiency for the assigned task. A high level of cooperation is observed.

5. Adjourning:

After target achievement, the group dissolves. The members bid farewell.

Usage in Medical and Healthcare Context:

Group dynamics are extremely important in the healthcare system, especially in rehabilitation, patient-centered rehabilitation, mental health counseling, and nursing management.

Elements of Effective Group Dynamics:

Leadership: Appropriate leadership influences both the direction and level of the group.

Communication Pattern: Open and clear communication is essential for group effectiveness.

Cohesion: A sense of unity among group members.

Norms and values: Rules to be followed for the behavior of members.

Role clarity: It is important for each member to understand his or her role.

Decision making: How inclusive the group decision process is is important.

Psychological basis:
Social learning theory, cognitive behavioral theory, and humanistic psychology are widely used in group dynamics.

Therapeutic groups:
Group dynamics, when applied appropriately in patient or client groups – such as self-help groups, psychotherapy groups, and support groups – can accelerate client recovery.

Group dynamics are a key factor in the success of any clinical, educational, or community setting. Understanding how groups interact and how their members develop together is essential for every healthcare professional.

Q-5 Define following (any six) 12

a) Psychology

The word psychology is made up of two Greek words. Psyche and Logos. Until 1590 AD, the word psyche meant soul or spirit and the word logos meant study. Here the word soul was taken in a very broad sense. Therefore, later the word mind was used instead of soul.

Towards the end of the 19th century, William Woodt used the word behavior instead of mind, so according to the new definition, psychology i.e. the scientific study of human behavior is called psychology.

William Woodt is also known as the Father of Psychology.

The scientific study of mental processes and behavior is called psychology. It also includes the study of the mind and how it works.

b) Cultural lag

Cultural lag is a sociological concept that indicates that when technological advancement or scientific innovations develop rapidly, the related social values, norms, beliefs, and institutional structures do not adjust as quickly, resulting in imbalance in society. This delay gives birth to gaps, confusion and conflict, especially in areas like the medical field where people’s ethical, religious or cultural beliefs raise objections to new techniques, biotechnology, organ transplants or AI (Artificial Intelligence). Therefore, cultural lag is the condition where material culture advances rapidly but non-material culture – such as customs, religion, traditions – lags behind.

c) Religion

Religion is an organized system, typically consisting of spiritual beliefs, worship practices, moral values, religious codes, and rituals, that define an individual’s relationship with a supreme power or divine entity. Religion provides psychological support, ethical guidance, and a social code of conduct in an individual’s life. The importance of religion in the medical and healthcare field is such that religious beliefs influence a person’s decisions and emotional resilience in situations such as patient health behavior, disease management, and end-of-life care. Therefore, religion is not only a spiritual belief, but also an important element for a person’s holistic health and social interaction.

d) Attention

Attention means the ability of a person to focus on an object or activity during a specific time period.

A person receives different types of impulses from the environment through the work of his consciousness. Which affects our brain and we become aware of the surrounding environment.

Attention is a complex process. In which we focus on the action happening in our environment for a specific time and get different types of stimulation from it. For example, we see something, hear something.

We can be aware of different actions happening in the environment at the same time, but the focus can be more on any one action.

Therefore, the act of focusing on any one action at any time is called attention.

e) Reasoning

Reasoning is a cognitive process in which a person uses logical thinking, observation, and available information to arrive at an appropriate conclusion or judgment. This process involves neuropsychological functions of the brain such as analysis, synthesis, and inference. In the medical field, especially clinical reasoning, is a critical skill for making diagnosis and therapeutic decisions based on a patient’s symptoms and signs. Therefore, Reasoning is an important tool for evidence-based practice and effective care delivery.

f) Will

Will is a cognitive and volitional process in which a person consciously takes deliberate action towards a purpose or goal. This process is based on personal determination, mental strength, and conscious intention. Neuropsychologically, will is controlled by the prefrontal cortex and in a medical context it is an important factor in recovery and healing.

g) Delusion

Delusion is a false, irrational belief in a person. Which cannot be changed in any way.

This belief is not known to the person by any person or by any education. Delusion is a false belief related to any reference of the person. The following types are given.

Persecutory delusion

Delusion of reference..

Delusion of guilt..

h) Social group

Man is a social animal. He is not accustomed to living alone. He always needs a group to stay healthy and well. Every person is connected to other people in some way or another.

A group means that one or more people cooperate with each other to satisfy a common goal or common needs and when they join a group, it is called a group.

In society, people who have similar interests work in a group to achieve the same goal. This group has its own unique characteristics.

Q-6(A) Fill in the blanks. 05

1……. is known as father of “Psychology”. …… Wilhelm Wundt

2…….. is unified system of belief and practice.
Religion

3.L.A.S stands for …… Lok Adalat System.

4.Body effect on mind is called …… Psychosomatic effect.

5.Dowry prohibition Act was passed in the year …… 1961.

B) True or False – 05

1.Infancy is a time from birth to one year. True –

2.In monogamy marriage two women marries two men. False –

3.If the person is having IQ-140 then it called “Idiot”. False –

4.Psychoanalytic theory was given by James watt. False –

5.Diversion of an individual’s attention is called distraction. True –

(C) Multiple Choice Questions

1.Thinking, reasoning and judgement is …… Activity.

a) Conative –

b) Cognitive –

c) Affective –

d) Social –

2.Rebirth, telepathy and applied problems deals with …… branch of psychology.

a) Applied psychology –

b) Geopsychology-

c) Parapsychology –

d) Social psychology –

3……. is a method to improve memory.

a) Jumping –

b) Laughing –

c) Rhyming –

d) Dreaming –

4.All These all are types of perception except

a) Amodal –

b) Colour –

c) Depth –

d) Fine –

5.An unfair personal opinion which influence judgement is ……
ચુકાદાને પ્રભાવિત કરતો અન્યાયી વ્યક્તિગત અભિપ્રાય ……

a) Mob –

b) Caste –

c) Bias –

d) Vague –