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FREE MATERILES ARTICLES

ARTICLES AND INSTRUMENTS FOR VIVA PRACTICAL.

1. Clinical Thermometer

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Bulb: Contains mercury/alcohol
    • Stem: Glass tube with narrow bore
    • Scale: Graduated in Celsius (35–42°C) or Fahrenheit (94–108°F)
    • Constricted Constriction: Prevents mercury from falling on its own
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Measure body temperature orally, axillary, or rectally
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Shake mercury below 35°C before use
    • Disinfect with 70% alcohol or Dettol
    • Never use hot water to clean

2. Sphygmomanometer (BP Apparatus)

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Cuff: Inflatable, wraps around arm
    • Bulb: For inflating cuff
    • Manometer: Mercury column or dial gauge
    • Air-release valve: To control pressure release
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Measures arterial blood pressure (systolic & diastolic)
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Position cuff at heart level
    • Avoid tight clothing
    • Clean cuff with antiseptic regularly

3. Stethoscope

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Ear tips
    • Binaural Tubing
    • Chest piece (Diaphragm: high-pitched; Bell: low-pitched sounds)
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Auscultation of heart, lungs, bowel sounds
    • Used with BP apparatus
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Clean ear tips with alcohol
    • Do not press diaphragm too hard

4. Kidney Tray

  • ⚙️ Parts: Curved basin made of stainless steel or plastic
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Hold dressings, instruments, vomitus, sputum
    • Used in bedside procedures
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Sterilize metal trays in autoclave
    • Use a liner for contamination control

5. Artery Forceps (Hemostat)

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Finger rings, ratchet lock, shank, serrated jaws
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Clamp bleeding vessels
    • Hold tissue during surgery
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Autoclave before and after surgery
    • Available in curved and straight forms

6. Syringes (2, 5, 10 mL etc.)

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Barrel (graduated), plunger, tip
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Administer medications, IV flush, aspiration
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Disposable; do not reuse
    • Choose appropriate size for accurate dose

7. Hypodermic Needles

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Bevel, shaft, hub
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Injection (IV, IM, SC), aspiration, blood withdrawal
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use proper gauge for the route
    • Dispose in sharps container

8. Bedpan (Fracture & Conventional)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Metal or plastic; shallow (fracture) or deep (conventional)
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • For immobile patients to pass urine or stool
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use powder to reduce friction
    • Offer privacy and gloves

9. Urinal (Male/Female)

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Handle, calibrated container, spout
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Collect urine from bedridden patients
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Label clearly; disinfect after each use

10. Oxygen Mask & Nasal Cannula

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Mask or prongs, tubing, elastic strap
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Deliver oxygen to patients with hypoxia
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use humidifier if flow > 4 L/min
    • Check for pressure ulcers around ears

11. Steam Inhaler

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Water chamber, mask/nozzle, steam outlet
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Relieve nasal congestion, sinusitis, cold
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Clean to avoid fungal growth
    • Warn patient about burn risk

12. Surgical Scissors

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Blades, screw joint, finger rings
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Cut tissue, dressings, sutures
    • Types: Mayo (heavy), Metzenbaum (delicate), Bandage scissors
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Sterilize before each use
    • Store safely to avoid dulling

13. Vaginal Speculum

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Upper & lower blades, screw/handle
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Vaginal/cervical exam, pap smear
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Warm before use, explain procedure
    • Lubricate if needed

14. Foley’s Catheter

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Catheter shaft, balloon, drainage port, inflation port
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Urinary drainage, bladder irrigation
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use aseptic technique
    • Anchor catheter to avoid traction

15. Ryle’s Tube (Nasogastric Tube)

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Tip with holes, radiopaque line, markings
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Gastric feeding, decompression, lavage
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Confirm placement (pH <5 or X-ray)
    • Lubricate well before insertion

16. Tracheostomy Tube

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Outer cannula, inner cannula, obturator
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Maintain airway for tracheostomy patients
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Clean inner cannula daily
    • Use cuffed tubes for ventilation

17. Suction Machine

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Vacuum pump, canister, tubing, suction catheter
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Clear airways, blood, secretions
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Set suction pressure (80–120 mmHg)
    • Sterilize tubing after use

18. IV Infusion Set

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Spike, drip chamber, roller clamp, Y-injection site, needle
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Administer IV fluids, blood, medications
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Prime tubing before connection
    • Count drops to calculate rate

19. IV Cannula (Venflon)

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Plastic catheter, needle (stylet), wings, flashback chamber
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Intravenous access for fluids or drugs
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Rotate site every 72 hours
    • Use transparent dressing for visibility

20. Ambu Bag (BVM)

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Self-inflating bag, oxygen inlet, mask, reservoir bag
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Artificial ventilation during CPR or respiratory arrest
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Ensure tight seal
    • Use PEEP valve if needed

21. Suturing Instruments

  • ⚙️ Includes:
    • Needle holder, forceps, suture scissors, suture needle
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Close surgical wounds or lacerations
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Ensure needle is clamped securely
    • Use appropriate suture material

22. Laryngoscope

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Handle (with battery), blade (curved/straight), bulb
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • View larynx during intubation
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Check light before use
    • Always have backup blades

23. Chest Tube Drainage Set

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Thoracic catheter, underwater seal bottle, suction connector
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Drain air (pneumothorax) or fluid (hemothorax)
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Bottle must be below chest level
    • No clamping unless prescribed

24. Defibrillator

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Electrode paddles/pads, energy selector, ECG monitor
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Treat ventricular fibrillation and pulseless VT
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Apply gel to paddles
    • Confirm rhythm before shocking

25. Pulse Oximeter

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Sensor probe, LED display
  • 🔍 Uses:
    • Measures SpO₂ and pulse rate noninvasively
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Remove nail polish
    • Avoid motion artifacts for accurate readings

1. Infantometer

  • ⚙️ Parts: Flat board with fixed headpiece and movable foot piece
  • 🔍 Use: Measure recumbent length of infants
  • 🧠 Tip: Place infant supine with legs extended; measure to nearest 0.1 cm

2. Neonatal Resuscitation Kit

  • ⚙️ Includes:
    • Ambu bag with newborn mask
    • Suction catheter
    • Oxygen supply tubing
    • Radiant warmer
  • 🔍 Use: Immediate resuscitation of newborns at birth
  • 🧠 Tip: Keep kit ready at every delivery; check functionality of bag and mask

3. Radiant Warmer

  • ⚙️ Parts: Overhead heat source, temperature sensor probe, control panel
  • 🔍 Use: Maintains thermal regulation for neonates
  • 🧠 Tip: Place sensor on abdomen; keep warmer pre-warmed before delivery

4. Weighing Scale (Digital/Baby)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Flat surface, digital display
  • 🔍 Use: Accurate weight monitoring in infants
  • 🧠 Tip: Weigh without clothing or with same wrap for consistency

5. T-piece Resuscitator

  • ⚙️ Parts: T-shaped tubing, pressure control valve, mask
  • 🔍 Use: Controlled positive pressure ventilation to neonates
  • 🧠 Tip: Preferred over Ambu bag for premature babies; test pressure before use

6. Oropharyngeal Airway (Guedel Airway) – Pediatric Sizes

  • ⚙️ Parts: Curved plastic piece, flange
  • 🔍 Use: Maintains airway patency in unconscious infants
  • 🧠 Tip: Size must match child’s jaw; insert upside down and rotate

7. Snellen’s Chart

  • ⚙️ Parts: Eye chart with letters in decreasing size
  • 🔍 Use: Visual acuity test at 6 meters
  • 🧠 Tip: Conduct in well-lit room; one eye at a time, with/without glasses

8. Eye Speculum

  • ⚙️ Parts: Two curved blades joined by spring or screw
  • 🔍 Use: Holds eyelids apart during eye surgery/examination
  • 🧠 Tip: Autoclave after each use; do not over-extend eyelids

9. Tonometer (Schiotz)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Plunger, footplate, scale
  • 🔍 Use: Measures intraocular pressure (for glaucoma screening)
  • 🧠 Tip: Apply topical anesthesia before use

10. Eye Dropper with Nozzle

  • ⚙️ Parts: Rubber bulb, glass or plastic tube
  • 🔍 Use: Instillation of eye medications
  • 🧠 Tip: Do not touch the eye surface; label dropper

11. Otoscope

  • ⚙️ Parts: Light handle, viewing lens, speculum
  • 🔍 Use: Examine external auditory canal and tympanic membrane
  • 🧠 Tip: Pull pinna upward (adults) or downward (children); use disposable speculum

12. Tuning Fork

  • ⚙️ Parts: Stem, tines
  • 🔍 Use: Test hearing conduction (Rinne, Weber test)
  • 🧠 Tip: Hold stem lightly; do not touch tines after striking

13. Nasal Speculum

  • ⚙️ Parts: Two blades with spring handle
  • 🔍 Use: Widen nasal passage for examination or procedures
  • 🧠 Tip: Lubricate before use; sterilize properly

14. Laryngeal Mirror

  • ⚙️ Parts: Handle, circular mirror angled at end
  • 🔍 Use: Visualize larynx in indirect laryngoscopy
  • 🧠 Tip: Warm mirror to avoid fogging

15. Sims’ Vaginal Speculum

  • ⚙️ Parts: Single-blade, hollow handle
  • 🔍 Use: Expose posterior vaginal wall for exam
  • 🧠 Tip: Requires lithotomy or Sims position; warm and lubricate before use

16. Cusco’s Speculum (Self-retaining)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Bivalve blades, screw lock
  • 🔍 Use: Pap smear, cervical visualization
  • 🧠 Tip: Preferred in OPD; clean and autoclave after each use

17. Uterine Sound

  • ⚙️ Parts: Graduated metal rod with a blunt tip
  • 🔍 Use: Measure length and direction of uterine cavity
  • 🧠 Tip: Use aseptically; contraindicated in suspected pregnancy

18. Cervical Dilator (Hegar’s)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Double-ended smooth rods of increasing size
  • 🔍 Use: Dilate cervix before surgical procedures (e.g., D&C)
  • 🧠 Tip: Sterilize; insert gently to avoid perforation

19. Endometrial Biopsy Curette

  • ⚙️ Parts: Long hollow tube with sharp end
  • 🔍 Use: Obtain endometrial tissue for biopsy
  • 🧠 Tip: Explain procedure; use in sterile conditions

20. Vulsellum Forceps

  • ⚙️ Parts: Teeth at the tip, locking handle
  • 🔍 Use: Hold anterior lip of cervix during procedures
  • 🧠 Tip: Grasp gently to avoid cervical tears

1. Bone Cutter

  • ⚙️ Parts: Strong handles, hinge joint, sharp cutting edges
  • 🔍 Use: To cut small or large bones during orthopedic surgery (e.g., amputation)
  • 🧠 Nursing Tips:
    • Handle with care — very sharp
    • Sterilize by autoclaving
    • Check functionality before surgery

2. Bone Nibbler

  • ⚙️ Parts: Curved jaws, spring mechanism, handles
  • 🔍 Use: Remove small bits of bone or rough bony edges
  • 🧠 Note:
    • Used post-osteotomy
    • Clean bone particles after each use to prevent clogging

3. Gigli Saw

  • ⚙️ Parts: Flexible wire with handles at both ends
  • 🔍 Use: Amputation saw used to cut bone smoothly (especially pelvis, skull)
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Requires two operators for sawing
    • Sterilize wire in glutaraldehyde or autoclave

4. Periosteal Elevator

  • ⚙️ Parts: Handle, flat curved tip (chisel-like)
  • 🔍 Use: To separate periosteum (bone lining) from the bone surface
  • 🧠 Handling:
    • Use light pressure to avoid tissue injury
    • Clean tip thoroughly post-surgery

5. Orthopedic Drill & Bits

  • ⚙️ Parts: Motor (manual/electric), chuck, drill bits
  • 🔍 Use: Drill holes in bones to insert screws or plates
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use sterile cover on electric drills
    • Confirm sterilization of bits before use

6. Bone Holding Forceps (Langenbeck / Lane’s)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Clamping jaws, ratchet lock, long handle
  • 🔍 Use: Holds fractured bone fragments together during fixation
  • 🧠 Note:
    • Choose right size forceps based on bone
    • Autoclave thoroughly; check jaw alignment

7. Thomas Splint

  • ⚙️ Parts: Metal ring, side bars, cross bars
  • 🔍 Use: Immobilize lower limb fractures (especially femur) during transport
  • 🧠 Nursing Use:
    • Apply skin traction carefully
    • Pad bony prominences to prevent pressure sores

8. Crutches

  • ⚙️ Types: Axillary crutches, Elbow crutches, Gutter crutches
  • 🔍 Use: Assist ambulation in non-weight bearing lower limb injuries
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Height: 2 inches below axilla
    • Teach proper gait pattern (2-point, 3-point)

9. Dressing Forceps (Tissue Forceps)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Spring handle, serrated tips
  • 🔍 Use: Hold gauze, tissues during wound care
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use non-toothed for delicate tissue
    • Sterilize in hot air oven or autoclave

10. Scissors (Dressing / Suture / Bandage)

  • ⚙️ Types:
    • Dressing scissors – for gauze
    • Suture scissors – with hook tip
    • Bandage scissors – angled tip
  • 🔍 Use: Cutting sutures, dressings, and bandages
  • 🧠 Handling:
    • Separate clean from contaminated scissors
    • Lubricate joints regularly

11. Artery Forceps (Mosquito / Kocher’s)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Ring handle, ratchet lock, serrated jaws
  • 🔍 Use: Clamp small bleeders, assist in wound closure
  • 🧠 Note:
    • Kocher’s has tooth at tip for grip
    • Available in curved & straight types

12. Gauze Piece & Sterile Pads

  • ⚙️ Parts: Woven cotton squares or pads
  • 🔍 Use: Cover wounds, absorb exudates, clean areas
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use only sterile gauze for open wounds
    • Do not touch center with fingers

13. Adhesive Tape / Micropore

  • ⚙️ Parts: Paper, fabric or plastic base with medical glue
  • 🔍 Use: Secure dressings, tubes or IV cannula
  • 🧠 Nursing Point:
    • Hypoallergenic tapes for sensitive skin
    • Replace if loose or damp

14. Sterile Gloves

  • ⚙️ Parts: Latex or nitrile gloves in sterile packaging
  • 🔍 Use: Protect against cross-infection during dressing or procedures
  • 🧠 Sterility Tips:
    • Open with non-touch technique
    • Replace if touched outer surface accidentally

15. Surgical Drapes (Fenestrated)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Cotton/linen/plastic sheet with center opening
  • 🔍 Use: Maintain sterile field during dressing or minor surgery
  • 🧠 Handling:
    • Autoclave reusable drapes
    • Position fenestration over wound site

16. Bowl Set (Sterile Steel Bowls)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Small/medium/large steel bowls in sets
  • 🔍 Use: Hold antiseptics, saline, betadine, etc. during procedures
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Label bowls for each solution
    • Sterilize in autoclave post-use

17. Sponge Holding Forceps

  • ⚙️ Parts: Long handles, ring jaws
  • 🔍 Use: Hold gauze swabs soaked in antiseptics for prepping skin
  • 🧠 Note:
    • Use for no-touch antiseptic technique
    • Sterilize in autoclave

18. Disposable Dressing Set (Pre-packed Sterile)

  • ⚙️ Includes:
    • Forceps, scissors, gauze, cotton balls, bowl (plastic)
  • 🔍 Use: For minor dressings in OPD/home care
  • 🧠 Tip:
    • Check expiry and integrity of pack
    • Use once and discard

19. Irrigation Syringe (Toomey / Bulb)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Plunger-type or rubber bulb with tip
  • 🔍 Use: Irrigate wounds with saline or antiseptic
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use appropriate pressure
    • Avoid forceful flow to prevent tissue trauma

20. Burn Sheet

  • ⚙️ Parts: Large sterile sheet made of gauze or synthetic material
  • 🔍 Use: Cover large burn areas to prevent infection
  • 🧠 Nursing Consideration:
    • Wrap loosely to avoid compression
    • Use sterile gloves to apply

1. Hudson Brace & Burr

  • ⚙️ Parts: Hand crank (brace), removable burrs
  • 🔍 Use: Drilling into the skull during craniotomy
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Used manually
    • Sterilize burrs and handles separately in autoclave

2. Kerrison Rongeur

  • ⚙️ Parts: Spring-loaded jaw, handle, cutting tip
  • 🔍 Use: Removes small bone pieces from vertebrae or skull
  • 🧠 Note:
    • Common in laminectomy
    • Use gentle pressure; autoclave after surgery

3. Penfield Dissector

  • ⚙️ Parts: Double-ended instrument with flat tips
  • 🔍 Use: Dissects brain tissues and separates nerves gently
  • 🧠 Tip: Handle delicately to avoid brain damage

4. Leyla Retractor System

  • ⚙️ Parts: Self-retaining frame, flexible arms, retractor blades
  • 🔍 Use: Holds tissues apart during neurosurgical microsurgery
  • 🧠 Sterilization: Full autoclaving needed; count parts post-use

5. Spinal Needle

  • ⚙️ Parts: Thin, long shaft; stylet; bevel tip
  • 🔍 Use: Lumbar puncture, spinal anesthesia, CSF withdrawal
  • 🧠 Handling:
    • Ensure correct positioning (L3–L4 or L4–L5)
    • Use aseptic technique and label specimen clearly

6. Laryngoscope Set

  • ⚙️ Parts: Handle (with light), straight/curved blades
  • 🔍 Use: Visualize vocal cords for endotracheal intubation
  • 🧠 Note:
    • Check battery and bulb
    • Have multiple blade sizes (adult/pediatric)

7. Endotracheal Tube (ET Tube)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Tube, cuff, pilot balloon, 15 mm connector
  • 🔍 Use: Maintain airway and connect to ventilator
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Lubricate tip, inflate cuff after insertion
    • Confirm placement by auscultation and CO₂ monitor

8. Bougie Introducer

  • ⚙️ Parts: Long flexible plastic rod
  • 🔍 Use: Aid in difficult intubation (acts as guide for ET tube)
  • 🧠 Tip: Insert gently to avoid trauma

9. Magill’s Forceps

  • ⚙️ Parts: Curved jaws, serrated tip
  • 🔍 Use: Guide nasal ET tube into trachea or remove foreign bodies
  • 🧠 Handling:
    • Used under direct vision with laryngoscope
    • Sterilize thoroughly

10. Oropharyngeal (Guedel) Airway

  • ⚙️ Parts: Flange, curved shaft
  • 🔍 Use: Keep airway open in unconscious patients
  • 🧠 Tip:
    • Choose correct size (corner of mouth to earlobe)
    • Insert upside down, then rotate

11. Defibrillator (Biphasic)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Paddles/electrode pads, monitor, energy dial
  • 🔍 Use: Delivers shock to correct VT/VF arrhythmias
  • 🧠 Nursing Alert:
    • Ensure “All Clear” before shock
    • Record energy used and rhythm response

12. Intravenous (IV) Start Kit

  • ⚙️ Includes: Tourniquet, alcohol swabs, cannula, tape, gloves
  • 🔍 Use: Establish IV access during emergency
  • 🧠 Tip: Choose large bore (16–18G) for trauma

13. Needle Decompression Kit

  • ⚙️ Parts: Large bore needle (14G), catheter
  • 🔍 Use: Emergency relief of tension pneumothorax
  • 🧠 Note: Insert in 2nd intercostal space, midclavicular line

14. Trocars and Cannulas

  • ⚙️ Parts: Sharp obturator (trocar), sleeve (cannula)
  • 🔍 Use: Introduce instruments in laparoscopic surgery
  • 🧠 Note: Insert carefully to avoid organ perforation

15. Veress Needle

  • ⚙️ Parts: Spring-loaded blunt inner stylet, sharp outer needle
  • 🔍 Use: Establish pneumoperitoneum (inflate abdomen with CO₂)
  • 🧠 Tip: Check for negative aspiration test before insufflation

16. Laparoscopic Graspers / Scissors / Dissectors

  • ⚙️ Parts: Long insulated shaft, handle with locking mechanism
  • 🔍 Use: Dissect, cut, grasp tissues during lap surgery
  • 🧠 Sterilization: Use ethylene oxide or autoclave based on insulation

17. Electrocautery Pencil

  • ⚙️ Parts: Button-controlled pencil, active electrode tip
  • 🔍 Use: Cut or coagulate tissue using electric current
  • 🧠 Tip: Ensure grounding pad is placed; avoid burns

18. Surgical Retractors (Langenbeck / Deaver / Balfour)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Flat blade, handle
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Langenbeck: Small incisions
    • Deaver: Deep cavities
    • Balfour: Self-retaining abdominal retractor
  • 🧠 Tip: Protect underlying organs during retraction

19. Suction Catheter (Yankauer / Flexible)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Suction tip, tubing, connector
  • 🔍 Use: Clear blood, fluids, secretions during surgery
  • 🧠 Note:
    • Yankauer for oral suction; flexible for deeper suction
    • Connect to suction machine and test before surgery

20. Needle Holder

  • ⚙️ Parts: Jaws, ratchet lock, ring handles
  • 🔍 Use: Hold suture needle during suturing
  • 🧠 Tip: Match size to needle type; grip needle at ⅔ from tip

1. Glucometer

  • ⚙️ Parts: Digital display, strip insertion port, battery, lancet device
  • 🔍 Use: Measures capillary blood glucose level
  • 🧠 Nursing Tips:
    • Use fresh lancet and test strip
    • Clean finger with alcohol before pricking
    • Calibrate device regularly; check expiry of strips

2. Hemoglobinometer (Sahli’s Method)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Graduated glass tube, comparator, stirrer, pipette, N/10 HCl
  • 🔍 Use: Measure hemoglobin using acid hematin method
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Add blood drop by drop using pipette
    • Read at eye level in natural light

3. Microscope

  • ⚙️ Parts: Eyepiece, objective lenses, stage, mirror/light, coarse and fine focus knobs
  • 🔍 Use: Examine blood, urine, sputum, stool, smears
  • 🧠 Handling:
    • Use lens paper only for cleaning
    • Always start with low power (10×), then high power (40× or 100× oil immersion)

4. Centrifuge Machine

  • ⚙️ Parts: Rotor, tube holders, speed regulator, timer
  • 🔍 Use: Separate components of blood or urine by spinning
  • 🧠 Nursing Note:
    • Balance tubes before operation
    • Do not open while spinning

5. Urine Multistix / Dipstick

  • ⚙️ Parts: Plastic strip with reagent pads
  • 🔍 Use: Detect glucose, ketones, proteins, pH, blood, leukocytes in urine
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Read color changes within recommended time (usually 30–60 secs)
    • Use fresh, midstream sample

6. Specimen Collection Bottles

  • ⚙️ Types: Red cap (blood), sterile cup (urine/stool), sputum container
  • 🔍 Use: Collection of various lab samples for diagnosis
  • 🧠 Nursing Role:
    • Label with patient ID, time, date
    • Transport to lab immediately or refrigerate if delayed

7. Tourniquet

  • ⚙️ Parts: Elastic or rubber band with fastener
  • 🔍 Use: Apply pressure to veins during venipuncture or IV cannulation
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Do not keep >1 minute
    • Release before withdrawing needle

8. Sputum Mug

  • ⚙️ Parts: Lid, curved rim, handle (metal/plastic)
  • 🔍 Use: Collect sputum for AFB, culture, cytology
  • 🧠 Note:
    • Provide early morning specimen
    • Wash and disinfect mug after each use

9. Lancet Device (Spring/Manual)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Needle, spring-loaded trigger (in auto-lancets)
  • 🔍 Use: Prick fingertip/heel for capillary blood sampling
  • 🧠 Handling:
    • Use single-use lancets
    • Dispose in sharps container

10. Counting Chamber (Neubauer Chamber)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Glass slide with central grid, coverslip
  • 🔍 Use: Manual RBC/WBC/platelet count, semen analysis
  • 🧠 Note:
    • Clean thoroughly before use
    • Use hemocytometer with proper dilution

11. Tongue Depressor

  • ⚙️ Parts: Flat wooden or plastic blade
  • 🔍 Use: Hold tongue down during oral cavity inspection
  • 🧠 Tip:
    • Use sterile or single-use
    • Discard after each use

12. Mouth Gag (Doyen’s or Jennings)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Curved jaws, ratchet lock
  • 🔍 Use: Keep mouth open during oral/dental surgeries or seizures
  • 🧠 Nursing Role:
    • Use for unresponsive patients (e.g., during ECT)
    • Clean and autoclave thoroughly

13. Dental Mirror

  • ⚙️ Parts: Handle, angled reflective mirror
  • 🔍 Use: Visualize inner teeth, buccal mucosa, palate
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use for inspection and retraction
    • Avoid fogging by warming

14. Tooth Extraction Forceps

  • ⚙️ Parts: Beak, hinge, handle (angled for different teeth)
  • 🔍 Use: Grasp and extract decayed or impacted teeth
  • 🧠 Note:
    • Used under local anesthesia
    • Sterilize by autoclave post-procedure

15. Scaler (Ultrasonic or Manual)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Sharp or vibrating tip, handle
  • 🔍 Use: Remove dental plaque and tartar from teeth
  • 🧠 Nursing Point:
    • Used in oral hygiene programs
    • Rinse mouth after use

16. Saliva Ejector

  • ⚙️ Parts: Suction tip, tubing
  • 🔍 Use: Remove saliva and fluids during dental procedures
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use low suction
    • Disposable tips recommended

17. Dental Tray Set

  • ⚙️ Includes: Mirror, probe, tweezers, explorer, spoon excavator
  • 🔍 Use: Basic dental examination and cleaning
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Ensure all tools are arranged in sterile tray
    • Check for rust or damage before use

18. Topical Applicator / Cotton Holder

  • ⚙️ Parts: Spring grip, curved handle
  • 🔍 Use: Apply medicated cotton or gel to gums/teeth
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Clean handle thoroughly
    • Sterile cotton only

19. Cheek Retractor

  • ⚙️ Parts: U-shaped plastic/metal device
  • 🔍 Use: Retract cheeks for better oral cavity access
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Comfortable placement
    • Autoclavable or single-use

20. Dental Drill (High-Speed Handpiece)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Head, chuck, bur, water spray system
  • 🔍 Use: Remove decayed tooth, prepare cavity
  • 🧠 Sterilization:
    • Use sterilization pouch and autoclave
    • Lubricate drill post-use

1. Lacrimal Probe (Bowman’s)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Long, flexible metal rod with blunt tip (double-ended)
  • 🔍 Use: To check and clear blockage in nasolacrimal duct (DCR procedures)
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use sterile saline as irrigation
    • Always use under local anesthesia

2. Eyelid Retractor (Desmarres)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Flat curved blade with handle
  • 🔍 Use: Retract upper or lower eyelid in chalazion surgery or eyelid eversion
  • 🧠 Note:
    • Use with gentle hand pressure
    • Autoclave after use

3. Corneal Scissors

  • ⚙️ Parts: Angled sharp tips, spring handle
  • 🔍 Use: Cut corneal tissues in keratoplasty, pterygium excision
  • 🧠 Handling:
    • Avoid contact with metal trays to prevent dulling
    • Use special ophthalmic sterilization tray

4. Fixation Forceps (Castroviejo’s)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Fine-tipped forceps with lock
  • 🔍 Use: Hold eye during intraocular procedures like cataract surgery
  • 🧠 Sterilization:
    • Handle with care — very delicate
    • Soak in enzymatic cleaner before autoclaving

5. Ear Syringe (Asepto Type)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Rubber bulb with nozzle
  • 🔍 Use: Irrigate ear canal to remove wax or foreign body
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use warm sterile saline or water
    • Avoid high pressure in children

6. Tilley’s Nasal Forceps

  • ⚙️ Parts: Curved handle, blunt rounded ends
  • 🔍 Use: Pack nose in epistaxis (nosebleed), remove nasal foreign body
  • 🧠 Handling:
    • Lubricate nasal pack before insertion
    • Autoclave after each use

7. Thudicum Nasal Speculum

  • ⚙️ Parts: Two prongs with a spring-loaded hinge
  • 🔍 Use: Dilate anterior nares during nasal examination
  • 🧠 Tip: Warm and gently insert; ask patient to relax jaw

8. Laryngeal Forceps

  • ⚙️ Parts: Long shaft, angled jaws
  • 🔍 Use: Remove foreign bodies or for biopsy during laryngoscopy
  • 🧠 Sterilization:
    • Soak in glutaraldehyde or autoclave

9. Episiotomy Scissors (Braun-Stadler)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Curved blade, long handles
  • 🔍 Use: To perform episiotomy during second stage of labor
  • 🧠 Tip:
    • Use mediolateral cut in routine practice
    • Always count and check scissors post-delivery

10. Uterine Curette

  • ⚙️ Parts: Long handle, spoon-shaped tip (sharp or blunt)
  • 🔍 Use: Curettage of uterine lining during D&C procedures
  • 🧠 Nursing Note:
    • Administer pain control
    • Prepare for bleeding management

11. Vaginal Packing Forceps

  • ⚙️ Parts: Long shaft, rounded jaws
  • 🔍 Use: Insert vaginal packs post-surgery or in postpartum bleeding
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use long gauze rolls soaked in antiseptic
    • Maintain privacy and informed consent

12. Fetal Stethoscope (Pinard’s Horn)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Funnel-shaped wooden or aluminum device
  • 🔍 Use: Auscultate fetal heart sounds manually
  • 🧠 Tip:
    • Best heard at fetal back in cephalic presentation
    • Used from 20 weeks onward

13. Allis Tissue Forceps

  • ⚙️ Parts: Serrated toothed jaws, ratchet lock, ring handles
  • 🔍 Use: Grasp soft tissue or skin edges during surgery
  • 🧠 Sterilization:
    • Clean in ultrasonic washer; autoclave

14. Babcock’s Forceps

  • ⚙️ Parts: Rounded ends, looped jaws
  • 🔍 Use: Hold delicate structures like intestine, fallopian tubes
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Avoid crushing tissues
    • Always use sterile gloves

15. Skin Hook Retractor

  • ⚙️ Parts: Small hook with single or double prong
  • 🔍 Use: Retract skin gently in plastic and minor surgeries
  • 🧠 Note:
    • Handle with non-dominant hand
    • Avoid deep tissue traction

16. Hemoclip Applier

  • ⚙️ Parts: Clip holder, scissor-like handle
  • 🔍 Use: Apply metallic ligating clips to vessels during surgery
  • 🧠 Nursing Role:
    • Ensure cartridge is loaded
    • Confirm clip is secure post-application

17. Wire Cutter

  • ⚙️ Parts: Strong blades, hinge, handle
  • 🔍 Use: Cut orthopedic wires or sutures in surgery
  • 🧠 Sterilization:
    • Do not over-soak; dry immediately
    • Apply light lubrication after use

18. Suture Removal Kit

  • ⚙️ Includes: Suture scissors, forceps, antiseptic swabs
  • 🔍 Use: Remove surgical sutures post-wound healing
  • 🧠 Nursing Point:
    • Clean site before removal
    • Assess for infection or gapping

19. Needle Counter Box

  • ⚙️ Parts: Magnetic board, foam slots, cover
  • 🔍 Use: Count and store used suture needles during surgery
  • 🧠 Importance:
    • Prevent retained surgical items (RSI)
    • Nurse must tally before and after procedure

20. Electrosurgical Unit (ESU) / Diathermy

  • ⚙️ Parts: Generator, hand switch pencil, grounding pad
  • 🔍 Use: Coagulate or cut tissue using high-frequency electrical current
  • 🧠 Safety:
    • Ensure patient is dry, grounding pad is placed correctly
    • Avoid alcohol-based prep near site

1. Endoscope (Flexible/Fiberoptic)

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Control head, insertion tube, biopsy/suction channel, light cable
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Direct visualization of internal organs (GI tract, bronchi, bladder)
  • 🧠 Nursing Tips:
    • Verify NPO status before GI endoscopy
    • Disinfect in glutaraldehyde or use ETO sterilization

2. Laparoscope

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Telescope (with lens), light connector, insufflation port, camera adapter
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Direct visualization of peritoneal cavity during minimally invasive surgeries
  • 🧠 Notes:
    • Ensure CO₂ insufflator connected
    • Camera and cables must be checked pre-op

3. Colonoscope

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Flexible shaft, control section, light cable, biopsy/suction channel
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Examine large intestine for polyps, cancer, bleeding
  • 🧠 Prep:
    • Administer bowel prep (polyethylene glycol)
    • Monitor for post-procedure perforation signs

4. Cystoscope

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Sheath, obturator, telescope, inflow/outflow channels
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Inspect urinary bladder and urethra
  • 🧠 Nursing Implication:
    • Prepare patient in lithotomy position
    • Watch for post-procedure hematuria, dysuria

5. Hysteroscope

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Telescope, outer sheath, inflow/outflow tubing
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Visual examination of uterine cavity
  • 🧠 Tip:
    • Administer mild sedation
    • Monitor for bleeding, uterine cramping

6. TURP Set (Transurethral Resection of Prostate)

  • ⚙️ Includes:
    • Resectoscope, irrigation sheath, cutting loop, obturator
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Resection of enlarged prostate gland
  • 🧠 Nursing Notes:
    • Monitor irrigation fluid output
    • Watch for TURP syndrome (fluid overload, hyponatremia)

7. Double J Stent

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Soft plastic tubing with J-shaped curled ends
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Maintain ureteral patency in obstructive uropathy or post-surgery
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Monitor for hematuria, pain
    • Usually removed within 4–6 weeks via cystoscopy

8. Catheter Guide Wire

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Coiled metal wire with soft flexible tip
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Aids in placing difficult urinary catheterizations
  • 🧠 Note:
    • Used in urology and ICU settings
    • Ensure sterility; insert gently to avoid urethral trauma

9. Urinary Bladder Sound

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Long curved metal rod with blunt tip
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Check bladder volume or obstruction
  • 🧠 Tip:
    • Lubricate before insertion
    • Use aseptic technique

10. Pezzer and Malecot Catheters

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Mushroom (Pezzer) or winged (Malecot) tip
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Used as suprapubic catheters for long-term drainage
  • 🧠 Nursing Point:
    • Change dressing daily
    • Secure catheter properly

11. Dental Elevator (Coupland’s / Cryer’s)

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Handle, shank, blade (straight or angled)
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Loosen or remove impacted or fractured teeth
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use alongside forceps
    • Apply gentle rocking motion

12. Bone File

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Serrated double-ended blade, handle
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Smooth bony edges after tooth extraction
  • 🧠 Tip:
    • Clean debris between serrations
    • Autoclave after use

13. Periosteal Elevator (Molt’s)

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Flat or pointed tip, handle
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Reflect soft tissue from bone during dental surgery
  • 🧠 Tip:
    • Apply minimal pressure to avoid tissue tear

14. Surgical Curette

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Spoon-shaped blade, angled shank
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Remove infected tissue or cyst lining from sockets
  • 🧠 Nursing Role:
    • Provide gauze packs
    • Watch for bleeding

15. Dental Needle Holder

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Small jaw, cross-serrated tips, ring handle
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Hold fine suture needle in oral surgeries
  • 🧠 Tip:
    • Use micro-sutures (4-0 to 6-0)
    • Ensure locking mechanism is intact

16. Gutta-Percha Cutter (for Root Canal)

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Heated tip, insulated handle
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Cut excess gutta-percha material post-filling in RCT
  • 🧠 Caution:
    • Avoid overheating
    • Use protective eyewear during procedure

17. Rubber Dam Set

  • ⚙️ Includes:
    • Rubber sheet, frame, punch, clamp, forceps
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Isolate tooth for moisture control in dental fillings or RCT
  • 🧠 Nursing Tip:
    • Always test patient for latex allergy
    • Secure dam tightly to avoid aspiration risk

18. Amalgam Carrier

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Hollow barrel, plunger, thumb press
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Carry dental amalgam filling into prepared cavity
  • 🧠 Sterilization:
    • Clean immediately after use before amalgam sets
    • Use ultrasonic cleaner and autoclave

19. Endodontic Explorer

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • Long, thin angled tip, textured handle
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Locate root canal openings during RCT
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Use under magnification
    • Prevent tip bending or breakage

20. Cheek and Tongue Retractor (Minnesota Retractor)

  • ⚙️ Parts:
    • L-shaped stainless steel retractor
  • 🔍 Use:
    • Retract cheek, tongue, and lips in oral surgeries
  • 🧠 Note:
    • Handle carefully to avoid pressure injuries
    • Disinfect and dry thoroughly after use

1. Jobson Horne Probe

  • ⚙️ Parts: Loop end (cerumen removal), cotton-holding end
  • 🔍 Use: Removal of earwax (cerumen) or for ear toileting
  • 🧠 Tips:
    • Insert gently to avoid tympanic membrane injury
    • Use under otoscope guidance

2. Aural Speculum

  • ⚙️ Parts: Funnel-shaped hollow cone (metal/plastic)
  • 🔍 Use: Visual inspection of ear canal and tympanic membrane
  • 🧠 Sterilization: Boil or autoclave; use disposable tips in OPD

3. Tuning Fork – 1024 Hz

  • ⚙️ Parts: Tines, stem
  • 🔍 Use: High-frequency testing for sensorineural hearing loss
  • 🧠 Exam Tip: Use Rinne and Weber test technique

4. Posterior Rhinoscopy Mirror

  • ⚙️ Parts: Mirror on angled shank, handle
  • 🔍 Use: Inspection of posterior nasal cavity and nasopharynx
  • 🧠 Tip: Warm mirror to prevent fogging; use under bright light

5. Laryngeal Suction Cannula

  • ⚙️ Parts: Long suction cannula, thumb control
  • 🔍 Use: Suctioning secretions near larynx post-tracheostomy
  • 🧠 Nursing Use: Use sterile technique; monitor airway closely

6. Foreign Body Hook

  • ⚙️ Parts: Thin metal shaft with blunt hook
  • 🔍 Use: Remove foreign bodies from ear or nose
  • 🧠 Precaution: Use only by trained personnel; risk of trauma

7. Tonsil Snare

  • ⚙️ Parts: Loop wire, screw handle
  • 🔍 Use: Excise tonsil by strangulating pedicle in tonsillectomy
  • 🧠 Handling: Ensure wire loop is intact and tight; autoclave after use

8. Tonsil Holding Forceps

  • ⚙️ Parts: Long handle, curved or serrated jaws
  • 🔍 Use: Hold and stabilize tonsil during tonsillectomy
  • 🧠 Note: Prevent crushing; wash thoroughly post-procedure

9. Kocher’s Forceps

  • ⚙️ Parts: Straight/curved jaws with single tooth at tip
  • 🔍 Use: Grasp tough tissues (fascia, muscle)
  • 🧠 Sterilization: Autoclave after use; avoid over-tightening lock

10. Backhaus Towel Clamp

  • ⚙️ Parts: Sharp pointed ends, ratchet lock
  • 🔍 Use: Secure drapes/towels on patient skin during surgery
  • 🧠 Caution: Do not apply to skin directly without padding

11. Langenbeck Retractor

  • ⚙️ Parts: Flat metal blade with handle
  • 🔍 Use: Retract skin, muscles in small and medium incisions
  • 🧠 Tip: Hold steady without over-stretching tissue

12. Balfour Abdominal Retractor

  • ⚙️ Parts: Self-retaining blades, screw, handle
  • 🔍 Use: Retract abdominal wall during laparotomy
  • 🧠 Nursing Note: Count parts before and after surgery

13. Doyen’s Intestinal Clamp

  • ⚙️ Parts: Long curved jaws, light pressure grip
  • 🔍 Use: Occlude intestines temporarily without crushing
  • 🧠 Cleaning: Wash luminal grooves thoroughly; autoclave

14. Allan-Parkinson Gall Bladder Forceps

  • ⚙️ Parts: Delicate curved jaws
  • 🔍 Use: Hold gallbladder during cholecystectomy
  • 🧠 Tip: Prevent slippage; use with suction

15. Mayo’s Scissors

  • ⚙️ Parts: Curved or straight blades, finger ring handles
  • 🔍 Use: Cut muscle and fascia in deep surgeries
  • 🧠 Note: Label clearly for deep vs superficial scissors

16. Trocar & Cannula (Open Surgery Set)

  • ⚙️ Parts: Sharp-pointed trocar, hollow cannula
  • 🔍 Use: Drain ascites, pleural fluid, abscess
  • 🧠 Nursing Point: Monitor vitals post-procedure; sterile dressing mandatory

17. Sponge Stick / Ring Forceps

  • ⚙️ Parts: Long handle with ring-like jaws
  • 🔍 Use: Hold sponge for skin prep or cavity cleaning
  • 🧠 Tip: Saturate with antiseptic; keep in sterile bowl

18. Skin Stapler

  • ⚙️ Parts: Handle with trigger, cartridge of staples
  • 🔍 Use: Close surgical incisions quickly
  • 🧠 Nursing Use:
    • Count staples used and removed
    • Use staple remover for extraction

19. Needle Holder with Tungsten Inserts

  • ⚙️ Parts: Ring handles, grooved tip with tungsten inserts
  • 🔍 Use: Grip fine surgical needles securely without slipping
  • 🧠 Tip: Avoid using on wires; check grip regularly

20. Surgical Clip Applier

  • ⚙️ Parts: Handle, cartridge, jaws
  • 🔍 Use: Apply vascular clips to ligate vessels
  • 🧠 Sterilization: Autoclave or use pre-sterile disposable
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