Primary Health Care & Health Systems
- Primary Health Care (PHC) is based on equity, community participation, intersectoral coordination, and appropriate technology.
- Health is defined by WHO as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
- The first contact point between the community and health services is the Sub-Center (SC).
- ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) is a key community health worker under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).
- PHC in India was established following the Alma-Ata Declaration, 1978.
Epidemiology & Disease Control
- The epidemiological triad includes agent, host, and environment.
- Incidence rate measures new cases in a population during a specific period.
- Prevalence rate reflects the total number of cases (new + existing) in a population at a given time.
- Herd immunity provides indirect protection to unvaccinated individuals in a population.
- The National TB Elimination Program (NTEP) aims to eliminate tuberculosis by 2025 in India.
Immunization & Cold Chain
- BCG vaccine prevents tuberculosis and is given at birth.
- Pentavalent vaccine protects against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.
- The cold chain is maintained from vaccine production to administration to ensure potency.
- The full immunization schedule is completed by the age of 16 weeks.
- Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine is given at 9 months and 16-24 months of age.
Maternal & Child Health (MCH)
- Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.
- Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months of life.
- Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) promotes institutional deliveries to reduce maternal mortality.
- ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution) is the primary treatment for dehydration in diarrhea.
Nutrition & Deficiency Diseases
- Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness.
- Iodine deficiency leads to goiter and cretinism.
- Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of nutritional anemia.
- Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) includes marasmus and kwashiorkor.
- Pellagra is caused by niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency and presents with dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.
Water, Sanitation, & Hygiene (WASH)
- Safe drinking water contains no harmful levels of pathogens or toxic chemicals.
- Fecal-oral route is the primary mode of transmission for diseases like cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis A.
- Chlorination is the most common method of water disinfection.
- Handwashing with soap is the simplest, most effective way to prevent infectious diseases.
- Sanitary barrier helps in breaking the fecal-oral transmission cycle.
Family Planning & Reproductive Health
- Copper-T (IUCD) is a long-acting reversible contraceptive method.
- Mala-N and Mala-D are examples of oral contraceptive pills provided under the national program.
- The ideal contraceptive is safe, effective, reversible, and acceptable.
- Permanent contraceptive methods include vasectomy (male sterilization) and tubectomy (female sterilization).
- Antara is an injectable contraceptive provided under India’s family planning program.
Communicable Diseases
- Malaria is caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito.
- Dengue fever is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito and presents with high fever, rash, and bleeding tendencies.
- Rabies is caused by the rabies virus and transmitted through animal bites.
- Polio is caused by the poliovirus and is transmitted via the fecal-oral route.
- Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and affects the skin and peripheral nerves.
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
- Hypertension is defined as a blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg.
- Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
- Obesity is defined as a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m².
- Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide.
- Mental health is as important as physical health in promoting overall well-being.
National Health Programs & Policies
- Ayushman Bharat provides health insurance coverage of up to ₹5 lakhs per family per year.
- ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) provides services like nutrition, immunization, and health education.
- National Health Policy 2017 aims to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC).
- Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) uses the DOTS strategy for TB control.
- National Vector-Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) targets diseases like malaria, dengue, and chikungunya.
Important Health Days
- World Health Day is observed on April 7.
- World AIDS Day is observed on December 1.
- World Tuberculosis Day is observed on March 24.
- Breastfeeding Week is observed from August 1 to 7.
- World Malaria Day is observed on April 25.
Key Formulas for Quick Revision
- BMI (Body Mass Index) = Weight (kg) ÷ Height² (m²).
- IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) = (Infant deaths ÷ Live births) × 1,000.
- MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate) = (Maternal deaths ÷ Live births) × 100,000.
- Crude Birth Rate = (Live births ÷ Mid-year population) × 1,000.
- Crude Death Rate = (Total deaths ÷ Mid-year population) × 1,000.
Here are more highly important one-liners for Community Health Nursing to help you with competitive exams:
🌍 Public Health & Health Indicators
- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live at birth.
- Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = (Total live births ÷ Mid-year population) × 1,000.
- Crude Death Rate (CDR) = (Total deaths ÷ Mid-year population) × 1,000.
- Dependency ratio compares the population of dependents (children & elderly) to the working-age population.
- Human Development Index (HDI) includes life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators.
🏥 Primary Health Care Infrastructure
- A Sub-Center serves a population of 5,000 in plain areas and 3,000 in hilly/tribal areas.
- A Primary Health Center (PHC) covers a population of 30,000 in plain areas and 20,000 in hilly/tribal areas.
- A Community Health Center (CHC) covers a population of 1,20,000 in plain areas and 80,000 in hilly/tribal areas.
- The PHC is the first referral unit (FRU) for six sub-centers.
- ASHA is selected from the same village she serves and covers around 1,000 people.
💉 Immunization & Vaccines
- Cold Chain Equipment includes Ice-Lined Refrigerators (ILR), Deep Freezers, and Vaccine Carriers.
- Zero Dose of OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine) is given at birth.
- Vitamin A supplementation is given every 6 months from the age of 9 months to 5 years.
- Td vaccine (Tetanus-diphtheria) replaces the older TT vaccine for adults and pregnant women.
- Measles vaccine is given at 9 months with a booster at 16–24 months.
🚼 Maternal & Child Health (MCH)
- Antenatal care (ANC) recommends at least 4 check-ups during pregnancy.
- Tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine is given during pregnancy to prevent neonatal tetanus.
- Low Birth Weight (LBW) is defined as a birth weight less than 2.5 kg.
- Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) = (Neonatal deaths ÷ Live births) × 1,000.
- Postnatal care (PNC) should be provided within 48 hours after delivery.
🚻 Water, Sanitation, & Hygiene (WASH)
- The minimum daily requirement of water per person is 40–50 liters.
- Boiling water for 10–15 minutes kills most bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
- Sanitary latrines help prevent fecal-oral transmission of diseases.
- Coliform bacteria are indicators of fecal contamination in water.
- Vector control measures include source reduction, larvicides, insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), and environmental management.
🧬 Communicable Diseases
- Hepatitis A and E are transmitted via the fecal-oral route.
- Hepatitis B, C, and D are transmitted through blood and body fluids.
- The incubation period of tuberculosis is 4–12 weeks.
- Plague is transmitted by the bite of infected rat fleas.
- Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and spreads through contaminated food and water.
🚩 Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
- Hypertension is called the “silent killer” because it often has no symptoms until complications arise.
- BMI (Body Mass Index) between 18.5–24.9 kg/m² is considered normal.
- Stroke occurs due to a sudden interruption of blood supply to the brain.
- COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is strongly associated with smoking.
- Cervical cancer is primarily caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
🚺 Family Planning & Contraception
- Copper T (IUCD) is effective for up to 10 years.
- DMPA (Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate) is an injectable contraceptive given every 3 months.
- Condoms prevent both pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
- Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) is effective for up to 6 months postpartum if exclusive breastfeeding is maintained.
- Vasectomy is a permanent method of male sterilization involving the cutting of the vas deferens.
📊 Epidemiology & Biostatistics
- Case Fatality Rate (CFR) = (Deaths from a disease ÷ Total cases of that disease) × 100.
- Attack Rate measures the proportion of people who become ill after exposure to an infectious agent.
- Incubation period is the time between exposure to an infectious agent and the onset of symptoms.
- Carrier state refers to an individual who harbors an infectious agent without showing symptoms but can still transmit the disease.
- Endemic disease is consistently present in a population, while an epidemic involves a sudden increase in cases.
📅 Important Health Days
- World Health Day – April 7
- World Tuberculosis (TB) Day – March 24
- World AIDS Day – December 1
- World Malaria Day – April 25
- Breastfeeding Week – August 1–7
💡 Quick Revision Formulas
- BMI = Weight (kg) ÷ Height² (m²)
- IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) = (Infant deaths ÷ Live births) × 1,000
- MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate) = (Maternal deaths ÷ Live births) × 100,000
- Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = (Live births ÷ Mid-year population) × 1,000
- Crude Death Rate (CDR) = (Total deaths ÷ Mid-year population) × 1,000
🌟 High-Yield Facts for Exams
- Polio is caused by an RNA virus and primarily affects children under 5 years.
- Leprosy is classified as paucibacillary or multibacillary based on bacterial load.
- Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming bacterium.
- Zika virus is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, the same vector as dengue.
- Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani, producing a neurotoxin that leads to muscle stiffness and spasms.
Here are more highly important one-liners for Community Health Nursing, focusing on key concepts frequently asked in competitive exams:
🩺 National Health Programs & Policies
- Ayushman Bharat provides health coverage of up to ₹5 lakhs per family per year.
- ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) was launched in 1975 to improve the health of children under 6 years, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.
- Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) uses the DOTS strategy (Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course).
- Universal Immunization Program (UIP) was launched in 1985 to prevent vaccine-preventable diseases.
- National Health Mission (NHM) was launched in 2005, integrating NRHM (rural) and NUHM (urban).
🚨 Communicable Diseases
- HIV/AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, targeting CD4+ T cells.
- Hepatitis B is transmitted via blood, sexual contact, and perinatal transmission.
- Measles presents with Koplik spots inside the cheeks and a characteristic rash.
- Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and spreads via respiratory droplets.
- Dengue shows a “breakbone fever” with severe muscle and joint pain.
🦠 Epidemiology & Disease Surveillance
- Surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection and analysis of health data.
- The host, agent, and environment are components of the epidemiological triangle.
- Index case is the first identified case in an outbreak.
- Secondary attack rate measures the spread of infection among close contacts.
- Quarantine applies to people exposed but asymptomatic, while isolation applies to infected individuals.
👶 Maternal and Child Health (MCH)
- Antenatal care (ANC) includes at least 4 visits during pregnancy.
- Low Birth Weight (LBW) is defined as less than 2.5 kg.
- Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality.
- Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is recommended for preterm and LBW infants.
- Neonatal mortality refers to deaths within the first 28 days of life.
💉 Immunization Essentials
- OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine) is given at birth, 6, 10, and 14 weeks, with a booster at 16-24 months.
- Vitamin A supplementation starts at 9 months with the MR vaccine.
- Tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccine has replaced the older TT vaccine for adults.
- Cold chain maintains vaccines at 2–8°C to ensure their efficacy.
- Pentavalent vaccine protects against 5 diseases: Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis B, and Hib.
💡 Family Planning and Reproductive Health
- IUCD (Copper T) is effective for up to 10 years.
- Condoms are the only contraceptive that prevents both pregnancy and STIs.
- Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) like Mala-N and Mala-D are provided under the national program.
- Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) is effective up to 6 months postpartum with exclusive breastfeeding.
- Vasectomy involves cutting the vas deferens, making it a permanent male contraceptive method.
🧪 Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
- Hypertension is defined as BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg.
- Diabetes Mellitus is diagnosed when fasting blood sugar is ≥ 126 mg/dL.
- Obesity is defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m².
- Stroke occurs due to a sudden lack of blood flow to the brain.
- Cancer screening includes Pap smear for cervical cancer and mammography for breast cancer.
🚰 Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)
- Safe drinking water should be free from pathogens and chemical contaminants.
- Chlorination is the most common method for water disinfection.
- Coliform bacteria in water indicate fecal contamination.
- Handwashing with soap reduces the risk of diarrheal diseases by up to 40%.
- Open defecation is a major cause of waterborne diseases in rural areas.
🏥 Primary Health Care Infrastructure
- A Sub-Center (SC) covers a population of 5,000 in plain areas and 3,000 in tribal/hilly areas.
- A Primary Health Center (PHC) covers 30,000 in plains and 20,000 in hilly regions.
- A Community Health Center (CHC) serves 1,20,000 in plains and 80,000 in hilly regions.
- ASHA workers are responsible for 1,000 people in rural areas.
- PHC is the first referral unit (FRU) for 6 Sub-Centers.
📊 Key Epidemiological Formulas
- Incidence Rate = (New cases ÷ Population at risk) × 1,000
- Prevalence Rate = (Existing cases ÷ Total population) × 1,000
- Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) = (Maternal deaths ÷ Live births) × 100,000
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) = (Infant deaths ÷ Live births) × 1,000
- Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = (Live births ÷ Mid-year population) × 1,000
🗓️ Important Health Days
- World Health Day – April 7
- World AIDS Day – December 1
- World Tuberculosis Day – March 24
- World Malaria Day – April 25
- Breastfeeding Week – August 1–7
⚠️ Communicable Disease Outbreak Control
- Isolation is for symptomatic individuals, while quarantine is for exposed but asymptomatic individuals.
- Vector-borne diseases include malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and filariasis.
- Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and transmitted via prolonged close contact.
- Rabies has a near 100% fatality rate if not treated before the onset of symptoms.
- Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe form of dengue causing bleeding and shock.
🚼 Child Health Essentials
- Growth monitoring uses the WHO growth charts to track child development.
- Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is essential for low birth weight infants.
- Exclusive breastfeeding reduces infant mortality from diarrhea and pneumonia.
- Neonatal tetanus is prevented by maternal immunization with Td vaccine.
- Under-5 Mortality Rate = (Deaths under 5 years ÷ Live births) × 1,000
🌿 Environmental Health
- Noise pollution above 85 dB can cause hearing loss.
- Air pollution contributes to respiratory diseases, heart disease, and cancer.
- Biomedical waste should be segregated using color-coded bins.
- Solid waste management reduces vector-borne diseases.
- Indoor air pollution is a major risk factor for COPD in rural households using biomass fuels.
🏥 National Health Policies and Programs
- National Mental Health Program (NMHP) was launched in 1982.
- National AIDS Control Program (NACP) was launched in 1992.
- Mission Indradhanush aims to achieve full immunization coverage.
- Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) focuses on child health screening.
- Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK) provides free maternal and newborn healthcare services.
💊 Essential Drugs & Vaccines
- The Essential Medicines List (EML) ensures access to affordable and effective drugs.
- ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution) is critical for managing dehydration due to diarrhea.
- Zinc supplementation reduces the duration and severity of diarrheal episodes.
- Iodized salt prevents iodine deficiency disorders like goiter.
- Albendazole is used in mass deworming programs to control soil-transmitted helminths.
Here are more highly important one-liners for Community Health Nursing to help you prepare for competitive exams:
🚑 Emergency Health & Disaster Management
- Triage is the process of prioritizing patients based on the severity of their condition.
- The primary goal of disaster management is to reduce mortality, morbidity, and damage.
- Mitigation is the phase of disaster management focused on reducing the impact of future disasters.
- The Golden Hour refers to the first hour after trauma, critical for patient survival.
- Earthquakes are classified as natural disasters, while industrial accidents are man-made disasters.
🌍 Global Health Initiatives
- The WHO (World Health Organization) was established on April 7, 1948.
- The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) had a target year of 2015.
- The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to be achieved by 2030.
- Universal Health Coverage (UHC) ensures access to quality health services without financial hardship.
- The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 introduced the concept of Primary Health Care.
👩⚕️ Community Health Nursing Roles
- The ANM (Auxiliary Nurse Midwife) focuses on maternal and child health, immunization, and family planning.
- ASHA workers act as a link between the community and health services.
- The role of a Public Health Nurse (PHN) includes health promotion, disease prevention, and health education.
- Home visits are a key component of community-based care.
- Health education aims to change behaviors to improve health outcomes.
🚹🚺 Reproductive & Child Health (RCH)
- RCH Program focuses on maternal, child, and adolescent health.
- Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) promotes safe institutional deliveries.
- Antenatal care includes early registration, at least 4 check-ups, and iron supplementation.
- Iron-Folic Acid (IFA) tablets prevent anemia during pregnancy.
- Birth spacing reduces the risk of maternal and infant mortality.
💊 Essential Medicines & Vaccines
- The Essential Medicines List (EML) includes drugs that meet the priority health needs of the population.
- ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution) prevents dehydration in diarrheal diseases.
- Zinc supplementation reduces the duration of diarrhea in children.
- Iodized salt prevents iodine deficiency disorders like goiter.
- Albendazole is used for deworming to control intestinal worms.
🚸 Child Development & Growth Monitoring
- Growth monitoring helps detect malnutrition early.
- Underweight is measured using the weight-for-age parameter.
- Stunting indicates chronic malnutrition (low height for age).
- Wasting indicates acute malnutrition (low weight for height).
- The WHO growth charts are used for monitoring child growth.
🏥 National Health Programs (India)
- National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP) aims to eliminate TB by 2025.
- Mission Indradhanush targets 90% immunization coverage.
- Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) focuses on adolescent health.
- National Mental Health Program (NMHP) was launched in 1982.
- National AIDS Control Program (NACP) was launched in 1992 to combat HIV/AIDS.
🧬 Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
- Hypertension is called the “silent killer” because it often has no symptoms.
- Diabetes Mellitus is diagnosed when fasting blood sugar is ≥ 126 mg/dL.
- BMI (Body Mass Index) between 18.5–24.9 kg/m² is considered normal.
- Stroke occurs due to a sudden disruption of blood supply to the brain.
- Cancer screening includes Pap smears for cervical cancer and mammograms for breast cancer.
🚰 Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)
- Safe drinking water contains no harmful microorganisms or chemicals.
- Boiling water for 10–15 minutes kills most pathogens.
- Coliform bacteria indicate fecal contamination in water.
- Handwashing with soap is the most effective way to prevent diarrheal diseases.
- Proper waste disposal reduces the risk of vector-borne diseases.
📊 Epidemiology & Biostatistics
- Incidence Rate = (New cases ÷ Population at risk) × 1,000.
- Prevalence Rate = (Total cases ÷ Population) × 1,000.
- Case Fatality Rate (CFR) = (Deaths ÷ Total cases) × 100.
- Attack Rate measures the risk of developing a disease after exposure.
- Relative risk compares the risk of disease in exposed vs. non-exposed groups.
🚩 Disease Outbreak Control
- Quarantine is for people exposed to a disease but not yet symptomatic.
- Isolation is for people who are infected and symptomatic.
- Contact tracing helps identify individuals at risk after exposure to an infected person.
- Zoonotic diseases are diseases that can spread from animals to humans.
- Vector-borne diseases include malaria, dengue, and chikungunya.
📆 Important Health Days
- World Health Day – April 7
- World AIDS Day – December 1
- World Tuberculosis Day – March 24
- World Malaria Day – April 25
- World Mental Health Day – October 10
🚺 Family Planning Methods
- Copper-T (IUCD) is effective for up to 10 years.
- Condoms prevent both pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
- Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) regulate the menstrual cycle and prevent ovulation.
- Injectable contraceptives (DMPA) are given every 3 months.
- Permanent methods include vasectomy (male) and tubectomy (female).
🧠 Mental Health Essentials
- Depression is the most common mental health disorder worldwide.
- Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions.
- Anxiety disorders involve excessive fear or worry.
- Substance abuse increases the risk of mental health disorders.
- Suicide prevention includes early identification of mental health issues and support systems.
🏥 Health Indicators & Measurement
- IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) = (Infant deaths ÷ Live births) × 1,000.
- MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate) = (Maternal deaths ÷ Live births) × 100,000.
- Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = (Live births ÷ Mid-year population) × 1,000.
- Crude Death Rate (CDR) = (Deaths ÷ Mid-year population) × 1,000.
- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live.
🌿 Environmental Health
- Air pollution contributes to respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD.
- Noise pollution above 85 dB can cause hearing loss.
- Vector control includes measures like mosquito nets and insecticides.
- Biomedical waste is managed through segregation and incineration.
- Proper sanitation reduces the risk of waterborne diseases.
🧬 Genetics & Heredity
- Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21.
- Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder affecting blood clotting.
- Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder affecting red blood cells.
- Thalassemia is an inherited condition causing abnormal hemoglobin.
- Genetic counseling helps families understand the risk of inherited disorders.
⚠️ Occupational Health
- Pneumoconiosis is caused by inhalation of dust particles in occupational settings.
- Silicosis affects workers exposed to silica dust.
- Ergonomics focuses on designing workplaces to reduce the risk of injuries.
- Hearing loss is common in workers exposed to high noise levels.
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) reduces exposure to occupational hazards.
🚼 Childhood Vaccination Schedule (India)
- BCG vaccine is given at birth to prevent tuberculosis.
- OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine) is given at birth, 6, 10, and 14 weeks.
- Pentavalent vaccine is given at 6, 10, and 14 weeks.
- Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine is given at 9 months with a booster at 16–24 months.
- Vitamin A supplementation starts at 9 months.
🚩 Infectious Disease Control
- Hepatitis A is transmitted via the fecal-oral route.
- Hepatitis B is transmitted through blood and body fluids.
- Rabies is nearly 100% fatal without post-exposure prophylaxis.
- Plague is transmitted by rat fleas.
- Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito.
Here are more highly important one-liners for Community Health Nursing without repetition, focusing on topics frequently asked in competitive exams:
🚑 Disaster Management & Emergency Care
- Preparedness phase of disaster management involves planning and training before disasters occur.
- Response phase focuses on immediate actions like rescue, relief, and medical care during disasters.
- Recovery phase aims to restore the community to normal functioning after a disaster.
- Mass casualty incidents require triage systems to manage limited resources efficiently.
- START Triage (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) categorizes patients based on urgency of care.
🌍 Global Health Organizations
- UNICEF focuses on child health, education, and nutrition globally.
- FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) works to combat hunger and improve nutrition worldwide.
- UNDP (United Nations Development Program) focuses on poverty reduction and sustainable development.
- The Red Cross provides emergency relief during disasters and conflicts.
- GAVI (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization) supports immunization programs in low-income countries.
🚺 Maternal Health & Safe Motherhood
- Maternal mortality is highest during the postpartum period, especially within the first 48 hours.
- Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and protein in urine.
- Eclampsia involves seizures in a woman with preeclampsia.
- Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is defined as blood loss of more than 500 mL after vaginal delivery.
- Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) promotes skin-to-skin contact for preterm and low birth weight infants.
💉 Vaccination & Immunization Facts
- Hepatitis B vaccine is given within 24 hours of birth to prevent vertical transmission.
- JE (Japanese Encephalitis) vaccine is included in high-risk areas under UIP.
- Tdap vaccine protects against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis.
- Booster doses are required to maintain long-term immunity.
- Catch-up immunization is provided to children who miss routine vaccinations.
🌱 Environmental Sanitation & Waste Management
- Biomedical waste should be disposed of within 48 hours to prevent infections.
- Black bags are used for disposing of non-infectious general waste.
- Yellow bags are used for infectious waste like human tissues and body fluids.
- Incineration is the preferred method for disposing of hazardous medical waste.
- Composting is an eco-friendly method to manage organic waste.
🦟 Vector-Borne Diseases Control
- Malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum (most severe) and Plasmodium vivax (most common in India).
- Filariasis is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, transmitted by Culex mosquitoes.
- Kala-azar (Leishmaniasis) is caused by Leishmania donovani, transmitted by the sandfly.
- Chikungunya causes severe joint pain and is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.
- Zika virus can cause microcephaly in newborns when contracted during pregnancy.
🩺 Public Health Concepts
- Social medicine focuses on the social determinants of health.
- Health promotion enables people to increase control over their health.
- Primary prevention aims to prevent disease occurrence, e.g., vaccination.
- Secondary prevention involves early detection and treatment, e.g., cancer screening.
- Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation and reducing complications, e.g., physiotherapy after a stroke.
🚸 Child Health & Nutrition
- Exclusive breastfeeding reduces infant mortality due to pneumonia and diarrhea.
- Colostrum is rich in antibodies (IgA) and provides passive immunity.
- Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children.
- Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) includes marasmus (severe wasting) and kwashiorkor (edema with malnutrition).
- Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) is used to screen for acute malnutrition in children.
📊 Epidemiology Study Designs
- Cohort studies follow a group of people over time to study risk factors.
- Case-control studies compare people with a disease to those without to identify risk factors.
- Cross-sectional studies assess the prevalence of disease at a specific point in time.
- Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions.
- Ecological studies analyze data at the population level rather than the individual level.
⚠️ Communicable Disease Facts
- Typhoid fever is diagnosed using the Widal test.
- Diphtheria causes a characteristic grayish pseudomembrane in the throat.
- Tetanus causes muscle stiffness and lockjaw due to a neurotoxin.
- Poliovirus primarily affects the motor neurons, leading to paralysis.
- Hepatitis A has an incubation period of 2–6 weeks.
🗓️ Key Health Days (Continued)
- World Cancer Day – February 4
- World Diabetes Day – November 14
- World Immunization Week – Last week of April
- World No Tobacco Day – May 31
- World Heart Day – September 29
🚺 Family Planning & Reproductive Health (Advanced)
- Emergency contraceptive pills are effective if taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse.
- Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) relies on exclusive breastfeeding to prevent pregnancy.
- Mala-D is a government-supplied oral contraceptive pill containing estrogen and progesterone.
- Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) is an injectable contraceptive given every 3 months.
- Copper IUCDs work by creating a hostile environment for sperm.
🧬 Genetic Disorders & Inheritance Patterns
- Hemophilia A is due to a deficiency of Factor VIII.
- Thalassemia is common in populations with high malaria prevalence.
- Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting the lungs and pancreas.
- Color blindness is a common X-linked recessive trait.
- Turner syndrome occurs in females with a single X chromosome (45, X0).
🏥 Occupational Health Hazards
- Silicosis is caused by inhalation of silica dust, common in mining.
- Byssinosis affects textile workers exposed to cotton dust.
- Lead poisoning causes anemia, abdominal pain, and neurological issues.
- Ergonomic hazards are related to poor posture or repetitive movements.
- Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is common in industries with exposure to loud machinery.
⚡ Quick Health Statistics (India)
- Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) in India is targeted to be below 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030.
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in India has shown a steady decline due to health programs.
- Total Fertility Rate (TFR) measures the average number of children per woman.
- Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) reflects deaths within the first 28 days of life.
- Under-5 Mortality Rate measures deaths of children under 5 years of age.
🩹 Wound Care & Infection Control
- Aseptic technique prevents microbial contamination during procedures.
- Sterilization eliminates all forms of microbial life, including spores.
- Disinfection reduces microbial load but does not kill spores.
- Nosocomial infections are also known as hospital-acquired infections (HAIs).
- Autoclaving uses steam under pressure for sterilization.
🩺 Mental Health (Advanced)
- Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of mania and depression.
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involves repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions).
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) occurs after experiencing a traumatic event.
- Schizophrenia symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.
- Suicide prevention hotlines provide immediate crisis support.
🌿 Environmental Health Hazards
- Eutrophication occurs due to excessive nutrients in water, causing algal blooms.
- Air Quality Index (AQI) measures pollution levels in the environment.
- Greenhouse gases contribute to global warming and climate change.
- Deforestation leads to loss of biodiversity and affects the ecosystem.
- Safe disposal of hazardous waste prevents soil and water contamination.
🗂️ Health Administration & Management
- Planning is the first step in the management process.
- Organizing involves defining roles and allocating resources.
- Staffing ensures the right people are in the right jobs.
- Directing involves leadership and motivation to achieve goals.
- Controlling compares actual performance with set standards.
📏 Anthropometry & Nutritional Assessment
- BMI is calculated as weight (kg) ÷ height² (m²).
- Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) < 11.5 cm indicates severe acute malnutrition.
- Underweight is defined as low weight-for-age.
- Stunting refers to low height-for-age, indicating chronic malnutrition.
- Wasting reflects acute malnutrition, showing low weight-for-height.
Certainly, here are the latest vital statistics for India, along with their respective formula