✔ Florence Nightingale is known as the “Founder of Modern Nursing.”
✔ The Nightingale Pledge is a modified version of the Hippocratic Oath for Nurses.
✔ The Nursing Process consists of Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADPIE).
✔ The first step in the Nursing Process is Assessment.
✔ The Nurse-Patient Relationship should be therapeutic and professional.
✔ Holistic Nursing focuses on physical, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being.
✔ Hand hygiene is the most effective way to prevent infections.
✔ Medical Asepsis (clean technique) reduces microorganisms, while Surgical Asepsis (sterile technique) eliminates them.
✔ Standard Precautions are used for all patients, regardless of infection status.
✔ Contact Precautions are needed for MRSA, C. difficile, and Scabies.
✔ Droplet Precautions are used for Influenza, Mumps, Rubella, Meningitis.
✔ Airborne Precautions are used for Tuberculosis (TB), Measles, and Chickenpox.
✔ N95 mask is mandatory for airborne precautions.
✔ The “Six Rights of Medication Administration” → Right Patient, Right Drug, Right Dose, Right Route, Right Time, Right Documentation.
✔ IM injection site for adults: Ventrogluteal or Deltoid muscle.
✔ IM injection site for infants: Vastus lateralis muscle.
✔ Z-track technique is used for IM injections to prevent irritation.
✔ Subcutaneous injections (e.g., Insulin, Heparin) are given at 45-90° angle.
✔ Intramuscular injections (e.g., Vaccines, Painkillers) are given at 90° angle.
✔ Intravenous (IV) route provides the fastest drug action.
✔ Primary Intention Healing → Surgical wounds with sutures.
✔ Secondary Intention Healing → Open wounds heal naturally.
✔ Tertiary Intention Healing → Delayed surgical closure due to infection.
✔ Serous drainage → Clear fluid, normal.
✔ Sanguineous drainage → Red, bloody drainage.
✔ Purulent drainage → Pus, indicates infection.
✔ Debridement is the process of removing dead tissue from wounds.
✔ Nasal Cannula (1-6 L/min) → FiO₂ 24-44%.
✔ Simple Face Mask (5-10 L/min) → FiO₂ 40-60%.
✔ Non-Rebreather Mask (10-15 L/min) → FiO₂ 80-95%.
✔ Venturi Mask is best for COPD patients (delivers precise oxygen levels).
✔ Oxygen toxicity can cause lung damage and blindness in newborns (Retinopathy of Prematurity).
✔ Normal Serum Sodium (Na⁺): 135-145 mEq/L
✔ Normal Serum Potassium (K⁺): 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
✔ Normal Serum Calcium (Ca²⁺): 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
✔ Hyperkalemia causes cardiac arrhythmias.
✔ Hypokalemia causes muscle weakness and cramps.
✔ Hypernatremia leads to dehydration and confusion.
✔ Hyponatremia leads to seizures and weakness.
✔ IV Fluids:
✔ Fowler’s Position (45-60°) → Used for dyspnea, NG tube feeding.
✔ High Fowler’s Position (90°) → Used for severe respiratory distress.
✔ Semi-Fowler’s Position (30°) → Used for post-surgery, neurological patients.
✔ Lateral Position → Used for unconscious patients, seizure recovery.
✔ Trendelenburg Position → Used for hypotensive shock.
✔ Reverse Trendelenburg → Used for increased intracranial pressure (ICP).
✔ Temperature: 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F)
✔ Heart Rate: 60-100 bpm (Adults), 100-160 bpm (Infants).
✔ Respiratory Rate: 12-20 breaths/min (Adults), 30-60 breaths/min (Infants).
✔ Blood Pressure (BP): 120/80 mmHg (Normal Adult).
✔ Pulse Oximetry (SpO₂): >95% (Normal), <90% (Hypoxia).
✔ CPR Ratio (Adults): 30:2 (Compressions: Breaths).
✔ CPR Ratio (Infants): 15:2 (Two rescuers).
✔ Defibrillation (AED) for cardiac arrest.
✔ Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 → Intubate the patient.
✔ First action in anaphylaxis: Give Epinephrine (0.3 mg IM).
✔ First action in hypoglycemia: Give 15g of glucose (Juice, Candy).
✔ Burn Management:
✔ Autonomy → Right to make own decisions.
✔ Beneficence → Doing good for the patient.
✔ Non-Maleficence → Do no harm.
✔ Justice → Fair treatment to all patients.
✔ Veracity → Truthfulness.
✔ Negligence → Failure to provide proper care.
✔ Malpractice → Professional negligence causing harm.
✔ Informed Consent → Patient agrees after understanding risks & benefits.
✔ Who is the founder of modern nursing? → Florence Nightingale.
✔ What is the normal range of BP? → 120/80 mmHg.
✔ What is the best position for a patient with dyspnea? → High Fowler’s Position.
✔ Which IV fluid is used for dehydration? → 0.45% Normal Saline (Hypotonic).
✔ What is the first step in the nursing process? → Assessment.
✔ Which injection site is used for infants? → Vastus Lateralis.
✔ Which CPR ratio is used for adults? → 30:2.
✔ What is the universal donor blood group? → O Negative (O−).
✔ Back care should be given every 8 hours to prevent bedsores.
✔ The best way to prevent pressure ulcers (bedsores) is to reposition the patient every 2 hours.
✔ Oral care for an unconscious patient should be done using a suction toothbrush or swab.
✔ Denture care – Store dentures in cold water when not in use.
✔ The best way to prevent falls in elderly patients is to keep the bed in a low position with side rails up.
✔ First step in bed bath – Wash the face first to keep the patient comfortable.
✔ Perineal care should be provided from front to back to prevent UTIs.
✔ A patient with difficulty swallowing (Dysphagia) should be given semi-solid food.
✔ Normal Urine Output: 30 mL/hr (Minimum).
✔ Oliguria: Urine output <400 mL/day.
✔ Anuria: Urine output <100 mL/day.
✔ Polyuria: Excessive urination (>2500 mL/day).
✔ Urinary Retention: Inability to empty the bladder completely.
✔ Catheterization is done to relieve urinary retention.
✔ The best way to prevent UTIs in catheterized patients is frequent perineal care and proper catheter care.
✔ For constipation, increase fiber intake and hydration.
✔ Diarrhea can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance (especially potassium loss).
✔ Stool softeners (Docusate) are given to prevent straining in cardiac patients.
✔ Normal Body Temperature: 36.5 – 37.5°C (97.7 – 99.5°F).
✔ Hypothermia: Body temperature <35°C (<95°F).
✔ Hyperthermia (Fever): Body temperature >38.5°C (>101.3°F).
✔ Heat Stroke Signs: Hot dry skin, no sweating, confusion, tachycardia.
✔ Best way to reduce fever: Antipyretics (Paracetamol) + Tepid Sponge Bath.
✔ Normal Respiratory Rate: 12-20 breaths/min (Adults).
✔ Cheyne-Stokes Breathing: Alternating deep and shallow breaths with apnea, seen in dying patients.
✔ Kussmaul’s Breathing: Deep, labored breathing in metabolic acidosis (Diabetic Ketoacidosis).
✔ Pursed-lip breathing is best for COPD patients.
✔ Peak Flow Meter is used for Asthma patients to measure lung function.
✔ Best position for dyspnea: High Fowler’s (90°).
✔ Postural Drainage is used to remove lung secretions in pneumonia patients.
✔ Suctioning should not exceed 15 seconds per attempt.
✔ Normal BP: 120/80 mmHg.
✔ Hypertension: BP ≥140/90 mmHg.
✔ Hypotension: BP <90/60 mmHg.
✔ Orthostatic Hypotension: BP drop when standing up → Causes dizziness.
✔ First action for a patient with chest pain: Administer oxygen.
✔ Auscultation of heart sounds should be done at the 5th intercostal space (Apical Pulse).
✔ Best way to check for fluid overload: Monitor daily weight.
✔ Informed Consent is mandatory before surgery or any invasive procedure.
✔ Negligence is failure to provide the standard level of care.
✔ Battery is touching a patient without consent.
✔ Assault is threatening a patient.
✔ False Imprisonment is restraining a patient without medical necessity.
✔ HIPAA ensures patient confidentiality and privacy.
✔ Best vein for IV cannulation: Cephalic or Basilic vein.
✔ Common IV complication: Phlebitis (inflammation of vein).
✔ Extravasation is leakage of IV fluid into surrounding tissue.
✔ IM Injection Needle Size: 22-25G, 1-1.5 inch.
✔ Subcutaneous Injection Needle Size: 25-30G, ½-⅝ inch.
✔ IV Fluid for Dehydration: Normal Saline (0.9% NS) or Ringer’s Lactate.
✔ ECG (Electrocardiogram) is used to assess heart function.
✔ CT Scan is contraindicated in patients with iodine allergy.
✔ MRI is contraindicated in patients with metal implants.
✔ Chest X-ray is done before central line insertion.
✔ Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) should be taken before breakfast.
✔ First action in choking: Perform Heimlich maneuver.
✔ First action in burns: Cool with running water (No ice).
✔ First action in seizures: Turn patient to side and protect the head.
✔ First action in poisoning: Identify the toxin and call poison control.
✔ First action in bleeding: Apply direct pressure.
✔ First action in snakebite: Keep the limb still and lower than heart level.
✔ First action in drowning: Check breathing and pulse before starting CPR.
✔ What is the best way to prevent pressure ulcers? → Reposition every 2 hours.
✔ What is the best position for a patient with shock? → Trendelenburg.
✔ Which electrolyte imbalance causes muscle weakness? → Hypokalemia.
✔ Which electrolyte imbalance causes confusion? → Hyponatremia.
✔ What is the fastest route of medication administration? → Intravenous (IV).
✔ Which IM injection site is safest for adults? → Ventrogluteal.
✔ What is the normal SpO₂ level? → >95%.
✔ Which infection control precaution is used for Tuberculosis? → Airborne precautions.
✔ How do you confirm placement of an NG tube? → X-ray (Gold standard).
✔ How do you position a patient for an enema? → Left lateral position.
✔ Which IV fluid is used for fluid resuscitation? → Ringer’s Lactate.
✔ Which device delivers the highest oxygen concentration? → Non-Rebreather Mask (NRM).
✔ What is the first sign of hypoxia? → Restlessness & confusion.