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COH – PEDIATRIC SYNOPSIS OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Definition:

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

Causes & Risk Factors:

  • Genetic factors (Strongest association, seen in twin studies)
  • Environmental triggers (Prenatal exposure to valproic acid, advanced paternal age)
  • Neurological differences (Abnormal brain connectivity and amygdala dysfunction)

Signs & Symptoms:

  • Impaired social interaction (Poor eye contact, lack of response to name, social withdrawal)
  • Delayed or absent speech development
  • Repetitive behaviors (Hand flapping, rocking, spinning objects)
  • Fixated interests (Strong attachment to specific objects or topics)
  • Sensory sensitivities (Hyper or hypo-reactivity to sounds, lights, textures)

Complications:

  • Intellectual disability (Varies; some children have normal or high IQ – “high-functioning autism”)
  • Seizures (Common in ~25% of ASD cases)
  • Self-injurious behaviors (Head-banging, biting)

Diagnosis:

  • M-CHAT (Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers) – Screening tool
  • DSM-5 Criteria for ASD
  • Speech and language evaluation
  • Genetic testing (If associated with syndromes like Fragile X syndrome)

Management:

  • Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA therapy – Gold standard for ASD treatment)
  • Speech and occupational therapy
  • Parent training and structured learning environments
  • Medications (Risperidone or Aripiprazole for severe irritability/aggression)

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Definition:

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, impairing daily functioning.

Types (DSM-5 Classification):

  1. Predominantly Inattentive Type
  2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type
  3. Combined Type (Most common)

Causes & Risk Factors:

  • Genetics (Highly heritable, associated with dopamine transporter gene mutation – DRD4, DAT1)
  • Low birth weight, Prematurity
  • Prenatal exposure to nicotine, alcohol, lead poisoning

Signs & Symptoms:

  • Inattention (Difficulty sustaining focus, forgetfulness, careless mistakes in schoolwork)
  • Hyperactivity (Fidgeting, excessive talking, unable to stay seated in class)
  • Impulsivity (Interrupts conversations, acts without thinking, difficulty waiting turn)

Complications:

  • Academic underachievement
  • Increased risk of substance abuse in adolescence
  • Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) association

Diagnosis:

  • Conner’s ADHD Rating Scale (Used by parents and teachers)
  • DSM-5 criteria (Symptoms must be present in 2 or more settings and before age 12)

Management:

  • Behavioral therapy (First-line for preschoolers, recommended for all age groups)
  • Stimulant medications (Methylphenidate, Amphetamine – First-line for children >6 years)
  • Non-stimulants (Atomoxetine, Guanfacine – If stimulants are not tolerated)

Intellectual Disability (ID)

Definition:

Intellectual Disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning (IQ <70) and adaptive behavior, affecting daily life.

Causes & Risk Factors:

  • Genetic disorders (Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, Rett Syndrome)
  • Prenatal factors (Maternal infections – Rubella, CMV, Fetal alcohol syndrome)
  • Perinatal causes (Birth asphyxia, Prematurity, Low birth weight)
  • Postnatal causes (Lead poisoning, Malnutrition, Hypothyroidism)

Signs & Symptoms:

  • Delayed developmental milestones (Walking, talking, toilet training)
  • Difficulty with reasoning, problem-solving, and learning new skills
  • Limited adaptive functioning (Communication, Social skills, Self-care difficulties)

Complications:

  • Increased dependence on caregivers
  • Higher risk of psychiatric disorders (Anxiety, Depression, Autism in severe ID)

Diagnosis:

  • IQ Testing (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – WISC, Stanford-Binet test)
  • Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Measures adaptive functioning)
  • Genetic testing (If syndromic features are present)

Management:

  • Early intervention (Special education, speech and occupational therapy)
  • Individualized Education Program (IEP) in school
  • Supportive care and life skills training

Specific Learning Disorder (Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, Dysgraphia)

Definition:

A learning disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting academic skills, such as reading (Dyslexia), writing (Dysgraphia), or mathematics (Dyscalculia), despite normal intelligence.

Causes & Risk Factors:

  • Genetic predisposition (Runs in families, associated with left hemisphere dysfunction)
  • Prematurity, low birth weight
  • Neurodevelopmental abnormalities in phonological processing

Signs & Symptoms:

  • Dyslexia (Reading difficulty) – Poor phonemic awareness, slow reading speed
  • Dyscalculia (Math difficulty) – Trouble with numbers, patterns, mental calculations
  • Dysgraphia (Writing difficulty) – Poor handwriting, difficulty forming letters correctly

Complications:

  • Low self-esteem, Anxiety, Depression
  • Poor academic performance leading to school dropout

Diagnosis:

  • Psychoeducational Testing (Cognitive and academic skill assessments)
  • DSM-5 Criteria for Specific Learning Disorder

Management:

  • Specialized education interventions (Multi-sensory teaching, phonics-based reading programs)
  • Speech and occupational therapy (For Dysgraphia, Dyslexia)
  • Extra time for exams, assistive technology (Text-to-speech software, audiobooks)

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)

Definition:

DCD, also known as “Clumsy Child Syndrome,” is a motor skills disorder affecting coordination, balance, and fine motor abilities.

Causes & Risk Factors:

  • Prematurity, Low birth weight
  • Cerebellar dysfunction (Possible underlying neurological basis)

Signs & Symptoms:

  • Poor handwriting (Difficulty with pen grip, slow writing speed)
  • Clumsiness (Frequent tripping, difficulty catching balls, riding a bike)
  • Delays in achieving motor milestones (Crawling, walking, tying shoelaces)

Complications:

  • Poor academic performance (Due to writing difficulties)
  • Social isolation (Avoidance of sports, group activities)

Diagnosis:

  • Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2)
  • Clinical observation of motor coordination

Management:

  • Occupational and physical therapy
  • Motor skill training (Hand-eye coordination exercises, balance training)

Key Points for Competitive Exams

✔️ Most common neurodevelopmental disorder?ADHD
✔️ Best screening tool for autism?M-CHAT (Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers)
✔️ Most effective treatment for ADHD?Stimulants (Methylphenidate, Amphetamines)
✔️ Best test for intellectual disability?Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC)
✔️ Most common cause of inherited intellectual disability?Fragile X Syndrome

Physical Disabilities (Handicapped Children)

Definition:

A handicapped child has a permanent physical or motor impairment that limits mobility, daily activities, or learning capacity.

Types of Physical Disabilities:

  1. Neuromuscular Disorders – Cerebral Palsy, Muscular Dystrophy
  2. Orthopedic Disorders – Clubfoot, Spina Bifida, Limb Deficiencies
  3. Trauma-Induced Disabilities – Spinal Cord Injury, Amputations

Causes & Risk Factors:

  • Congenital conditions (Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida)
  • Birth-related complications (Hypoxia, Birth trauma, Prematurity)
  • Postnatal infections (Meningitis, Polio, Encephalitis)
  • Accidents and trauma (Fractures, Spinal cord injuries)

Signs & Symptoms:

  • Delayed motor milestones (Sitting, standing, walking difficulty)
  • Abnormal muscle tone (Hypertonia or Hypotonia)
  • Contractures or joint deformities
  • Difficulty in fine motor tasks (Writing, Grasping objects)

Complications:

  • Mobility impairment → Dependency on assistive devices
  • Contractures and scoliosis (In severe cases of neuromuscular disorders)
  • Speech and communication difficulties (If associated with neurological damage)

Diagnosis:

  • Clinical examination (Neurological and orthopedic assessment)
  • Imaging (MRI Brain for Cerebral Palsy, X-ray for orthopedic disorders)
  • Electromyography (EMG) and Nerve Conduction Studies (For neuromuscular disorders)

Management:

  • Physical and Occupational Therapy (Improves mobility and function)
  • Assistive Devices (Braces, Wheelchairs, Prosthetics)
  • Speech therapy (For communication difficulties)
  • Surgical interventions (For severe orthopedic deformities)

Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation)

Definition:

Intellectual Disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by an IQ <70 and significant deficits in adaptive functioning.

Causes & Risk Factors:

  • Genetic Conditions (Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, Rett Syndrome)
  • Prenatal Factors (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Maternal infections – Rubella, CMV)
  • Perinatal Factors (Birth asphyxia, Prematurity, Hypoglycemia at birth)
  • Postnatal Factors (Malnutrition, Lead poisoning, Hypothyroidism)

Signs & Symptoms:

  • Delayed speech and motor development
  • Difficulty in problem-solving, reasoning, and adaptive skills
  • Social immaturity (Difficulty making friends, following rules)
  • Limited academic performance (Struggles in reading, writing, and math)

Complications:

  • Dependency on caregivers for daily tasks
  • Risk of psychiatric disorders (Anxiety, Depression, Autism in severe cases)
  • Social isolation and bullying

Diagnosis:

  • IQ Testing (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – WISC, Stanford-Binet Test)
  • Adaptive Behavior Scales (Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales – VABS)
  • Genetic Testing (Karyotyping for Down Syndrome, Fragile X DNA test)

Management:

  • Special Education and Early Intervention Programs
  • Speech and Occupational Therapy
  • Behavioral Therapy for social skill development
  • Medication for associated disorders (ADHD, Anxiety, Epilepsy)

Hearing Impairment (Deafness)

Definition:

Hearing impairment is a partial or complete inability to hear sounds, affecting speech and communication development.

Types of Hearing Loss:

  1. Conductive Hearing Loss – Middle ear issues (Otitis Media, Earwax blockage)
  2. Sensorineural Hearing Loss – Inner ear or nerve damage (Genetic disorders, Ototoxic drugs, Infections)
  3. Mixed Hearing Loss – Combination of conductive and sensorineural loss

Causes & Risk Factors:

  • Congenital (Genetic mutations, Congenital Rubella Syndrome, Birth asphyxia, Prematurity)
  • Infections (Meningitis, Mumps, CMV, Measles, Chronic Otitis Media)
  • Ototoxic drugs (Aminoglycosides, Furosemide, Chemotherapy drugs)
  • Head trauma, Noise exposure

Signs & Symptoms:

  • Delayed speech and language development
  • Lack of response to sounds, No reaction to loud noises
  • Difficulty following conversations, Mispronunciations
  • Tinnitus (Ringing in the ears)

Complications:

  • Speech and language delay
  • Academic difficulties and social isolation
  • Cognitive delay (If not diagnosed early)

Diagnosis:

  • Newborn Hearing Screening (Otoacoustic Emission – OAE, Auditory Brainstem Response – ABR tests)
  • Audiometry (Pure tone test for older children)
  • Tympanometry (To assess middle ear function)

Management:

  • Hearing Aids (For mild to moderate hearing loss)
  • Cochlear Implants (For profound sensorineural hearing loss)
  • Speech Therapy and Lip-Reading Training
  • Sign Language and Special Education Programs

Visual Impairment (Eye Errors)

Definition:

Visual impairment is a decrease in the ability to see to a significant degree that cannot be corrected with standard glasses or contact lenses.

Types of Eye Disorders in Children:

  1. Refractive Errors:
    • Myopia (Nearsightedness) – Blurred distant vision
    • Hyperopia (Farsightedness) – Blurred near vision
    • Astigmatism (Uneven cornea curvature) – Blurred or distorted vision at any distance
  2. Amblyopia (“Lazy Eye”) – Poor vision development in one eye due to lack of use
  3. Strabismus (Crossed Eyes) – Misalignment of the eyes
  4. Congenital Cataracts & Glaucoma – Clouding of the lens or high intraocular pressure in infants

Causes & Risk Factors:

  • Genetic disorders (Retinitis Pigmentosa, Albinism)
  • Prematurity (Retinopathy of Prematurity – ROP)
  • Infections (Congenital Rubella, Toxoplasmosis, Syphilis)
  • Vitamin A Deficiency (Night blindness, Xerophthalmia)

Signs & Symptoms:

  • Frequent squinting, Head tilting
  • Difficulty reading or seeing distant objects
  • Poor hand-eye coordination
  • White reflex in the pupil (Leukocoria – Suggestive of Retinoblastoma or Cataracts)

Complications:

  • Permanent vision loss if untreated (Amblyopia, Cataracts, Glaucoma)
  • Learning difficulties due to poor visual perception

Diagnosis:

  • Vision Screening Tests (Snellen Chart, Retinoscopy, Cover-Uncover Test for Strabismus)
  • Fundoscopy (To check retinal abnormalities)
  • Tonometry (For Glaucoma)

Management:

  • Corrective Lenses (Glasses, Contact lenses for refractive errors)
  • Patching Therapy (For Amblyopia to strengthen weaker eye)
  • Strabismus Surgery (If non-surgical treatment fails)
  • Vitamin A Supplementation (For deficiency-related eye diseases)

Key Points for Competitive Exams

✔️ Most common cause of childhood blindness?Vitamin A Deficiency
✔️ Best screening test for hearing loss in newborns?ABR (Auditory Brainstem Response)
✔️ Most common genetic cause of intellectual disability?Fragile X Syndrome
✔️ Gold standard for diagnosing hearing loss?Audiometry
✔️ Gold standard for diagnosing intellectual disability?IQ Testing (Wechsler Scale, Stanford-Binet Test)

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Categorized as COH-PAED, Uncategorised