SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Social problems are situations that are perceived as a threat by society.
These social problems need to be addressed. Social problems cause dissatisfaction and suffering.
All social problems cause disorder in society.
Social problems arise with needs from above A social problem that is today may not be considered tomorrow Social problems have been defined by various authors.
According to Green, a social problem is a set of conditions that are defined as morally wrong by the majority or a significant minority in society.
According to Ladbard, a social problem is any deviant behavior in society or an unacceptable direction of such a degree that it exceeds the tolerance limit of the community.
If we look back to ancient Greece some problems like prostitution was not a social problem but it is a social problem in the modern world when these are challenged the social problems will go away.
Some social problems like war crimes, unemployment and poverty are always considered as social problems.
There are three main dimensions of social problems.
Something needs to be done to change the situation that is considered a problem.
A social problem needs to be changed by which a social problem can be solved.
People believe that it can be fixed or eliminated which means that a social problem is undesirable but not inevitable.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS:
Something needs to be done to change the social problem.
Change social systems to solve problems.
People believe that it will be improved.
Social problems: criteria
Types of social problems:
According to Harold A. Phelps there are 4 categories.
Economic
Poverty and unemployment
Biological
Long term diseases, short term diseases, disability
Bio-psychological
Nerve problems
Mental problem
suicide
Achki
Alcohol consumption
Cultural
The problem of the elderly
Homeless
the widow
Divorce
crime
juvenile delinquency
SOCIAL PROBLEM: NOT DUE TO A SINGLE CAUSE
(A social problem is not due to any one cause)
Social problems are complex and usually not due to a single cause but to multiple causes.
Taking the example of poverty, it has many causes such as illiteracy, growing population, lack of employment or unemployment.
If we look at this another problem is illiteracy linked to poverty.
Because poverty itself is the cause of poverty, sometimes social problems are so interrelated that it is difficult to separate them, then the problem cannot be solved without solving the interrelated problem.
It means that efforts should be made to find out all the causes of social problem and solve them adequately.
In addition to high economic growth, India still has poverty.
Between one odd and 350 odd and more than 400 odd people live below the poverty line. About 75 percent of these poor people live in rural areas.
PROSTITUTION
Prostitution is a serious social problem in India.
Scholarships are awarded for the following reasons.
poverty
unemployment
Services are not integrated
Lack of options
Stigma and negative social attitudes Adaptation to family expectations and pressure lifestyle
Most people in India become sex workers because of lack of resources to support themselves or their children as many choose it as a profession to meet the needs.
Often after a marriage breakup or being rejected or thrown out of the home by their family.
Poverty is considered to be the root of the growing prostitution problem in India. Sometimes women may call themselves prostitutes to gain material wealth.
Eradication of prostitution requires restructuring of the social set-top which will respect a woman’s identity as a human being.
Education and economic dependence of women will counter their vulnerability.
Recognition of women’s whites as human beings will lead to equality.
Legislation dealing with the status of sex workers is a 1956 law known as the Immoral Traffic (Suppression) Act (SITA).
According to this law, sex workers are neither legal nor illegal in India, especially as the law prohibits sex workers from practicing their profession within 200 yards of a public place.
Sex workers are not protected under general labor laws, are not entitled to minimum wage benefits, injury compensation or other benefits common to other types of workers.
Recently the old law was replaced by the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act.
A prostitute is a person who allows her body to be used for purposes in exchange for payment. Prostitution is the sale of sexual services, such as oral sex or intercourse.
which exists in India but exists across the country.
Prostitution continued from ancient and medieval India and has a wider perspective in modern India.
Prostitution itself is a social problem, child prostitution is compounding it.
CAUSE OF PROSTITUTION:
poverty
Do more addiction
don’t pay attention
There is no other option
Be of home
Family history
Lack of self-esteem
Pier pressure
good life
Family breakdown
Loneliness and boredom
There is no stopping man
Inability to marry
Raped
Lack of recreational facilities
scientific reason
Lows related to prostitution in India:
Suppression of immoral traffic in human and girl act 1956
Prevention of immoral traffic act 1956
Immoral traffic act 1956
Any person who keeps or manages or works or assists in the care or management of a group of prostitutes shall on first conviction be liable to rigorous imprisonment for a term not less than one year and not more than three years and may also be fined .
CRIME
Introduction
Crime is a major problem faced by society Crime is a major phenomenon of modern culture and society though in primitive society there were crimes but it was not a major problem.
Primitive societies required more effort to effectively control personal circles Primitive societies had less crime because there was a code of beliefs and customs Culture was stable and uniform But many other social problems of our modern society such as crime also have a price to pay We have to pay In India too, crime has been steadily increasing in recent years.
DEFINITIONS
Crime can be defined as the conduct of individuals which the law of the land makes to do or the act which it prohibits to do which the group strongly disapproves of.
According to Elliott and Merrill, crime is a social behavior that a group rejects for which it is punished.
A crime is an act or omission considered by law to be harmful to the public and punishable by the state.
Certain types of errors are considered to be of public character.
CAUSE OF CRIME
Lack of control of the family head over his family members is one of the causes of crime
Crime occurs when society loses control over its members
Intoxicants and alcoholic motivation increase the crime rate
Due to some religious superstitions, some people commit crimes like flood sacrifice, robbery, communal protection etc.
A faulty education system causes people to commit crimes because the education system does not emphasize morals and character
Due to crimes like child marriage dowry etc. the crime rate is increasing.
Poverty is the main cause of prayer in society
Unemployment also causes crimes
A weak-minded person commits a crime by slandering those people
Crime comes with blood, and once a criminal is born, crimes increase to divert him from that path.
Rapid urbanization is taking place under the impact of industrialization and people migrating from villages are tempted to ignore the law.
DRUG ADDICTION
(drug binding)
Substance addiction is characterized by compulsive and at times uncontrolled drug seeking and use.
which persists even in the face of extremely negative consequences.
Long-term use of drugs affects brain function and thus behavior.
Many people have chronic addictions.
Cause of drug addiction
Can’t face tough situations
If you have lost a close person
Disappointment
A feeling of acceptance
Loneliness
Unable to achieve the target
Signs/symptoms:
headache
tension
Didn’t fall asleep
Increase in depression
Prevention:
Parental supervision is important to prevent drug addiction
A person should be praised for his good behavior and behavior
Parents and children should be educated about the dangers of drug addiction.
For this the following points should be kept in mind:
Self control
Awareness of emotion
Communicative social problem solving
Educational support.
DOWRY SYSTEM
Dowry is a social problem.
Dowry is defined as property received from one’s wife or her family at the time of marriage.
Bride can be defined as the gifts and valuables received in marriage by the groom and his relatives.
The practice depends on the following factors.
Boy service and pay
Social and economic status of the girl’s father
Educational qualification of boy and girl
A boy’s work and his salary
Beauty and features of the girl
Future Prospects of Economic Security
Family size and composition of girls and boys
A girl’s parents not only give money and gifts or the like at the time of marriage but continue to give money and gifts to her husband’s family throughout her life.
CAUSE OF DOWRY
One of the reasons for dowry is that every parent’s wish and aspiration is that her daughter marries high and into the whole family or to increase her prestige or to increase the daughter’s comfort and security.
Another reason for the existence of dowry is that dowry is given by parents
It is difficult to suddenly change this social custom of dowry
Some people give dowry only because their parents and ancestors were associated with dowry
Marrying within the same caste leads to a shortage of boys who have high jobs or good careers in business.
The boy’s parents demand a huge sum of money from the girls’ parents to accept their girl as a daughter-in-law.
Dowry is given only to show their high social and economic status.
The reason for accepting dowry is that they have to give dowry to their daughter and sisters so they look at their daughter’s dowry to fulfill the responsibility of finding husbands for their daughters.
DOWRY PROHIBITION ACT 1961
This Act was passed on 20 May 1961. According to this act, exchange of gifts above ₹2,000 is not permitted and if a person is found to be receiving or giving dowry, he will be fined.
Violation thereof shall be punishable with imprisonment for six months or with fine which may extend to Rs.5000 or with both.
No action can be taken for violation of the Act unless some complaint is made.
ALCOHOLISM
Alcoholism is a worldwide social and medical problem.In the last 30 to 40 years, alcohol consumption has increased in quantity and frequency, which is also known as alcohol dependence.
It includes the following…
craving
Losing control
Physical dependence
endurance
Craving (craving):
There is a strong desire to drink
Loss of Control:
Once drinking begins, drinking cannot be stopped.
Physical Dependence:
Symptoms such as nausea, sweating, tremors and anxiety occur after stopping drinking.
Tolerance:
A large amount of alcohol is required to achieve tolerance.
Alcohol is like a disease Craving for alcohol The feeling of alcohol is as strong as the need for food or water.
Alcohol is a chronic disease that continues to drink despite family health or legal problems.Alcohol affects both a person’s genes and life cycle.
CAUSE
unemployment
stay away from home
House breaking
There is only one person in the family either mother or father
Peer pressure
Stress
poverty
A status symbol
Being a tall man
Going through social or economic conditions
Cultural changes
PREVENTION
Identify risk factors
Bring awareness
To make people aware of the consequences of alcohol
Establishing social and health welfare services.
DELIQUENCY (performed by teenagers and young adults)
Delinquency is a social problem that occurs among juveniles (children under the age of 18).
Crime occurs in every country in the world. Crime emerged as a distinct problem in many countries in the late 19th century.
Crime is often closely linked to poverty and the gap between rich and poor in society.
Furthermore, crime is the cause of major disruptions in traditions when the dominant social pattern is seen to be at the peak of crime.
DEFINITIONS
According to the Oxford English Dictionary crime is the state of being criminal or regarded as a crime.
Delinquent means failure in duty or responsibilities.
Juvenile delinquency is a term used to describe any crime against the law committed by a youth under a certain age.
In many countries it is considered in children under the age of 18 but it varies around the world.
The policy in the United States is that when a youth or she is accused of having committed a crime, he or she can be punished for the crime.
In addition, he may be charged when he has committed a status offense which is a violation of a specific prohibition applicable to it.
A delinquent is someone who shows behavior different from normal behavior and in other words they are people who have committed a crime for example….sexual crime theft etc.
CAUSE
Social disorder
poverty
Located at home
drink alcohol
Consume chile medicines
Modern Way of Living
PROGRAMS FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL
A unique approach towards the care, protection, maintenance, training and rehabilitation of delinquent children.
The Children Act 1960 was created for offenders.
STRUCTURE OF INSTITUTIONS FOR SUCH CHILDREN:
Juvenile or Children Cot
Child Welfare Board
Remand home
Certified School
Children’s Home
After Care Organization
Observational Home.
The following circumstances shall be taken into account by the competent authority while making any order in respect of a child under this Act….
Age of children
Such is the situation in which children live.
Report by Professional Officer.
Religious understanding of the child
Such other circumstances as in the opinion of the competent authority are necessary which should be taken into account in the best interest of the child.
However in the case of a child delinquent the Children’s Court will take into account the above circumstances after recording findings against the delinquent child.
PUNISHMENT FOR CRUELTY TO CHILD:
If a child has an actual seizure or is under control. Assaults or abandons exposes or willfully neglects children or causes or obtains to comfort them.
Such child shall be liable to imprisonment for a term which may extend to five months or to six months or to both, with unnecessary mental or physical suffering.
HANDICAPPED
According to John M. Last 1995, disability can be defined as impairment and a reduction in a person’s ability to fulfill a social role as a result of inadequate training for the role or other circumstances that apply to children.
The presence of an impairment or other condition that interferes with normal growth and development or the ability to learn.
Disability is defined as a disadvantage to a given person that results in an impairment or disability.
which adequately fulfills the role of a person who is normal.
Disability can be internal or external.
Intrinsic: Blindness
Extrinsic: Loss of parents
Can be primary and secondary
Primary: Blindness
Secondary: Poverty
A handicapped person is classified into three types
Physically handicapped
Mental retardation
Social Disability
Physical disability
Physical disabilities include blindness, deafness, lack of limbs, cerebral palsy, road accidents, burns etc.
This disability can also be a birth defect or caused by an infection or accident.
Mentally handicapped
Deficits in mental growth and development may be due to genetic or environmental factors.
Genetic factors ..such as Down syndrome
Antenatal factors like… neural tube defect, Rh-incompatibility
Perinatal factors like… birth injury, hypoxia, severable palsy.
Postnatal factors like head injury encephalitis accident etc
Miscellaneous factors like.. maternal malnutrition, consanguineous marriage etc
Social Handicap:
A socially handicapped child is defined as a child whose full development opportunities and potential with a healthy personality is hindered by certain elements in his social environment.
As parental incompetence, lack of stimulation of the learning process.
PREVENTION
Genetic testing.
Identify people at risk and take on referrals for all.
Vaccination
adequate nutrition
Providing medical care during prenatal, postnatal and intranatal period.
Early diagnosis of disability.
Seek adequate treatment such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy and prosthetics.
Training and education of disabled child for independent life means taking professional guidance.
He should be trained to work with what he enjoys learning so as not to burden others.
DISABLED/HANDICAPPED GROUP
According to the 2001 census reports, 2.19 crore persons out of the total population of the country are disabled.
1.67% of the total population in the total age group of 0-19 years are disabled.
In the age group of 0-19 years, the main type of disability found in the disabled is hearing, movement problems and mental retardation.
According to the 2001 census, 35-29% of the total disabled population are disabled.
33.9% of whom have visual impairment
47.26% have speech problem 23.02% hearing problem 37.08% and movement problem
35.19% and suffer from mental retardation.
The prevalence of mobility disability is highest in the age group of 10-19 years at 33.02 percent.
In India, people with disabilities continue to be discriminated against in terms of access to basic services and opportunities, and only a few services are available to children with disabilities.
disability
The concept of disability varies from society to society.
Disability is defined in different ways. A synonym for disability is impairment.
According to Who an impairment is any loss or abnormality of mental physical or anatomical structure or function.
Disability is a disadvantage to a given person caused by an impairment or disability that impedes or prevents the performance of a function that is normal for that person.
According to the social model, disability is the loss or limitation of opportunities to participate in the normal life of the community on an equal basis with others due to physical and social barriers.
There are many conditions that include disabilities or handicaps such as blindness, low vision, hearing impairment, disability, etc.
The number of persons with disabilities in India is very high. People with disabilities are pushed to the margins of neglect.
India needs to shift from a medical model of intervention to community-based rehabilitation of the disabled, with the responsibility of care being placed on the family rather than the community.
SERVICES FOR HANDICAPPED/DISABLED
It is the responsibility of the Ministry of Social Affairs along with other Ministries Justice and Empowerment Services Assistance schemes and reliefs are provided by the Government of India Key areas of services include prevention Early identification and prevention Education training and employment and legal action.
PREVENTION, EARLY IDENTIFICATION AND INTERVENTION
Prevention Early identification and prevention is necessary as a continuous process to reduce the incidence of persons with disabilities. Various services or programs were initiated to reduce.
Program like….
The ICDS program was launched in 1975-76 with the objective of improving the nutritional and health status of children aged 0 to six years and mothers in the 15-44 age group.
In 1983, the national health policy included an expanded program of immunization sponsored by the WHO.
In 1986 the National Program to Control Goiter Mental Retardation and Hearing Impairment was launched with the aim of preventing iodine deficiency disorders.
In 1992 the CSSM program was created to address information related disabilities and prepend.
There are various ways to identify where there is disability due to attendance at government hospitals which can help prevent or reduce the incidence of handicap in children like physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy..
EDUCATION
Education is provided to the differently abled in different models 900 schools for hearing impaired children and 400 schools for visually impaired children have been constructed.
Over 50 thousand children with disabilities are enrolled in schools under the government sponsored programme.
More than 700 school children are registered for Locometer.
A thousand schools have been built for intellectually or handicapped children.
These are specialized educational centers in India that provide pre-vocational and vocational training and rehabilitative education
There is reservation in jobs for deaf and physically challenged in grade C and grade D posts. The reservation is up to three percent so that each group can get a quota of 1% reservation.
LEGISLATION
In 1995, the Disability Act has been passed.
And this act provides preventive and promotional aspects of rehabilitation like education employment vocational training reservation etc. and includes independent living.
The Rehabilitation Counseling of India was established due to the Rehabilitation of India Act 1992.
Is responsible for standardization and monitoring of training courses for rehabilitation professionals.
The Act was amended in 2000 with the added responsibility of promoting research in rehabilitation and special education.
The Government of India provides relief to the disabled in the following areas
travel
communication
income tax concession
loans
Travel
The concession is valid for the person accompanying the person with disability as well as the person with disability.
Indian Airline and Loco meter 50% of disabled persons.
Ministry of Railways offers 75% discount on all ticket fares and 50% discount on season tickets on production with valid.
communication
Ashok sum persons with visual and loco meters are preferred for operating STD/PCO telephone facilities.
income tax concession:
A parent or guardian of a disabled person is entitled to deduct tax on income up to Rs 40,000.
loans
Persons with disabilities can avail loans from public sector banks and under the Integrated Rural Development Program Physically challenged persons get a subsidy of up to Rs.6000.
CHILD ABUSE
Child abuse usually involves the child being bullied and the child is beaten and the child is treated badly.
Broadly speaking, the practice includes not only physical violence but also sexual abuse, psychological and emotional alienation, neglect, deprivation, and lack of support.
DEFINITION
Child molestation can be defined as any harmful and abusive contact with or causing or permitting any kind of sexual contact on a child’s body.
Humiliates, embarrasses or frightens the child.
Some hair removal practices and can be defined as any act or omission.
Those who fail to raise children.
The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act defines and defines child abuse and as a minimum any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caregiver.
Death is the result of serious physical or emotional harm or sexual abuse or exploitation or third party and failure to act presents an imminent risk of serious harm.
TYPES OF CHILD ABUSE
Emotional abuse
Neglette
Physical abuse
Sexual abuse
Emotional abuse or emotional abuse:
Emotional abuse is a failure to act by a parent or caregiver that can cause serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional or mental disorders in a child.
Verbal abuse or verbal abuse
Mental abuse or psychological withdrawal
Psychological maltreatment or psychological manipulation
Engages in more severe or emotional abuse provided by caregivers or parents.
such as…
Imprisonment in a closet room or dark room
Keeping a chair tied to a bed or fan for long periods of time
Threatening or terrorizing a child
neglect:
Neglect refers to the failure to provide for a child’s basic needs.
A neglet can be of this type
Physical Neglect:
Physical distancing means providing physical desire to the child.
It includes burning, hitting, shaking, kicking, hitting or hurting the child.
Corporal punishment may be the result of excessive discipline or corporal punishment that is inappropriate for the child.
Sexual abuse
Sexual harassment is inappropriate for a child such as child molestation, rape, exhibitionism, and sexual exploitation.
commercial or exploration of a child
It refers to the use of a child in work or other activities for the benefit of others including but not limited to child labor and child prostitution These activities are harmful to the child’s physical mental education spiritual moral social emotional development.
Contributing factors of child abuse:
Poor middle leaf
Drug use
Loneliness
Young parents
My death at home
stress
Lack of support
Consequences of child abuse:
Get used to lying
Become a fearless child
The child’s confidence decreases
blindness
Mental retardation
Emotional Dilation
growth arrest
to die
Remedial measures:
Provision of supportive home visitors such as public health nurses or training to families who are at risk of using violence against children.
Legal aid.
Postpone childbearing until they are mature enough to be adequate parents.
Strengthen the individual and his family to avoid violence.
OVERPOPULATION AND SLUM OR POPULATION EXPLOSION
Overpopulation
Every city village town is becoming more crowded due to uncontrolled growth of population.
The migration of rural people in search of employment, better education and better health facilities has greatly increased the concentration of people in towns and cities.
The population of India was 68.5 crore in 1981 and 84.5 crore in 1991 and 102.70 crore in 2001. This increase in population is about 21 percent.
Overpopulation slows down the development of any country and causes many social and economic losses.
Per capita income adversely affects the availability of natural resources and basic necessities of life.
Over population/population expulsion:
Overpopulation is defined as the number of people who can live on Earth in comfort, happiness and health.
Cause of rapid population growth
Major advances in science and technology
Improve public health
Development of medical technology such as vaccines and antibiotics
Improvement in living standards
education
Decreased mortality
Improve quality of life.
CONSEQUENCES OF OVERPOPULATION/POPULATION EXPLOSION
Land and space
Land is limited Expansion of towns and cities Establishment of industrial complexes Increasing demand for land for expansion of agriculture etc. in turn problems like deforestation, erosion, floods etc.
Housing problem
There is a shortage of housing for the growing population and overpopulation in towns and cities creates a maximum housing shortage after 15 to 30 years of population doubling.
Food supply
Large families with limited resources are unable to provide a balanced diet, children suffer from malnutrition and society grows less healthy.
Water supply
Every city and town faces water scarcity especially in summer 95 percent of municipal corporations in India do not have facilities to treat water before supplying it to the consumer.
Sewage disposable
Wastewater treatment is poor and minimal in most places due to its high cost and ever-increasing demand.
Sanitation:
Due to problems in collection of waste and their transport and transportation, proper sanitation is not observed in places with P section. Runoff of water and rain causes severe pollution problems.
Health care and education
Due to increasing population, health facilities and providing education to them becomes difficult. Large families with limited means cannot provide health and education properly. Rural people do not get proper education due to lack of schools and colleges.
Unemployment and poverty
It is difficult to provide employment to people with such a large population.The population is based on lack of employment opportunities and family and large number of poverty.
Crimes
Educated and poor people live in overcrowded conditions, become victims of social vices like drug abuse, gambling, theft, etc. and commit crimes.
Rising prices
The increase in masti leads to shortage of essential household items and due to this increases the prices of the goods.
Traffic problems
Due to increase in population, congestion and increased number of vehicles cause traffic problems especially during peak hours related to office and factory workers, school and college going children.
Fuel and energy problem
Due to increase in population, the demand for fuel, wood, fossil fuels, oil, gas, coal and electricity has increased. Rapid industrialization and urbanization have led to increased energy consumption. Alternative sources of energy are being used to mitigate the crisis.
POPULATION CONTROL
There are two ways to control human population.
organized
Accidental
Planned control of population
The only practical way to control world population is to reduce the birth rate
Education
Marriageable age
Family planning
Education
Young people who are in reproductive age should be educated about the benefits of small family.
Mass media (radio, television, newspapers, magazines, posters)
And educational institutions can play an important role in this.
Marriageable age
The current age of marriage is 18 years for women and 21 years for men Demographers explain that raising the age of marriage for women from 18 to 20 or 22 would reduce the birth rate by 20 to 30 percent.
A report by the Indian Council of Medical Research shows that 49% of women in India are married before the legal age of 18.
Family planning
Adoption of government-sponsored family planning programs Since 1951, India’s birth rate has shown only a modest decline of 41.7, 28.3 per 1000 in about 50 years. In 1975, the Indian government created a program of compulsory sterilization that required one of the parents to be sterilized after two children, but this was changed back to a voluntary approach due to public opposition.
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH AND IMPACT
Increase in energy demand
Climate change
Scarcity of natural resources
lack of food.
Overpopulation has serious consequences for sustainability and the total environment.
Environmental impact
number of people
Prosperity per capita (consumption)
on the use of resources
The impact of technology is currently increasing the number of individuals consuming and using resources and sustainability is failing.
Over population will lead to certain social problems These social problems are seen due to economic problems like poverty unemployment and hunger.
These problems cause social problems like beggars smuggling and this inappropriate behavior.