GNM-T.Y-COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING -II-GNC -PAPER-29/03/2022

⏩Q-1 🔸a. Write down ESI act in detail.
Write the ESI acct in detail. 06

ESI Act:

ESI: Employees State Insurance (ESI) Act
The Employees’ State Insurance (ESI) Act, was passed in 1948.
This act is a comprehensive social security act in the country. This act is an important measure to provide social services and health insurance in the country.

Certain benefits in case of sickness, maternity, disability and death due to employment injury to the employee such as,
Provides case and medical benefits in certain amount.

Applicability (as applicable):

The ESI Act applies to factories and certain notified establishments where 10 or more persons are employed. It covers both organized and unorganized sectors of the economy.

This Act Rs. 21,000 per month is applicable to salaried employees. However, the Central Government may raise the salary limit by notification.

Coverage:

Employees covered under the ESI Act are entitled to various benefits provided under the scheme.

The Act makes coverage compulsory for ineligible employees and employers.

Administration:

The ESI Scheme is administered by the Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC), a statutory body under the Ministry of Labor and Employment, Government of India.
ESIC manages the funds collected through contributions and ensures effective implementation of the scheme.

Contribution:

Contribution to ESI Scheme is made by both employees and employers.

The current contribution rate is 1.75% of wages for employees and 4.75% for employers, which is 6.5% of gross wages.

Inspection and Enforcement:

The scheme inspects covered establishments to ensure compliance with its provisions.
Non-compliance with the provisions of the ESI Act may lead to penalties and legal action.

Decision and Appeal:

The ESI Act provides for adjudication of disputes relating to the implementation of the Act.
Employees and employers have the right to appeal against the decisions of the ESIC authorities.

Objective:

The primary objective of the ESI Act is to protect employees and their families from financial hardship in the event of a medical emergency and to provide them with quality medical care and social security benefits.
Its objective is to promote health and welfare among the industrial workers covered under the scheme.

Benefits of ESI Act:

1) Medical benefit,

2) Sickness benefit,

3) Maternity Benefit,

4) Disability Benefit,

5) Dependent Benefit,

6) Funeral Benefit,

7) Rehabilitation benefit.

1) Medical Benefit:

Medical benefit includes full medical care provided during hospitalization.
Comprehensive medical care is provided to the insured person and their dependents through a network of ESI hospitals, dispensaries and tie-up hospitals as follows:

OPD care,

Providing drugs and dressings,

All types of specialties medical services,

free drugs,

Pathological and Radiological Investigation,

Immunization and Family Planning Services,

Domiciliary Services,

Antenatal and Postnatal Services,

Emergency Services,

Ambulance Services,

Health Education in Patient Treatment.

etc. medical services are provided,

And together

In complicated cases where specialized treatment is required, the patient is referred for institutional treatment outside the state at the expense of ESI Corporation.

Other Medical Benefits:

Dentures,

artificial limbus,

Spectacles (prostheses),

hearing aid,

hernia belt,

walking caliper,

Jackets, etc. are also provided when required.

2) Sickness Benefit:

If the sickness is certified by the Insured Medical Officer or the Insurance Medical Practitioner then the Assured is entitled to Sickness Benefits.
Sickness benefit is payable for a maximum of 91 days in any continuous period of 365 days on a case by case basis. In this case the rate of payment is 50% of the daily wage.
A person receiving sickness benefit has to undergo medical treatment provided under the Act.

Extended Sickness Benefit:

If an insured person suffers from a long term illness, as per the Act, he is entitled to extended sickness benefit for a maximum of two years in addition to 91 days of sickness benefits. There are 34 illnesses for which a person who has been in continuous employment for more than two years Extended benefits may be paid.

Enhance Sickness Benefit:

Enhanced Sickness Benefit is provided for 14 days after Tubectomy to Assured Women and 7 days to Assured Males who have undergone Vasectomy.

3) Maternity Benefit:

An employee woman who is pregnant gets 120 to 180 days leave under maternity benefit.

Such pregnant women are not provided night work from 7.00 pm to 06.00 am.

In case of Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) 15 days leave is given for the same.

In case of abortion, women are given 6 weeks or 45 days leave.

Paternity leave is granted up to 15 days.

Working pregnant women with excessive weight carrying are not covered under this act.

Free antenatal, intranatal and post-partum services are also provided to pregnant women.

4) Disability Benefit:

Case benefit is provided in case of temporary or permanent disability due to employment injury.

The amount of benefit changes depending on the disability.

Temporary Disability Benefit (TDB) is payable from the first day of entry into indemnifiable employment and any contribution is paid in case of employment injury at the rate of 90% of wages for as long as the disability continues.

Permanent Disestablishment Benefit:

Permanently disabled benefits are paid at the rate of 90% of wages in the form of monthly payments based on the extent of loss of earning capacity as certified by the Medical Board.

In case of total disability, they are given life pension.

5) Dependent Benefit:

Dependent benefits are paid at the rate of 90% of wages to the dependents of the deceased or injured person in cases where death or injury occurs due to employment injury or occupational hazards.

6) Funeral Benefit:

Funeral benefits provide a cash payment of ₹10,000/- payable towards the funeral expenses of the insured on his death.

7) Rehabilitation Benefit:

The insured person and his family members can continue to receive medical treatment even after permanent disability or retirement.
An artificial limb is provided to the insured worker as and when required and the case is also provided as artificial and sickness benefits rate until replacement of the artificial limb is done.

Overall, the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 stands as a crucial pillar of social security in India, improving the welfare of covered employees and their dependents through various benefits aimed at providing financial assistance and medical care in times of need.

b. Write down major health problems of India. 04

Major Health Problems of India:

India faces a variety of health challenges reflecting its large and diverse population, socio-economic disparities and healthcare infrastructure.

A health problem is a condition in which a person cannot function normally.

Some of the major health problems in India include:

1) Communicable Disease,

2) Non-communicable diseases,

3) Nutritional problem,

4) Environment problem,

5) Medical care problem,

6) Population problem

•>1) Communicable Diseases:

A communicable disease is an illness that is transmitted from one person to another by infectious agents or their toxic products. This transmission can be mainly directly or indirectly. Transmission can occur through contact with body fluids, respiratory droplets, and contact with contaminated surfaces.
Communicable diseases are a major health problem in India and account for 54% of deaths in India due to communicable diseases.

communicable diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, diarrhoea,
Acute respiratory disease,
Filaria,
HIV/AIDS,
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) / Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI).
These communicable diseases are considered a major health problem in India.

a) Malaria:

Malaria is a major health problem in India.

Malaria is caused by the Plasmodia parasite which is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito.There are four types of malarial parasites:

1) Plasmodium vivax,

2) Plasmodium ovali,

3) Plasmodium malaria

4) Plasmodium falciparum.

Malaria continues to be a major health problem in India. Although the total number of cases has decreased compared to previous years, the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum has increased.

According to WHO, malaria affects 36% of the world’s population, with India contributing more than 70% of the 2.5 million cases reported in South East Asia, while two-thirds of the Indian population lives in malaria zones, with the highest number of malaria cases. High Proportion: Found in states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal and North Eastern states.

During 2015, 1.13 million cases of malaria were detected, of which P. falciparum was detected in 67% of cases, while 287 deaths were reported.

b) Tuberculosis:

Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis bacteria affects the lungs and is spread by sneezing, coughing.
India is the country with the highest TB burden. It remains a major health problem. One-fifth of the world’s incidence of tuberculosis disease is found in India alone.

About 2.2 million people develop tuberculosis disease each year of which 0.62 million are new smear positive highly infectious cases and 0.24 million die from tuberculosis disease each year.
According to WHO 2010, the incidence of tuberculosis in India was estimated to be 249 per 100,000 population and mortality due to tuberculosis disease was 23 per 100,000 population.

( C ) Leprosy:

Leprosy is another major health problem in India.
It is a bacterial disease caused by bacteria called mycobacterium laprae. This disease, which occurs in close contact with an infected person, affects the skin, mucus membrane, nervous system. In which skin discoloration and nerve damage occurs.
Leprosy is a major health problem in India. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 65% of the new cases of leprosy are found in India. As many as 1.27 lakh cases were detected during 2013-14, of which 9.49% were children under 15 years of age and deformity grade II.
51.48% of these cases were estimated to be multibacillary. All states and union territories report cases of leprosy. However, there are significant differences not only between one state and another but also between one district and another.
India is home to 54% of leprosy in the world.

(d) Diarrhea:

Diarrhea is caused by bacteria, viruses and other disease conditions.

Diarrheal diseases are considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age.
There are about 11.67 million cases of diarrheal diseases in India due to poor environmental conditions.
In 2013, more than 100,000 children under the age of 11 months died from diarrhea.
After pneumonia, diarrhea is the second leading killer disease of young children worldwide.
India has the highest number of diarrheal diseases. Diarrhea is a preventable and treatable disease. It is also the leading cause of malnutrition in children under the age of five.
More than 2.3 million children die each year, of which 334,000 are due to diarrheal diseases.

(e) Acute respiratory diseases:

Acute respiratory diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age in India.
During 2014, 34.81 million episodes of acute respiratory disease were reported with 2,932 deaths.

(f) Filaria:

Filaria is endemic in about 255 districts of 16 states and five union territories in India. About 630 million people are at risk. To achieve the elimination of LF (lymphatic filariasis), the GOI (Government of India) initiated Nationwide Mass Drug Administration (MDA) with an annual single recommended dose of diethylcarbamazine citrate tablets, in addition to scaling up home-based foot care and hydrocele operations. have done
The National Filarial Control Program was started in 1955.

(G)HIV/AIDS:

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)/AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by coming into contact with infected blood semen (vaginal fluid).

The Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare estimated that HIV prevalence among adults (15–49 years) was 0.27% in 2011, while the number of persons living with HIV was 420,88,642, the number of adults with new HIV infections was 1,16,456 and is the annual number.

(h) STD/STI:

More than 1 million people contract sexually transmitted infections every day. About 550 million people get sick every year from STIs—chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis.
More than 530 million people have genital herpes. More than 290 million women have human papillomavirus infection. Most STI infections present without symptoms. This sexually transmitted infection can be transmitted from the mother to the child through the placenta or at the time of delivery of the baby.

2) Non Communicable Diseases:

Noncommunicable diseases are diseases that are not spread by infection or other people, but are usually caused by unhealthy behavior. They are a leading cause of death worldwide and represent a major threat to health and development, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

Specially in non-communicable diseases

cardiovascular disease,

hypertension,

cancer,

diabetes mellitus,

mental disorder,

Tobacco Consumption,

alcoholism,

accident,

chronic lung disease,

Catrack, etc

Involvement of diseases like stroke.

(a) Cardio Vascular Disease:

Ischemic heart disease is one of the main causes of death, which is generally increasing rapidly in economically developed countries and developing countries, and is estimated to be the single most important cause of death in India by 2015.
According to the WHO, an estimated 17 million people died from heart-related disease in 2005, accounting for 30% of global deaths. And about 80% of those deaths occurred in low and middle income countries like India. According to the World Health Federation, 35% of cardiovascular diseases in India occur between the ages of 35-64 years.

(b) Cancer:

Cancer has become an important health problem in India.

It is estimated that there are 25 lakh cases of cancer in the country with around 7-9 lakh estimated cases occurring every year. Half of the total cancer cases are tobacco-related cancers in males and 20% of tobacco-related cases are in females.

About 1 million tobacco-related deaths occur each year.
Approximately 50% of deaths in developing countries are caused by cancer. Breast cancer in women-20.01,
Cervical cancer-14.42 and ovarian cancer-5.6 were reported.
Currently India has more cases of oral cancer in the world as a result of tobacco chewing in its rural areas.

(c) Diabetes Mellitus:

India is often referred to as the “diabetes capital of the world” due to the high prevalence of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes. Rates of diabetes are increasing due to genetic predisposition, urbanization and dietary changes.

In 2011, it was estimated that 62.4 million people were affected by diabetes mellitus and there was an increase of almost 2 million in just 1 year.
In India, 77.2 million people are estimated to be pre-diabetic.
About 4.4 million Indians in their most productive years, between the ages of 20 and 79, do not know they have diabetes. In 2011, diabetes killed nearly one million people in India.
India’s rural population is more affected by diabetes (34 million), while urban population (28 million) is affected by diabetes mellitus. India ranks second after China.

(d) Mental Disorder:

Mental disorders account for 13% of the global burden of disease. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) the prevalence rate of schizophrenia is 1.1% of the total population in India while the overall lifetime rate of mental disorder in the total population is 10-12%.

(e) Tobacco consumption:

According to the National Family Health Survey-3, the prevalence of smoking among males and females aged 15-49 years was 32.7% and 1.4% respectively.

Among youth 40% male and 5% female use tobacco.
19% reported smoking cigarettes or bidi and 30% used pan rasala, gutkha or other tobacco.
Tobacco use in any form is a major cause of cancer, especially oral cancer in people who chew tobacco.

(f) Alcoholism:

The pattern of alcohol intake in India varies with geographical area. The highest incidence is in Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Goa and North-Eastern states where alcohol intake in mail is higher than rest of the country. Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Sikkim have higher rates of female alcohol intake. In 2005, the estimated number of alcohol consumers was 62.5 million, of which 10.6 million are alcohol addicts in India.

(G) Accident:

According to WHO, road accidents in India have increased from 1.32 lakh (in 2010) to 1.43 lakh (in 2011).
During 1990-2000 the number of deaths due to accidents was 47% of which 93% were due to unnatural causes, 7% due to natural causes.
The death rate due to accidents in the under 14 age group was 8.2%; 15-44 years were 62%, 45-59 years 20% and above 60 years age group was 9.2%.

(h) Chronic Lungs Disease:

Chronic lung diseases include conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, which are exacerbated by air pollution and tobacco use.

(I) Catrac:

In India, more than 12 million people are blind. 19.70% cases have refractive error. Cataract surgery with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation has increased significantly from less than 5% in 1994 to 95% in 2011–12.

(j) Strokes:

The increase in coronary heart disease and stroke in India is mainly seen in urban communities than in rural communities. Cardiovascular disease, mainly heart disease and stroke, was the cause of death in 17.5 million individuals.
After heart disease, stroke is the second leading cause of death with 5.8 million fatal cases each year, 40% of which are in people under the age of 70. About 12% of strokes occur in the population under the age of 40. The number of stroke cases in India has increased by 17.5% in the last few decades.

3) Nutritional problem:

Among the major nutritional problems within India,

PEM (Protein Energy Malnutrition),

nutritional anemia,

No Birth Weight Babies,

Xerophthalmia (nutritional blindness),

Iodine Deficiency Disorder,

latherism,

Involvement of fluorosis occurs.

a)PEM (Protein Energy Malnutrition):

Protein energy malnutrition is a problem caused by protein and calorie deficiency and is caused by underconsumption of food.

There are generally two types of protein energy food nutrition.

1) Quasiorkor

Which is seen due to protein deficiency.

2) Marasmus

It is seen due to deficiency of calories.

Thus, due to the deficiency of protein and calories, the child’s weight is less in proportion to his age.
Protein energy mal nutrition occurs from insufficient food or food gap.
This problem is seen in every state of India.
But nutritional marasmus is more common than quasiorchor.

(b) Nutritional anemia:

Nutritional anemia is usually caused by inadequate nutritious diet.
Generally, 60 to 80% of women develop anemic conditions due to vitamin B12 deficiency.
Adult girls are more common.

(c) Low Birth Weight Babies:

Low birth weight babies are more common in developing countries where babies weigh less than 2.5 kg at birth and have maternal malnutrition or anemic conditions as the main cause.

(d) Xerophthalmia:

Xerophthalmia Means Dry Ice This is a medical condition in which tears are not produced in the ice. This condition is usually seen due to deficiency of vitamin A (Av) and mainly this condition is seen in children below 1 to 3 years of age.

(e) Iodine deficiency disorders:

Iodine deficiency causes goiter which is an enlargement of the thyroid gland which is located in the neck. 71 million people in India are affected by goiter.

(f) Latherism:

Latherism is caused by a particular type of mollusk. In which this type of problem is seen especially from fennel saffron dal (Lathyrus sativus). In which weakness, muscular spasm, weakness and paraplegia are seen. In India, this problem is especially seen in states like Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar.

(h) Fluorosis:

Fluorosis is caused by excessive fluoride content in drinking water.Fluorosis is also a major health problem in India.In India, it is found in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Rajasthan, Kerala, Jharkhand.

4) Environmental Problem:

Environmental problems are mainly seen due to two reasons.

(I) Lake of Safe Drinking Water,

(II) Improper sanitation method for excreta disposal

Mainly soil pollution and water pollution are seen due to these two reasons.

At present, 95% of safe water is found in urban areas and 79% in rural areas.

And the facilities for excreta disposal are found in 61% in urban areas while only 15% in rural areas due to which soil pollution occurs.

Apart from this, environmental pollution is seen in urban areas due to vehicle fumes, improper disposal of waste products from factories, which affects people’s health.

5) Medical Care Problem:

It is seen that medical care is more developed in urban areas than in village areas.

In urban areas, due to overcrowding in hospitals, inadequate staff and lack of adequate amount of drugs and medicine also affect people’s health.

While 80% of the population in rural areas believe on the Indian system of medicine along with inadequate health resources affecting the health of the people.
Lack of proper distribution of health care services in urban and rural areas also affects people’s health.

Due to lack of sufficient manpower, material, money, and inadequate health services in the village, health problems are created due to which morbidity and mortality are seen.

6) Population Problem:

Population problem is one of India’s biggest health problems which affects many aspects of development including, employment, education, housing, health care sanitation and environment.

After China, India comes second in population.

People migrate from rural to urban areas to get more facilities due to which population density increases in urban areas.

Thus, health problems are seen in India like this.

c. Write down occupation hazards in detail. 06

Occupational Hazards:

Occupation hazards involve a wide range of risks that workers may experience depending on their specific job role and environment.
Occupation hazards are potential risks or hazards that health care workers are exposed to.
Exposure occurs in the workplace environment.
These hazards arise from different aspects of the workplace such as,
physical condition,
Chemical Materials,
Involvement of biological agents, psychological factors, and mechanical hazards etc., these factors pose a risk to the health, safety and well-being of the works and if proper precautions and safety measures are not taken, injuries, illnesses or even loss of life may occur. can

Occupation workers may be exposed to the following hazards:

1) Physical Hazards,

2) Chemical Hazards,

3) Biological Hazards,

4) Mechanical Hazards,

5) Psychological Hazards.

1) Physical Hazards:

Physical hazard is caused by exposure to heat and cold. Workers are those who come in direct exposure to high temperature of sun like farmers, builders, laborers etc.

Even within valleys with high temperatures, such as the Kottar Gold Valley in Mysore, some industries will have local ‘hot spots’ of ovens and furnaces that radiate heat such as bakeries, metal works, asbestos factory engine rooms, etc.
Effects of high temperature include extreme heat, heat allergy, heat exhaustion, muscle cramps.

Many workers are exposed to low temperatures like ice factories, high altitudes, cold storage, cold laboratories etc. This worker may experience chills (when excessive exposure to cold causes pain, itching, and swelling in hands and feet due to poor blood supply), erythrocyanosis and respiratory difficulties.

Hi humidity:

High humidity, along with exposure to extreme temperatures in industries such as textile, paper and ice factories, exacerbates the effects of heat and cold.

Noise:

Loud noise is produced in steel, oil, textile and automobile factories. Loud noise is harmful to health. Its effects depend on the intensity and duration of exposure to loud noise. Loud noise can cause fatigue, nervousness, irritation and partial or complete hearing loss.

Light:

Works may come into contact with poor or glaring and bright light. Poor light causes eye strain and pain, eye fatigue, headache. Blurring and bright lights cause discomfort, blurring of vision, irritability and visual fatigue.

Vibration:

Vibration occurs while working on machines like grinding, cutting, drilling, boring machines etc. Vibration can cause fatigue, nervousness and local effects such as hand and joint injuries.

Radiations:

Exposure to radiation from X-rays and radioactive isotopes can cause skin and blood cancer, which can result in genetic changes, malformations, sterility etc. A person working in radiology department, working in watch factories, ammunition factories come in contact with ionizing radiation. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation such as during welding causes conjunctivitis and keratitis. Ultraviolet radiation can cause sunburn. Road builders, sailors, shepherds and farmers can be affected by ultraviolet radiation.

2) Chemical Hazards: Factories use some or other chemicals. Chemicals work in 3 ways.

1) Local action: Some chemicals can cause conditions like dermatitis and eczema.

2) Inhalation: Inhalation of gases and vapors can cause respiratory disease.

3) Ingestion

Mercury, lead, arsenic, zinc, chromium and cadmium, phosphorus etc. cause various diseases.

Types of Witch are Hazardous

Gases like carbon monoxide, ozone, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and cyanide etc.

Fumes and vapors from various types of acids, mercury vapour, etc.

Mistus (mist) Mist from the electroplating industry.

•Dust: Small particles broken down by crushing and grinding of rock, ore, metal wood etc.

Chemical agents that are harmful to the skin, respiratory system and gastrointestinal interstitial system.

Skin problems involve dermatitis, eczema, urticaria, ulcers and cancer etc.

Respiratory problems include various types of pneumoconiosis. Silicosis due to quartz dust,
Anthracosis due to coal dust,
Byssinosis due to cotton dust,
Asbestosis due to asbestos dust,

Shortness of breath due to carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen

Various pungent gases like cyanide chlorine, ozone, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide can cause throat irritation. Asbestos, beryllium, coal tar, mineral oil can cause lung cancer.

3) Biological Hazards:

Biological hazards are caused by infectious and parasitic agents like viruses, rickettsia, bacteria. Due to this, hookworm infestation can also occur in farmers. Leptospirosis can occur in workers working in valleys.

Various zoonotic diseases like brucellosis, mycotic infections, parasitic infections and anthrax can occur in tanning factories, veterinary hospitals and dispensaries, zoos, circuses, agricultural workers, butcher houses etc.

Health workers working in hospitals/dispensaries may be exposed to patient infections such as tuberculosis, tuberculosis, HIV and serum hepatitis etc.

4) Mechanical Hazards: Various accidents and injuries may occur due to unprotected machines and their protruding and moving parts and machines with low safety may cause partial and permanent disability.

5) Psychological Hazards:

Different types of maladjustment problems like lack of proper job satisfaction,

A person cannot adjust properly due to insecurity, frustration and environmental tension. Due to this condition, physical health problems such as increased blood pressure, indigestion, insomnia,

Conditions like loss of appetite and hardburn may occur.

Thus, it is important to take measures to prevent these types of hazards in workers by identifying them early and properly.

d. Functions of D.G.H.S. 04 Write the functions of Directorate General of Health Services.

Functions of the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS):

The Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) acts as the principal advisor to the Central Government on medical and public health matters. The Health Service appoints a Director who is assisted by Additional Directorate General of Health Services, Deputy Officers and other administrative staff.

There are three main units of the Directorate.

1) Medical Care and Hospitals,

2) Public Health,

3) General Administrative.

Functions of Director General Health Services (DGHS)

The Director General of Health Services has two main functions.

1) General Function,

2) Specific function

1) General Function:

1) Survey,

2) Planning,

3) Coordination,

4) Programming,

5) Appraisal of all health matters in the country.

1) Survey:

DGHS conducts surveys and assessments to collect data on public health indicators, disease prevalence, care needs and demographic trends.

These surveys help to understand the health status of the population and inform health and programs.

2) Planning:

After conducting the survey and finding other data, the Director General of Health Services (DGHS) plans the strategies of health care services.

It involves developing long-term and short-term plans to improve healthcare infrastructure, effectively allocate resources and reduce health issues.

3) Coordination:

Director General Health Services (DGHS) coordinates activities with various health departments, agencies and stakeholders.

Due to this, it can be ensured that health programs are implemented effectively, duplication of efforts can be prevented, and utilization of resources can be optimized.

4) Programming:

Development and implementation of health programs and initiatives is the main function of DGHS.

In which, for prevention of DCs, promotion of health, maternal and child health, vaccination campaigns and other public health interventions.
including the creation of programs for

5) Appraisal of all health matters in the country:

DGHS conducts assessments and evaluations to assess the effectiveness, impact and compliance of health programs and policies.

Regular assessment helps identify strengths, weaknesses and areas for improvement in the health care system.

2) Specific Functions:

1) International Health Relations and Quarantine.

2) Control of Drug Standards

3) Medical store depots

4) Post Graduation Training

5) Medical Education

6) Medical Research

7) Central Government Health Scheme

8) National Health Programme

9) Central Health Education Bureau (C.H.E.B.)

10) Health Intelligence

11) National Medical Library Management

Explanation:

1) International Health Relations and Quarantine

Directly manages the country’s major ports and international airports, maintains health relations with various countries and exchanges information and plays an important role in controlling the spread of diseases.

2) Control of Drug Standard:

Maintains quality and standard of medication under the supervision of Drug Controller. Proper production and distribution of medicines by Central and State Government Officers as per set standards.

It also checks the quality of drugs as per the Drug Act of 1940.

3) Medical Store Depots:

The central level runs major medical depots such as Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Guwahati, Karnal, Hyderabad which distribute and manage the medical equipment etc. as required by the states in their area. They produce cheap and quality medicine and supply it as needed.

4) Post Graduation Training:

Different National Medical Institutes are responsible for imparting Post Graduation (P.G. Course) training to different health persons in which,

All India Institute of Medical Sciences at (AIIMS)- New Delhi.

All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health – Kolkata.

All India Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences- Bangalore.

National Tuberculosis Institute- Bangalore.

Central Research Institute- Kasauli.

National Institute of Communicable Diseases-Delhi.

National Institute of Health and Family Welfare Fair- New Delhi.

Rajkumari Amrit Core (RAK) College of Nursing – New Delhi.

Post Graduation Institute of Medical Education- Chandigarh.

5) Medical Education:

Direct management of various medical colleges viz.

Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated SSK and KSC,

Maulana Azad Medical College,

Medical College Puducherry & Goa Apart from these medical colleges, there are many medical colleges in India which are provided guidance and support by the Centre.

6) Medical Research:

Medical research in the country is mostly organized by the Indian Council of Medical Research (I.C.M.R = founded in 1911) New Delhi.

Provides economic and other assistance in research into human diseases and their causes, treatment, survey and prevention. All kinds of funds are provided by the Union Ministry of Health.

It operates various research institutes in the medical field such as:

Cancer Research Centre- Chennai,

Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre- Chennai,

Virus Research Centre- Pune,

National Institute of Nutrition at -Hyderabad.

7) Central Government Health Scheme (C.G.H.S): which provides insurance cover under which help is available in various accidents, diseases and death etc.

8) National Health Programme: The National Health Program runs programs which require funds of crores of rupees and usually cannot succeed without central assistance, very important work of planning, guidance and coordination is done by this department.

9) Central Health Education Bureau (C.H.E.B): It does an excellent job of preparing health education to create awareness about health among the people which also plans to provide different types of training to health workers at different levels.

10) Health Intelligence: Health Intelligence provides information regarding health in all state and international agencies.

11) National Medical Library: The National Medical Library was declared in 1966 whose main objective is to bring advancement in medical health and allied sciences and its main objective is to exchange professional books, journals and medical reports etc.

🔸OR🔸

🔸 a. Define primary health care & write down principles of primary health.
Define primary health care and write its principles. 06

Definition of Primary Health Care,

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PRINCIPLES

Definition of Primary Health Care:

Primary health care is an essential health care that is made universal that should be accessible to everyone and the care should be acceptable through full participation of everyone and primary health care in the community and the country at cost. It should be able to handle.

Concept:

Primary health care should be universally accessible to all citizens of a country.

Primary health care should be affordable in the country and community.

• Should be available to all irrespective of rural, urban, rich or poor community.

•> Principles of Primary Health Care:

There are mainly 5 principles of primary health care.

1) Equitable Distribution,

2) Community Participation,

3) Appropriate technology,

4) Focus on Prevention,

5) Intersectoral coordination

1) Equitable distribution: Health services and resources should be distributed equally in the community. Primary health care should be available to all without any discrimination of caste, creed and gender, religion, rich, poor, urban or rural. According to this principle, primary health care should be available to every individual, family and community. It is based on social justice. People living in rural areas are the main target of primary health care.

2) Community Participation:

Achieving the goal of primary health care without community involvement is difficult.

Continuous efforts should be made to involve the community in the planning, implementation, and maintenance of health services.

Local health workers of villages like Village Health Guide, Anganwadi Worker, Asha, Train Dai provide health services by overcoming any communication barrier and culture.
This is done in such a way that it is acceptable to the community.

3) Appropriate Technology: The technology used in primary health care should be scientifically sound, safe, socially acceptable, suited to local requirements and financially viable and available at the local level.
Ex: The use of ORS for the treatment of diarrhea is an example.

4) Focus on Prevention: The main focus of primary health care is not to treat disease but to prevent disease and promote health. Health education is emphasized through primary health care.

5) Intersectoral Coordination: Successful implementation of primary health care requires coordination of other sectors such as agriculture sanitation, housing, nutrition, public workers, communication and education etc.

Thus, primary health care involves mainly 5 principles.

b. Write down objectives of school health program. 04

Objectives of a School Health Program: A school health program has multiple objectives, the aim of which is to promote and maintain the health and well-being of students, thereby leading to improvements in their overall educational experience and outcomes.

The objects of the School Health Program are as follows:

1) Promotion of Health Education: To provide education to students on health related topics such as nutrition, physical activity, hygiene, mental health, substance abuse prevention and sexual health.

Improvement in education and awareness of students.

2) Prevention and Control of Disease:

Measures are taken to prevent and control communicable diseases in children (ex: vaccination, hygiene practices).

Screening of the child for common health issues like vision, hearing etc and early management of any DCs can be done.

3) Promotion of Mental Health:

To create awareness about child mental health and remove social stigma.

If the child has stress anxiety and any other mental problem, provide proper support to the child and take proper measures for its treatment.

4) Promotion of Healthy Behaviour: Advising the child to do proper physical activity like playing games, exercising, going for outdoor games etc. And educating the child for healthy eating habits like giving advice for adequate nutritive diet intake.

5) Environmental Health and Safety:

To ensure that the school environment is safe and clean in which,

Clean Drinking Water Sanitation Facility,

Safe playground etc. Involvement of students and providing education for accident prevention and safety measures.

6) Counseling and Support Services:

To provide proper counseling to the child who is going through personal and family issues. To provide support to the social and emotional development of the child through peer support group and counseling sessions.

7) Cooperation and Partnership:

Proper collaboration with families, community organizations, health care providers and government agencies can effectively enhance efforts for health promotion.

8) Other Objectives:

For positive health promotion of child.

For early detection of any health related problem in the child and to provide immediate referral services to the child.

Apprentice and control the communicable diseases occurring in the child.

To improve health awareness among children.

To provide a healthy environment to the child.

To provide proper hospital services to the children’s class teachers for early detection of any health problems such as eye, skin, ear and dental problems seen in the children.

To reduce morbidity rate in child. Accordingly, the objectives of the school health program have been formulated

c. Write down aspects of school health services. 06

Aspects/ Components of School Health Services:

A school health program involves different components to promote and maintain student health and well-being.

These services are essential to ensure that students have access to healthcare resources and support in the school setting.

Here, the main aspects of School Health Services are given:

1) Health Appraisal (Assessment) of School Children and School Personnel.

2) Treatment and follow up.

3) Prevention of Communicable Diseases.

4) Healthy school environment.

5) Nutritional Services.

6) First Aid and Emergency Care.

7) Mental health.

8) Dental health.

9) Eye Health.

10) Health Education.

11) Education of Handicapped Children.

12) Proper maintenance and use of school health records.

•>1) Health Appraisal (Assessment) of School Children and School Personnel:

In Health Appraisal (Assessment) health assessment is performed not only of students but also of teachers and other persons of the school.

Conduct periodic health check of children teachers and other total personnel.

First medical examination when a child is admitted to school and medical examination every four years after admission and then examination at the time of leaving school.

In that examination,

To collect a complete history of the child,

Perform a physical examination.

Child’s height, weight, teeth, speech, vision, hearing test.

Laboratory tests of the child including blood, urine and stool examination.

This responsibility usually rests with primary health care providers who carry out services in rural areas and are also responsible for providing treatment to children suffering from systemic infections, skin infections or pediculosis.

Conduct daily checkup of children by teachers in school health services and train school teachers for the same and refer children immediately if they have any health related complications.

In which, the following changes are observed by the school teachers:

dull face,

Any abnormality,

Coughing, sneezing, diarrhea.

Headache, fever, or chills,

Redwater ice formation,

sleepiness,

pain in body,

Scabies, pediculosis,

Symptoms of cold, nosia and vomiting may be seen.

If any such symptoms are observed, inform the health care personnel through the jail teacher to get the chala immediate medical service.

2) Treatment and follow up:

Giving advice about children treatment and follow-up to cure any defect found in children.

Inform the parents if any major illness is detected.

To provide treatment and regular follow up to the children by school health nurse and to provide proper care to the children.
Follow up visits to maintain child’s health.

3) Prevention of Communicable Diseases:

Communicable diseases are controlled by timely immunization. Communicable diseases in children can be prevented by properly planned immunization for the child.

To properly immunize the child as per National Immunization Schedule.

Properly maintain record of immunization as part of school health record and provide to child during school living time.

4) Healthy School Environment:

The school building and its environment play an important role in school health.

The school should be away from railway station, railway line, bus stand, market and cinema.

There should be one toilet facility for every 25 students which should be strengthened and arranged separately for boys and girls.

Schools should have safe and separate drinking water, wash basins and school kitchens.

Window size should be 25% of the floor area.

There should be white color classrooms.

Proper lighting facility should be available.

There should be a separate water source in the school.

The school should have a separate room (eating facility) for the mid-day meal program.

5) Nutritional Services:

Diet is important for a school child. It is important to provide nutritious food to children who are physically and mentally weak.

A nutritious diet should be taken for proper development of the child, it should contain adequate amount of calories and protein.
Many children suffer from malnutrition leading to blindness and anemia.
Malnutrition can be corrected by proper and adequate diet.
Properly vitamin A in nutrition

(A) Providing a rich diet.
Mid-day meal programs are essential to improve children’s health and prevent malnutrition.

6) First Aid and Emergency Care:

A first aid box should always be available in the school. So that situations like accidents, abdominal pain, expected situations like spot accidents, epileptic convulsions and diarrhea can be handled.

Teachers should be skilled in providing advice on first aid kits and drugs.

7) Mental Health:

Excessive burden of study and stress due to study causes mental illness.

Many mental health problems like juvenile delinquency, maladjustment etc. are common problems seen in children. For that, school children are helped by vocational counselor or psychologist.

8) Dental health: Children frequently suffer from dental diseases or defects and the treatment of such children is explained in the teeth clinic.

9) Eye Health:

School is responsible for early detection of refraction error, treatment of squint, myopia eye infection etc.

Children and Vitamin(A) Administration.

To provide basic eye health services in schools.

10) Health Education:

Health education is very important for school children. Through it, awareness can be created by providing health matter related information. Adults can be developed in children and health behaviors can be changed.
Child’s attitude towards health can be changed through health education.

Health education is a key element of school health services.

Health education can provide advice on personal hygiene, environmental health, nutrition, prevention and control of communicable diseases, first and emergency care and home nursing. And parents can be given health education about reproductive health and psychological problems.

School teachers can educate children about healthy habit practices through demonstrations, and provide proper education to children about maintenance of high standard of cleanliness in schools, provision of safe water supply, good drainage system.

Education should be need wise planned and organized, aim and objective should be achievable.

11) Education of Handicapped Children. To provide education to handicapped children

12) Proper maintenance and use of school health records.

To maintain proper records about the care provided to the children in the school.

It records the child’s name, date of birth, parents’ names, etc.

A child’s past history, physical examination, and screening tests are also recorded in the child’s record.

By maintaining proper records, information can be obtained if the child needs further treatment or has any other health related condition.

By comprehensively addressing these aspects, school health services play an important role in promoting students’ health, safety and academic success, thereby contributing to their overall well-being and future safety.

d. Write down responsibilities of D.P.H.N. 04
d. P. Write the responsibilities of H.N.

Responsibilities of DPHN (District Public Health Nurse):

“A PHN is a nurse who has additional qualifications for nursing responsibilities in the community and is most directly concerned with providing health education and care to individuals and families in the community.”

District Public Health Nurse General at every district level plans every activity along with CDHO (Chief District Health Officer).

The main responsibility of the District Public Health Nurse is to monitor Primary Health Center (PHC), Community Health Center (CHC) and Sub Centers.

Apart from this, the main following functions are performed by the District Public Health Nurse:

Managerial Role,

supervisory role,

Educational Role,

General Roll

••> Managerial Role:

He is responsible for the implementation of policies and programs designed for nursing in the district.

Nursing Administration:

He is an important member of the Selection and Recruitment Committee, he is also responsible for in-service training, promotion, leave, and retirement as he sends recommendations to the District Medical Officer regarding the above tasks.

She participates in preparing budgets for nursing services, equipment and materials

He is responsible for forwarding the annual report, working report etc., which are received from the nursing personnel.

It evaluates the performance of nursing personnel working in the district.

It organizes, directs and develops community health nursing and midwifery services in the district.

He participates in all relevant discussions of health services in the district.

He will interpret the nursing and midwifery services in the district along with the District Health Officer and Zilla Parishad.

•Supervisory Role:

He visits from time to time and supervises the nursing personnel and health workers.

It has also taken disciplinary action.

It passes instruction in different nursing departments of the district to develop good cooperation, coordination and qualities in nursing services.

It emphasizes on improving the standard of patient care in the district to achieve high quality services in that district.

It is also responsible for nursing audits.

It monitors the activities of every health worker under its purview and provides guidance as needed to improve health services.

•Educational Role:

He visits nursing educational institutes (nursing colleges, schools and clinical areas) in the district from time to time and observes whether quality training i.e. theory and practical is provided to the students. .

It improves the standards of nursing students and nursing education by arranging health related workshops and conferences.

It conducts in-service educational programs.

Arranges Orientation Programme.

Arranges training programs for female health workers.

Also arranges the training program of Dice.

Also arranges training program for students of Health Health Center in rural field.

General Role:

She participates at the state level as the nursing representative of the district.

It cooperates with other institutions and organizations to improve the quality of nursing care.

It also organizes workshops, seminars, and discussions for nursing.

It also works to anchor nursing research.

Thus, the District Public Health Nurse (DPHN) has the following responsibilities

⏩Q-2 Write Short Notes (Any Five) (5×5-25)

1. ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) i. C. d. S.

Introduction:

ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) is one of the most important services for child welfare.

ICDS was launched on 2 October 1975. In which there were 33 projects in all over the country in which 4 urban areas, 19 rural and 10 tribal areas were involved.

ICDS is a program in which growth and development of 3 to 6 year old children is done by providing a natural joyful and simulating environment through Anganwadi.

ICDS provides basic education to the child.

In this service,

• Supplementary Nutrition,
• Immunization,
  •Health Checkup,
  •Medical Referral Services,

nutrition,

• Health Education for Women,
• Child up to 6 years
  Non Formal Education,
  And pregnant and nursing mothers of rural, urban, slum and tribal areas are also involved in this scheme.
  Preventive and Developmental Aids are taken up in Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS). Objectives:

1) To improve the nutritional status of children aged 0-6 years.

2) Children can have proper psychological, physical and social development.

3) To reduce the mortality rate, morbidity rate, malnutrition and school drop out rate of children.

4) Effective coordination with different departments working for the development of children.

5) To enhance mother’s capability and child’s nutritional needs through proper nutrition and health education.

Scheme of Funding:

The Central Government provides 50% of the expenditure to the States and Union Territories.

These services are provided at Anganwadi Center, Sub Center, Primary Health Center (PHC) Community Health Center (CHC).

in which,

Population norms for establishment of Anganwadi Center (AWC) and Mini-AWC have been revised to cover all habitations.

The revised standards are:

1) An Anganwadi Center for a population of 400-800.

2) Two Anganwadi Centers for 800-1600 population.

3) Three Anganwadi Centers for 1600-2400 population.

Then one AWC for a population of up to 800. Mini AWC – A mini AWC for 150-400 population.

For Tribal/ Desert/ Hilly Area:

An AWC for a population of 300-800,

A mini AWC for 150-300 population.

Administrative Unit:

Anganwadi workers from local area under Integrated Child Development Services.

One supervisor supervises about 20 to 25 anganwadi workers while four supervisors supervise about 100 anganwadi workers.

Delivery Service:

• 1) Supplementary Nutrition,
• 2) Nutritional Health Education,
• 3) Immunization,
• 4) Health Checkup,
• 5) Pre School Non Formal Education,
• 6) Referral Services,

•>1) Supplementary Nutrition:

Target Group:
Children between 0-6 years,
pregnant woman,
lactating woman,
Expectant Mother.

Services Provided by:
Anganwadi Worker (AWW),
Anganwadi Helper.

In this,

Supplementary feeding is provided.
•Growth monitoring is done.

• Worked for prophylaxis of vitamin-A deficiency.
  •Also works to control nutritional anemia. A survey is conducted in the community to identify pregnant women and children. Supplementary nutrition is provided 300 days in a year. Growth monitoring and nutritional surveillance are also two activities carried out. For that growth chart is monitored. This growth chart is helpful in detecting the nutritional status. A child below 3 years of age is measured once a month and a child of 3-6 years of age is measured four times during the year. Severely malnourished children are provided with special care and referred for better medical services.

2) Nutritional Health Education (NHED):

• Target group
• Women (15-45) years. Services provided by
• Anganwadi Worker (AWW)
• Auxiliary Nurse and Midwife (ANM),

Medical Officer (MO). Nutrition and health education is a key element of an anganwadi worker’s work. In Nutrition and Health Education (NHED) to build the capacity of women in the same group between 15 to 45 to provide them with education about their own health development needs and child and family care. Health education on nutrition is provided to every pregnant and lactating mother and nursing and expectant mothers are given the highest priority.

3) Immunization:

• Target group
• A child below the age of 6 years,
• pregnant mother,
• Lactating mother. Services provided by
• Auxiliary Nurse and Midwife (ANM),

Medical Officer (MO) Immunization is specially given to pregnant women and children to prevent 6 killer diseases. The six killer diseases like diphtheria,

Pertussis, tetanus, polio, hepatitis B and measles are involved. By providing vaccine, morbidity mortality, disability, and malnutrition seen in children due to these major diseases can be prevented.

Immunization of pregnant women against TT prevents rates of maternal and neonatal tetanus.

4) Health Checkup:

• Target group
• A child below six years of age,
• pregnant women,
• Lactating Woman. Services provided by Auxiliary Nurse and Midwife (ANM),
• Medical Officer (MO),
• Anganwadi Worker (AWW). In it, care is provided to antenatal mother, poster mother for children under six years of age.
• Various health services are provided by Anganwadi workers, PHC staff.
• Among them, regular health checkup,
• immunization,
• Management of Malnutrition,
• Treatment of Diarrhea,
• deworming,
• Medicine Distribution,
• Antenatal-Postnatal Checkup,
• Iron and folic acid supplementary medication,
• Services to treat respiratory tract infections,
• This type of service is provided. It also provides services of prophylaxis against deficiency of vitamin A and anemia.

5) Pre School Non Formal Education:

• Target group
• Children from three to six years. Service provided by
• Anganwadi Worker(AWW). Non-formal pre-school education is an important component. Pre-School Education (PSE) is the backbone of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS).
• These services are provided by Anganwadi Centers.

6) Referral Services:

• Target Group:
• A child below six years of age,
• pregnant woman,
• Lactating Mother Services Provided by Auxiliary Nurse and Midwife (ANM),
• Medical Officer (MO),

Anganwadi Worker (AWW). While doing health checkup and growth monitoring of children, sick and malnourished children and children who require immediate medical attention are identified and referred to Primary Health Center (PHC) and sub-centres. The Anganwadi Worker (AWW) prepares a list of children with disabilities detected and creates a special register for the same and refers such children for further treatment. Thus, Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) play a crucial role in assessing maternal and child health issues, reducing malnutrition and promoting childhood development.

2.Bhore Committee

Morning Committee:

Introduction:

The Bhor Committee was appointed by the British Government of India in 1943 to survey the present health condition and health organization in India and make recommendations for its future development and was chaired by Sir Joseph Bhor. He was a pioneer of public health. They met regularly for two years and submitted their report in 1946.

The Bhor Committee was established in “1946”. Its founder was “Sir Joseph Bhor”, hence it is called Bhor Committee.

Bhor Committee is known as “Health Survey and Development Committee”.

Recommendation: The Committee forwarded a comprehensive proposal for the first time for the development of the National Program of Health Services.

The important recommendations of the Bhor Committee were:

Integration of preventive and curative services at all administrative levels.

Development of Primary Health Center in two stages:

• 1) Short term measures
• 2) Long term measures

1) Short Term Measures: To provide a Primary Health Center (PHC) covering a population of 40,000 in each rural area.

In Primary Health Center (PHC),

Doctors : 2,

Public Health Nurse : 4,

Nurse : 1,

Midwife : 4,

Train Dai : 4,

Sanitary Inspector : 2,

Health Assistance : 2,

Pharmacist : 2,

Class IV Employees: 15.

will be administered by

Also Secondary Health Centers are envisaged to provide support to the Primary Health Center (PHC) and to coordinate and supervise its functions.

2) Long Term Measures:

• 3 million scheme to set up centers (PHCs) with 75 bedded hospitals for every 10,000 and 20,000 population is also called.
• Preparation of 650 bed hospital as secondary health unit and 2500 bed hospital at district level.
• Major changes to be made in medical education including provision of three months training in preventive and social medicine to prepare social physicians.
• Establishment of Village Health Committee for better coordination and support in the development programme.
• A District Health Board will be established with representation from the public and District Health Officials.

🔸 3. WHO (World Health Organization) doubled. H. O

Introduction:
WHO:

World Health Organization (WHO)

It is a specialized non-political health agency of the United Nations. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

WHO (World Health Organization) was started on 7 April 1947, in which 7 April is celebrated every year as World Health Day. The theme of World Health Day is chosen every year to focus on a specific aspect of public health.

Aim

Every human being should be provided with their fundamental and vital health care.

Eradication of poverty and diseases.

Every human being should have full enjoyment of his fundamental rights of health.

Objectives:

The main objective of WHO is that every person should attain the highest standard of health.

It is their fundamental right that every person should achieve a high standard of health without any discrimination of caste, religion, politics and social status.

WHO’s current objective is to achieve health for all the world’s people that permits them to lead socially and economically productive lives.

ic Achieving ‘Health for All’ through Primary Health Care.

WHO (WHO) is the UN. is unique among specialized agencies; It has its own constitution, its own governing body, its own membership and its own budget. It is a part of the United Nations but not subordinate.

Two major policy developments have influenced the WHO.

1) First Alma-Ata Conference in 1978 on Primary Health Care, which provided both WHO and UNICEF a common charter for health.

2) The Global Strategy for Health for All by 2000 AD and more recently the Millennium Development Goals.

Membership

• Any country in the world can become a member of WHO. It is open to all countries. Most of the countries are members of WHO as well as UN. Each member country has to pay an annual budgetary contribution and is entitled to the services and assistance that the organization can provide. In 1948, WHO had 56 members and now WHO has 194 State Members and two Associate Members.
• Territories which are not responsible for conducting their international relations may be admitted as Associate Members. Associate members take participation in WHO discussions without vote.

Organization of WHO:

WHO has mainly three wings.

• 1) World Health Assembly
• 2) Executive Board,
• 3) Secretary

1) World Health Assembly
The World Health Assembly is the organization’s highest administrative wing, the supreme governing body or the nation’s health parliament.

Functions of World Health Assembly:

• Formulation of international health policies and programmes.
• Collects a review of the activities done in the previous year.
• To approve the current year’s budget.
• To elect members to the Executive Board.
• The World Health Assembly is composed of representatives from each member country and meets once a year.
• 2) Executive Board: The Executive Board is constituted by health experts from member countries. There are 31 members in the board. Its meeting is held twice a year. One-third of the members are renewed each time.

Functions of Executive Board:

• To strengthen decisions and policies passed and approved by the World Health Assembly.
• The Board is empowered to take independent decisions during emergencies such as epidemics, earthquakes and floods.

3) Secretarial:

• This wing works under the Director General who is the Chief Technical Advisor and Executive of the Organization. The Director General has five deputies and a staff of about 5000 persons.
  Under Secretarial, there are 14 departments like Survey, Communicable Diseases, Health Education, Environment, Budget and Finance etc.
• Functions of Secretariat
• To provide technical and managerial assistance to Member States in their National Health Development Programmes.

Regional Organization:

The Regional Organizations of WHO are:

• 1) South East Asia,
• 2) Africa,
• 3) America,
• 4) Europe,
• 5) Western Pacific,
• 6) Eastern Mediterranean.

Budget of World Health Organization (WHO): Each member state contributes a fixed amount to WHO based on its size and national health. This amount is the main financial base of the organization.

Functions of World Health Organization:

• 1) Prevention and Control of Specific Diseases.
• 2) Development of Comprehensive Health Services.
• 3) Family Health.
• 4) Environmental Health.
• 5) Health Statistic.
• 6) Bio medical research.
• 7) Health Literature and Information.
• 8) Cooperation with other organization.

1) Prevention and Control of Specific Diseases:

• WHO works to prevent and control specific diseases globally through initiatives such as vaccination campaigns, disease surveillance, and dissemination of best practices for disease management.
• In which measures are taken to prevent communicable and non-communicable diseases.
• Like, providing proper immunization to prevent the child from diseases.

2) Development of Comprehensive Health Services:

• WHO promotes the development of comprehensive health services by providing technical guidance and support to countries to strengthen their health systems, ensure access to essential health services and promote global health coverage.
• It includes measures to promote comprehensive health services in other nations and countries. H.O. taken by.

3) Family Health:

• WHO focuses on the health of the family by advocating for maternal and child health, promoting family planning services, ensuring proper access to reproductive health services, and addressing issues related to adolescent health.
• Since 1970, family health has been a major program in the activities of the World Health Organization.
• By further sub-dividing family health into maternal and child health care,
• Human reproduction, nutrition and health education are involved.
• The main focus of family health is usually to improve their quality of life.

4) Environmental Health:

• WHO works to reduce environmental health problems through education and setting guidelines for air quality, water quality, sanitation and waste management.
• It works to reduce environmental risks to human health and promotes sustainable development practices.

5) Health Statistic:

• The World Health Organization provides assistance to countries for the planning, operation and improvement of medical records and national health information systems.
• WHO collects, analyzes and disseminates health related data and statistics globally. This involves monitoring health trends, evaluating health inequalities and providing evidence-based information for policy making and allocation of resources.

6) Bio Medical Research:

• WHO promotes biomedical research by supporting biomedical research, promoting collaboration between researchers and institutions globally, and facilitating the translation of research findings into public health policies and practice.

7) Health Literature and Information:

• WHO produces health literature and information resources, including guidelines, reports, publications, and education materials.
• These resources are disseminated to government health care workers and the public to promote health literature and informed decision making.

8) Cooperation with Other Organizations:

• The World Health Organization maintains working relationships in collaboration with the United Nations and other specialist agencies.
• The World Health Organization also establishes relationships with many international organizations.

Activities of World Health Organization:

• Eradication of Malaria.
• Control of tuberculosis and communicable diseases.
• Reproductive and Child Health.
• Health Laboratory Services.
• Health Statistics.
• Medical Rehabilitation.
• Public Health Administration.
• Quality Control of Drugs.
• Health.Etc in Medical and Nursing Education

🔸4.Indigenous system of medicine in India –

India’s Indigenous System of Medicine:

The Indian system of medicine includes different branches like allopathy, Ayurvedic, homeopathic and different branches of medicine like Unani are involved.

Indigenous System of Medicine (ISM) or Indian System of Medicine is an ancient system of medicine practiced in India. Indigenous medicine is a natural form of medicine. Indigenous systems of medicine are traditional healing practices that have been used in some communities and cultures for centuries.

Major indigenous systems of medicine in India include: Indigenous systems of medicine involve AYUSH.

•>AYUSH : AYUSH was earlier known as the Indian System of Medicine in which,

A~>Aurve (Ayurveda),
Y~>Yoga,

U~>unani (Unani),
S~>Siddha
H~>Homeopathy

1) A~>Aurveda (Ayurveda): The word Ayurveda is derived from the Sanskrit word. Ayurveda is a word made up of two words namely,

Ayure ~>Life (Life),

Veda ~> science

Ayurveda means science of life.

The origin of Ayurveda is linked to the origin of the universe. Ayurveda is the four complex components, i.e. physical, mental, social and spiritual, that affect each other.

Health is considered a prerequisite for achieving the goals of life such as religion, meaning, work and salvation. The universe as well as the human body is made up of five basic elements collectively called the Pancha Mahabhutas. This is:

sky (ether)

air (air)

fire (fire)

apa (water)

earth (meaning)

The 6th important ingredient is Atma (life spirit) without which life ceases.

According to Ayurveda, health is a state of equilibrium of normal functions with body, mind and soul happy with Dosha, Dhatush, Mala and Agni. If this equilibrium is disturbed, it results in disease.

The fathers of Ayurvedic medicine are Charaka (Charaka Samhita- Book of Medicine) and Sushruta (Sushruta Samhita- Book of Surgery).

Diagnosis and Treatment:

In Ayurveda, the diagnosis of any disease is done keeping in mind different factors like age, caste, temperament rest, work pattern and diet pattern etc.

Therefore, diagnosis depends on health history and physical examination such as urine test and ice.

It involves personal hygiene, regular daily routine for disease prevention, adequate rest, sleep, balance diet, and curative treatment.

2) Y~>Yoga:

Yoga is an ancient science. It is described in the Vedas.

Yoga was proposed by Patanjali about 2500 years ago. It is a science that helps in effective coordination of body and mind.

Yoga promotes mental, physical, social and spiritual health. It also helps in the prevention and treatment of various psychosomatic disorders.

There are eight elements of yoga viz.,

Yama,

rule,

seat,

pranayama,

response,

assumption,

attention,

Samadhi

This is the involvement of the art component.

Due to yogic practices, there is improvement in the personal and social behavior of a person and at the same time an improvement is seen in the ability of a person to resist stressful situations.

Improves physical health and improves circulation of oxygenated blood in the body by controlling the sense organs and prevents psychosomatic disorders, thereby providing peace of mind and body.

A number of postures and yogic exercises have been described to help improve health, prevent disease and cure illness.

Meditation is one of the 8 elements of yoga. It is a mental exercise in which a person closes his sense organs to external simulations and directs the mind inwards and can direct the mind to perform more useful tasks. Yoga is becoming very popular. It is now being introduced in schools by the Ministry of Human Resource Development in a phased manner. It has also been introduced in many private schools.

Naturopathy:

Naturopathy is medicine that works on the laws of nature. which is usually closely associated with Ayurveda as both work on the same fundamental principals. In naturopathy, treatment is provided by majors like eating habit, living, habit, hydrotherapy, cold packs, bathing, massage which usually depends on the disease and its cause.

Naturopathy helps promote physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual health through self-regulation of life activities on a normal and natural basis. Following a naturopathic way of life requires strong will power, abilities, and proper discipline.

3) U~>unani (Unani):

Hippocrates
(377-460 BC) and the Unani system of medicine originates in Greece before Christ under the patronage of Galen. It was introduced to India by the Arabs and Persians around the eleventh century.
Although this system originated in Greece, it was adopted in countries as diverse as Arabia, China, Syria and India. It was in great demand among people. This system treated illness using naturally occurring herbs and ingredients of animal and marine origin.
This system is not only therapeutic but also works for prevention of diseases and health promotion.

Diagnosis and Treatment:

Diagnosis in Unani system is done by feeling the pulse, observation of urine, stool observation and color of skin and gait. The aim of treatment is to restore the body to its normal original state.

It is carried out in 4 forms, namely pharmacy therapy, diet therapy, regimental therapy and surgery.

Pharmacy uses therapeutic drugs. Regimental therapy consists of 12 methods for clear and uncomplicated disease and includes cupping, leaching, venesection, and sweat and hammam (bathing). These are drug-free remedies and have been found to be effective in diabetes, blood pressure, obesity, arthritis, migraines, etc. This system emphasized on developing the body’s defense mechanism and advocated 6 essentials, namely, rest, sleep, psychic movement, wakefulness, evacuation and retention.

Unani practitioners recommend immunization against diseases, a balanced diet, and general health habits.

4)S~>Siddha:

Siddha is one of the oldest medicines in India. Agastya is the father of Siddha medicine.

Siddha Means Achievement,

Siddha medicine was practiced by “siddharas” whose aim was to maintain perfect health to attain ‘siddhi’- a heavenly bliss. Siddha is practiced in Tamil speaking parts of India.

The basic philosophy of Siddha medicine is that man and environment are interconnected. It believes that all objects in the universe including human beings are made up of five elements namely earth, water, fire, air, and sky and ether. .

It considers food as the basic building material of the body in which food is converted into humors and waste products of the tissue, when equilibrium is maintained in this humor, then it is considered health and if any disturbance and imbalance is found, it causes diseases and Sickness may occur.

Diagnosis and Treatment:

In Siddha Medicine, pulse, eye, body color, digestive system status, urine and voice are studied to identify the causative factor of the disease.

It involves a complete assessment of the patient for treatment i.e. age, sex, habits, mental status, diet, appetite, physical condition, habits and environment. etc. are assessed.

Elements like mercury, silver, arsenic, lead and sulphur, etc. are used in Siddha medicine. It also includes minerals, plant and animal parts. This method of medicine is effective in treating chronic rheumatoid arthritis problems, anemia, peptic ulcers, bleeding piles, liver and skin diseases. Siddha system of medicine is therapeutic in nature.

5)H~>Homeopathy:

Homeopathy is based on the principle of “law of similia similibus curanter” or meaning that any substance capable of producing artificial symptoms in a healthy person can treat similar symptoms in a natural disease.

Similar observations were made as early as 400 BC by a physician from the time of Hippocrates. But during the 17th century, German physician Dr. These observations were thoroughly investigated and concluded by Samuel Hahnemann.

Dr. Samuel Hahnemann is known as the father of homeopathy. He was struck by the view that the effect of certain drugs, when taken in a healthy state, produced symptoms which the drug was known to cure in disease.

An example of this law—cinchona bark that contains quinine makes a person sick with symptoms that closely mimic intermittent fever, now called malaria. He wondered why cinchona did not work against intermittent fever and discovered that it caused symptoms that were indistinguishable from intermittent fever in healthy humans.

Based on this experiment, Hahnemann noted that no two substances produced the same set of symptoms; Instead each provoked its own unique pattern of symptoms.

Furthermore, the symptoms were not limited to the physical plane. Each substance tested affects the mind and emotions in addition to the body. Therefore, Hahnemann began to treat the sick on the principle of “let likes to be treated by likes”.

Homeopathy has effective treatment for individuals with chronic diseases like diabetes, arthritis, bronchial asthma, skin, allergy and immunological disorders, behavioral disorders, mental disorders and many other diseases. These services are provided by private practitioners working in government and non-government clinics, outpatient departments of hospitals.

There are more than a hundred homeopathy medical colleges across the country that teach graduation and undergraduate programs in homeopathy. A National Institute of Homeopathy has been established in Kolkata to carry out high standard training and research in Homeopathy.

5. Explain IUD (Intra Uterine Device)- I. U. d.

Introduction

• An intra-uterine device is a T-shaped small and flexible device that is inserted into the uterine cavity to prevent pregnancy.
• Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are a popular method of long-term contraception that has been involved in family welfare programs due to their effectiveness.
• The use of the Grafenberg Ring by Grafenberg in Germany in 1929 has led to the invention of many different types of devices which are mainly divided into two parts.

1) Copper IUD (Copper T)

• Description: Made of plastic and copper. Copper acts as spermicidal, and prevents fertilization.
• Duration is effective for 5-10 years, depending on the specific type.
• Examples: Copper T 380A, Multiload 375.

2) Hormonal IUD (LNG-IUD)

• Description: Made of plastic and releases levonorgestrel, which thickens cervical mucus, inhibits sperm, and thins the uterine lining.
• Effective for duration 3-5 years.
• Examples: Mirena, Skyla, Liletta, Kaylina.
• Intrauterine contraceptive device involves the following contraceptive devices.

• 1) lips loop
• 2) CU T 200 B
• 3) CuT 380 A,
• 4) Multiload Cu 250,
• 5) Multiload 375,
• 6) progestasert,
• 7) Levonorgestrel IUCD.

1) lippes loop:

• Lipis loop is a first generation intrauterine device Lipis loop is formed from polyethylene. And it is of double S ( S ) shape and a nylon thread is attached to it which remains in the vagina, which helps to remove the loop from the intrauterine cavity. It is in four sizes ie,
• Available in A,B,C & D.
• Lipase loop is nontoxic, reliable and stable. It can also cause perforation of the uterine wall. It contains a small amount of barium5 present which makes it visible in x-rays but is not currently used.

2) CU T 200 B:

• CU T 200 B is a widely used medicated device. In which a copper wire having a surface area of ​​215 sq mm is wound round the vertical stem of the device.
• The stem of the T-shaped device is made of a polyethylene frame. It consists of a monofilament of polyethylene which is tied to the end of the vertical stem.
• This device is removed after 4 years.
• CuT 200 B has 200 sq mm surface wire containing 120 mg copper and is removed after 3 years.

3) CuT 380 A:

• CuT 380 A It is Government Supply CuT 380 A. It consists of two solid copper slimes transverse arm with T shape device and copper wire on vertical stem.
• The total surface area of ​​copper is 380 Sq mm with 314 mm over the wire and 33 sq mm over each coppersleeve. It consists of monofilament white thread.
• It remains effective for about 10 years.

4) Multiload Cu 250:

• The device is available in a sterile packet with an applicator. It does not have an introducer or plunger available.
• The device releases 60-100 µg of copper per day over a period of one year. The device has to be replaced after 3 years.

5)Multiload 375:

• It has a surface area of ​​375 mm² copper wire around the vertical stem. Replacement is every 5 years

6)progesttasert:

• A bioactive core containing microcrystals of progestatron (38 Mg) enclosed within a plastic wall releases approximately 65 µg of progesterone daily into the uterine cavity. Release from the depot continues for one year only. Thus, it should be replaced after one year.

7) Levonorgestrel IUCD:

• This is a T-shaped device
• A polydimethylsiloxane membrane around the stem acts as a reservoir of the steroid. The total dose of levonorgestrel is 52mg which is released at a rate of 20 µg/day. This device is replaced every 5 years.

•>Mechanism of Action

1) Hormonal IUD
Releases copper ions, creating an environment inaccessible to sperm. Prevents fertilization of eggs by sperm. Can prevent implantation if fertilization occurs.

2) Hormonal IUD
Releases levonorgestrel to thicken cervical mucus, preventing sperm from entering the uterus.
Suppresses endometrial growth, making the lining of the uterine cavity unsuitable for implantation. Partially suppresses ovulation in some females.

Benefits

• Effective: More than 99% effective in preventing pregnancy.
• Long Lasting: Works as a contraceptive for many years.
• Reversible: Fertilization returns quickly after removal.
• Convenience: Little maintenance is required after insertion.
• Cost Effective: Economically viable.

Insertion and Removal

Insertion:
Performed by trained health care personnel. A pregnancy can usually be rolled out during the menstrual period or at any time.
In the procedure, the IUD is inserted through the cervix into the uterine cavity.

Removal
Can be done at any time by a healthcare provider.
Fertilization usually returns immediately after removal.

Common side effects

Camping pain during and after introduction.
Irregular building and sports especially during the first month.
Heavy menstrual bleeding.
Decreased or missed periods with a hormonal IUD.

Risk
Expulsion (the IUD coming out of the uterus).

Perforation (rarely, the IUD can puncture the wall of the uterus during insertion).

Infection (slightly increased risk of infection during the first few weeks after insertion).

Nursing Responsibility

Pre-Insurance Counselling

Explain to the patient the type of IUD device, its benefits and its side effects.

Ensuring that the patient fully understands the procedure, its effectiveness and duration.

Insertion Procedure

Assisting health care providers during the insertion period.

Ask the patient to take proper rest and provide reassurance.

If there is any kind of complication, it should be treated immediately.

Post insertion care

Provide education to the patient about the side effects of the intrauterine device properly.

Provide patient education about signs of complications such as pain fever, infection, severe discharge bleeding etc.

Advising the patient for proper follow up.

Thus, intrauterine devices (IUDs) are a popular method of long-term contraception.

6. Demographic cycle

Demographic Cycle:

Demos Means People
Graphene Means the Record.

Demography
The scientific study of human population and its elements ie size, composition and distribution is called demography. Demography means the scientific study of population.

Concept of Demography

Demography is a branch of science that studies human population with special provision on only three elements.

1) If there is any change in the size of the population i.e. the size increases or decreases.

2) Structure of Population (basic of age and size).

3) Geographical distribution based on state or territory.

There are mainly 5 stages of the demographic cycle.

1) First stage = high stationary stage,

2) Second Stage = Early Expanding,

3)Third Stage = Late Expanding,

4) Fourth Stage = Low Stationery,

5) Fifth Stage = Decline Stage

1) First Stage = High Stationary Stage: In the high stationary stage there are no changes in the size and composition of the population.

Birth Rate : ↑High
Death Rate : ↑High

Because it has high birth rate and high death rate i.e. both cancel each other and due to this the population remains stationary.

Until the mid-17th century, the world’s population was in this stage, and India was in this stage until the 1920s.

Ex: India in 1920

2) Second Stage = Early Expanding: In the second stage early expanding stage the death rate decreases as the health condition improves and the birth rate remains unchanged.

Birth Rate : ↑Unchanged
Death rate : ↓decline

In the early expanding stage the birth rate does not change but the death rate decreases due to which there is a slight increase in the size of the population.

The world population was in this stage from the middle of the 17th century to the middle of the 19th century. India was in this stage from 1921 to 1950

Ex: South Asia, Africa

3)Third Stage = Late Expanding: In the third stage late expanding stage the death rate declines slightly and the birth rate declines slightly.

Birth rate: ↓slide (slight) decline
Death rate :↓further decline

In the late expanding stage the birth rate declines a little while the death rate declines a little more but because the birth date is a little higher than the death rate, there is population growth.

Ex: China, Singapore and India

4) Fourth Stage = Low Stationary: In the fourth stage, low stationary stage, the birth date is low and the birth rate is also low, due to which the population is observed to be stationary (stable).

Birth Rate : ↓low
Death Rate : ↓low

In this stage there is stability in population due to low birth rate and death rate and this is usually seen mainly in developed and industrialized countries.

Australia recorded zero population growth during 1980-1985.

Ex:=Australia in 1980-1985.

5) Fifth Stage = Decline Stage: In the fifth stage decline stage, the birth date is further reduced while the date remains unchanged due to which a decrease in population is observed.

Birth Rate : ↓Further Lo
Death Rate : ↓Unchanged

Thus in this decline stage there is a decrease in population due to the decrease in birth date and death rate which is usually seen in Germany and Hungary.

Ex:= Germany and Hungary.

The demographic cycle helps explain how populations evolve and transition through different stages of development, affected by socio-economic factors, technological advancement and cultural changes.

7.Functions of Gram Panchayat

Functions of Gram Panchayats: Gram Panchayats, which are local self-governing bodies in rural areas of India, have several key functions aimed at grassroots governance and development.

Here are some of the primary functions of Gram Panchayats:

1) Local governance

2) Developmental tasks

3) Social Justice

4) Health and Education

5) Economic Development

6) Environmental protection

7) Welfare Programme

8) Revenue (Mehsul) generation

1) Local Governance:
Gram Panchayats are responsible for local governance and administration within their jurisdiction. They perform various administrative functions such as issuing birth and death certificates, maintaining local records and managing local resources.

2) Developmental Functions:
Gram Panchayats play a crucial role in local development. They are responsible for planning and implementing schemes related to infrastructure development including roads, water supply, sanitation, street lighting and local markets.

3) Social Justice:
Gram Panchayats are tasked with promoting social justice and ensuring equitable distribution of resources and opportunities in the community. They resolve local grievances and settle disputes through (mediation) mediation or arbitration.

4) Health and Education:
Gram Panchayats work to improve healthcare and education facilities in villages. They can establish and maintain primary health centers, schools and other educational institutions to cater to the local population.

5) Economic Development:
Gram Panchayats promote economic activities within the village. They can facilitate agricultural development, promote small-scale industries and support employment generation initiatives to improve the economic well-being of villagers.

6) Environmental Protection:
Gram Panchayats take steps for environmental protection and sustainable development. This includes managing local water bodies, promoting afforestation and implementing waste management practices.

7) Welfare Programme:
Gram Panchayats implement various welfare programs and schemes aimed at the welfare of the weaker sections of the society, including women, children, the elderly and differently-abled persons.

8) Revenue (Mehsul) Generation:
Gram Panchayats are empowered to collect certain local taxes, fees and revenues to fund their activities and developmental projects.

Gram Panchayats serve as important institutions for local governance and development in rural India, ensuring participatory democracy and decentralized decision-making at the grassroots level.

8. Uses of vital health statistics –

Uses of Vital Health Statistics:

Vital health statistics, which involve various data related to births, deaths, diseases and other health related events in a population, serve many important purposes in public health and health care management.

Here are the main uses of Vital Health Statistics:

1) Monitoring health trends:
Vital health statistics provide crucial information for monitoring trends in population health.
This involves changes in birth rate, death rate, fertility rate, life expectancy and prevalence of disease over time.
By analyzing these trends, health authorities can identify increasing health issues, evaluate the effectiveness of public health interventions, and allocate resources appropriately.

2) Epidemiological Studies:

Vital health statistics are fundamental to epidemiological research.
Because of this vital health statistic, epidemiologists can assess the distribution of any disease and its determinants in a particular population.
For example, data on disease incidence and mortality rates can reveal patterns of disease outbreaks, identify risk factors associated with certain diseases, and guide strategies for disease prevention and control.

3) Health Policy Formulation
Government and health organizations use vital statistics to inform health policy decisions.
For example, data on maternal and child health outcomes guide policy aimed at improving prenatal care and reducing infant mortality rates.
Similarly, statistics of chronic diseases influence the policy of preventive health services and health promotion initiatives.

4) Resource Allocation:
Vital health statistics assist in the allocation of health care resources.
By understanding the population’s health needs through data on disease prevalence, mortality rates, and use of health care services, policymakers can provide funding and prioritize health care services where they are most needed.

5) Health Service Planning and Evacuation:
A health system uses vital statistics for planning and evaluation of health care services.
For example, birth and death data help predict future health care demand, determine staffing levels for health care services, and evaluate the effect of health care interventions on health outcomes.

6) Public Health Surveillance:
Vital health statistics are important for public health surveillance systems.
Surveillance involves the ongoing collection, analysis and interpretation of health data to identify health risks, monitor disease trends and implement timely health resources.
Vital statistics form a key component of these surveillance efforts.

7) International Comparison:
Vital health statistics provide a facility for comparing health outcomes and health care systems across countries or regions.
This comparison can highlight disparities and identify best practices for health care services and support global health initiatives.

Overall vital health statistics are essential for making evidence-based decisions in public health, health care planning, and policy development that contribute to better health outcomes and improvements in population health.

⏩Q-3 (A) Fill in the blanks. 10

🔸 1.Covid-19 is spread through …… virus, coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

🔸2.Total……… international unit of vitamin ‘A’ solution is given up to 5 years of age. 17 lakh IU (International unit)

🔸3.PEM stands for…..PEM: Protein-Energy Malnutrition.

🔸4.RNTCP stands for….. The RNTCP: Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program).

🔸5.National Goiter Control Program was launched in…… 1962

🔸6.International Nurse’s day celebrated on……. 12 th May

🔸7.Malaria is transmitted by…….. … bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.

🔸8.Oral pills is …….method of family planning. Hormonal method.

🔸9…….test is used to detect chlorine in water. Orthotolidine test

🔸10.Farmer’s lung occurs due to inhalation of………Hay or grain dust.

⏩(B) State whether the following statements are True or False. 10

1.PPIUCD is introduced soon after delivery. ✅

2.BCG vaccine prevents diarrhea. ❌

(Reason:
(The BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine is used primarily to protect against TB (tuberculosis), not diarrhea.)

3. IFA tablet is given in anemia control program. ✅

4. Medical officer is a head of the PHC. ✅

5. There is ISI mark on standard edible items. ❌

(Reason: ISI mark is not commonly found on standards edible items in India. It is mainly used to certify industries and consumer products that conform to Indian standards set by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Edible in India Items are marked with the FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) mark, which indicates compliance with food safety and quality standards.)

6.The dinner is given to children under mid day meal program. Under the mid-day meal program, children are provided with meals every evening. ❌(Reason: Mid day meal program is called school lunch program i.e. not dinner but lunch is provided to the school going child.)

7. Census takes place every 10 years. years. ✅

8. Data regarding birth, death & marriage are called vital statistics. ✅

9. Condom prevents STD. Condom STD prevents ✅

10. ART is given to HIV patients. A patient with HIV should start ART. is given ✅

⏩(C) Write Multiple Choice Questions. Write the correct option from the following. 10

1.One CHC covers population in plain area –

a. 5000-6000

b. 20,000-30,000

с. 80,000-1,20,000

d. >1,20,000

2. Following is the health survey & planning committee.

a. Bhore committee.

b. Mudaliar committee.

c. Chadha committee.

d. Jain committee.

3.Target group for pulse polio immunization. Plus the target group for polio vaccination.

a. 0-1 year

b. 0-3 years

c. 0-5 years

d. 0-10 years

4. Natural method for contraception is – natural method of contraception.

a. Coitus interruptus

b. Breast feeding

c. Both A & B

d. Condom

5. Breast feeding week is celebrated in month of –

a. 1st week of March

b. 1st Week of June

c. 1st Week of August

d. 1st week of May

6.One PHC covers population in plain area –

a. 5000

b. 3000

c. 10,000

d. 1000

7.Drug of choice for leprosy is – This medicine is given in leprosy.

a. Dec

b. Dapsone

c. Streptomycin

d. Ivermection

8. Monday morning fever is common name for – Who is the common name of Monday morning fever?

a. Asbestosis

b. Bagassosis

c. Byssinosis

d. All of above

9. Road to health chart was given by – Road to health chart was given by Aman.

a. David Morley.

b. John Snow

c. Koch Darwin

d. Dukes

10. UNICEF was established in

a. 1946

b. 1948

c. 1952

d. 1955

Write Multiple Choice Questions.

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