Homeostasis

◙ Write (short notes) Regulation of fluid balance or Homeostasis of fluid

The fluid balance in a normal body is normal.

Balance means intracellular, extracellular and total water volume of plasma and body is constant.

In normal condition, the total water volume of the body is responsible for normalizing the homeostasis of the body.

♠ Regulation of body fluid is done in hypothalamus (osmoreceptor).

The hypothalamus receives fluid from the digestive tract.

Regulation of body fluid is done by (ADH := Anti diuretic hormone).

When the food volume or blood volume is reduced in the body of the human being, Ras (RAAS) means (renin angiotensin aldosterone system) is activated to activate it.

When the blood volume or body fluid volume decreases, the juxtaglomerular cells that are located in Bowman’s capsule of the kidney secrete renin hormone.

Now when angiotensin hormone is secreted from the liver.

The renin hormone then converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin-1.

Now from the lungs (ACE:= angiotensin covering enzyme) is secreted.

which converts angiotensin-1 to angiotensin-2.

Angiotensin 2 acts as a vasoconstrictor.

Due to this, the blood vessels shrink and the amount of blood increases and the amount of fluid also increases.

And angiotensin 2 activates the adrenal gland (adrenaline gland) and releases aldosterone (aldosterone) hormone from it.

This hormone causes reabsorption of sodium, causing water retention.

Due to this, the blood volume also increases and the blood pressure also increases.

Now look at the other side, when the fluid volume in the body decreases.

Then from the posterior pituitary gland of the body
ADH (ADH := Anti diuretic hormone) means anti diuretic hormone is released.

While the diuretic hormone (Diuretic Hormone) excretes the fluid retained in the body.

Antidiuretic hormone is released when the body is in a condition of dehydration.

Due to this fluid remains in the body.

And the condition of dehydration in the body can be prevented.

Thus, ADH means to keep the fluid balance of the body normal
Both antidiuretic hormone and diuretic hormone play an important role.

(Review mechanism of regulating fluid and electrolyte movement)

◙ Explain the movement of body fluid/fluid exchange processes. (Describe body fluid and process of fluid exchange)

Fluid, Electrolyte, Gas, and Small Molecules a
Can move freely in a semipermeable membrane.

And this semipermeable membrane separates the two compartments.

And it carries oxygen and nutrients through the cell.

And the waste product is removed from the cell.

And this process can be done by both active transport and passive transport.

An example of active transport is the sodium potassium pump.

In active transport, the substance remains on the surface of the cell and is transported inside the cell.

♠ In the example of passive transport (passive transport)

1. Diffusion
   2.Osmosis
   3.Ultrafiltration

Is included.

♠ Active transport (Active transport):=

♠ Sodium potassium pump (sodium potassium pump) :=

The sodium potassium pump is in the cell membrane.

It contains ions.

In this, sodium ions are continuously released out of the cell.

And potassium ions are allowed inside the cell.

And this is mainly done by ATP (ATP:= adenosine triphosphate).

Each ATP is broken down and releases three sodium ions (3 Na+) outside the cell.

And two potassium (2k+) help keep iron inside the cell.

And because of that sodium is depleted inside the cell and because of that electrical gradient and concentration gradient are created. And fluid balance is maintained.

♠ example of passive transport:=

1) Diffusion:=

Diffusion is a process in which (atoms, ions,
molecules) are transported from higher concentration to lower concentration.

And this moment occurs along a concentration gradient.

And in this diffusion, solution molecules are transported from higher concentration to lower concentration across the semipermeable membrane.

2) Osmosis:=

Osmosis is the process in which water is transported from a lower concentration to a higher concentration across a semipermeable membrane.

The concentration of a solute is called osmolarity.

3)filtration:=

Filtration is the process by which water and other diffusible particles can move through a membrane.

And this is mainly because of that.

That one side of a semi-permeable membrane has a high concentration and one side has a low concentration.

♠ composition of body fluid

1) Water works as a main component in all body components.

2) Water is 45% – 75%.

3) sources of water include:=

ingested foods and liquid metabolic water.

4) Solutes are broadly classified into:=

electrolyte are inorganic salts, all acid, bases and some protein.

nonelectrolyte := example glucose, lipids, creatinine, and urea.

Electrolyte has greater osmotic power than nonelectrolyte.

♠ Electrolyte composition of body fluid

1) Extracellular fluid:=

Sodium (Na+) is major cation.

2) Intracellular fluid:=

Potassium (k+) is the chief cation.

Phosphate (po4-) is the chief anion.