• Health camps were organized in urban and tribal areas.

7. Impact of British rule on health:

• • Exploitation of wealth:

    • • Indian health system was used for British economic interests.

      • Medical infrastructure:
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          • Developing health facilities for railways and ports.

    • • Social anomaly:

        • • Geographical and social differences in health services.

    The development of community health during the British rule was formalized In which health systems, disease outbreak control and medical education were the main influences. However, these services remained limited to cities and rural areas were neglected, laying the foundation for India’s future valuable efforts in health.

    British Acts for Community Health in India

    

    During British rule, most of the laws and policies in the health sector in India were designed to develop health systems, epidemic control, and sanitation facilities in urban areas. The main objective of these laws was to strengthen community health, but they were mainly focused on British economic and administrative interests.

    1. Municipal Act of 1869:

    • • Main target:

        • • To ensure health and sanitation facilities in urban areas.
        • • To establish municipal bodies to develop drainage systems, garbage bins and water supply facilities in urban areas.

    • • Effect:

        • • This act made municipal bodies responsible for health in cities.
        • • Sanitation rules were implemented in urban areas.

    2. Vaccination Act:

    • • 1802: Smallpox Vaccine was emphasized.
    • • 1892: Vaccination was made compulsory.
    • • Main target:

        • • Vaccination was used to prevent diseases like cholera, plague and smallpox. Planning.

    • • Effect:

        • • Increase in vaccination, but fear and resistance were seen among the people.

    3. Epidemic Diseases Act (Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897):

    • Main target:

    • • Special powers to the government to control disease outbreaks.
    • • Immediate measures to prevent disease outbreaks like malaria, plague and cholera Measures.

• Main contribution:

• • Quarantine people at home and take special measures to eliminate the spread of the disease.

• Effect:

• This act is still used today in urgent situations like Covid-19 is.

4. Factories Act (Factories Act, 1881 and 1934):

• Main Target:

• Health and safety conditions for workers in factories.

• Putty water, toilets and rest facilities for workers.

• Effect:

• To improve healthcare in the factory area Fixed direction found.

5. Policy measures for epidemic control:

Cholera Rules:

• In 1866, restrictive measures were imposed by various municipalities to prevent cholera epidemics.

Malaria and Plague:

• In 1904, a health survey was started to control malaria.

• Medical camps and isolation policies were implemented to contain the plague.

6. Medical Corporation Acts:

• Main Target:

• Establishing medical and healthcare facilities for the British rulers.

• Appointment of medical personnel for the cities.

• Effect:

• These measures remained limited to urban areas.

7. Famine Code (1883):

• Main Target:

• Providing health facilities in times of famine.

• Famine relief camps and food provision along with health facilities.

• Effect:

• Helpful in stopping the epidemic, but not enough care in rural areas.

8. Labour Health Acts:

• Main Target:

• Health and safety policies for workers in mines, factories and ports.

• Implementation of these laws by labour departments.

Made under British rule Community health laws and policies attempted to strengthen the health system, but they were mainly limited to urban areas and in the interests of British officials. The benefits of these laws were not available to rural areas, which led to health inequalities in these areas.

• 1947: Health Ministries established in the states and the centre

• 1948: India joined WHO and ESI Act passed.

• 1949: Constitution of India adopted.

• 1950: Planning Commission set up.

• 1951: First Five Year Plan started. BCG vaccination programme started.

• 1952: Primary Health Centres set up.

• 1953: Nationwide Family Programme started.

• 1954: Contributory Health Services Scheme started at Delhi. Central Social Welfare Board set up. National Water Supply and Sanitation PDS inaugurated.

• 1955: Training Centre set up by Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute. Hindu Marriage Act passed.

• 1956: Second Five Year Plan started and Central Health Education Bureau established. Director f.p. established TB Chemotherapy Centre.

• 1957: Influenza epidemic became pandemic in the country. Demographic Research Centre established.

• 1958: National TB Survey completed, recommendations for Panchayat Raj.

• 1959: Mudaliar Committee appointed, Panchayat Raj started for the first time in Rajasthan, National TB Institute established.

• 1960: Pilot projects for smallpox eradication were started.

• 1961: Third Five Year Plan started, National Smallpox Eradication Programme launched.

• 1962: National Goiter Control Plan launched.

• 1963: Nutrition program started. Drinking Water Board established.

• 1966: Health Minister also appointed as Family Planning Minister. Separate department started for F.p. A Small Family Noms established.

• 1969: Fourth Five Year Plan started. All India Program started. Birth and Death Registration Act came into force. Termination Pregnancy Bill passed.

• 1974: Fifth Five Year Plan started. India became smallpox free. India Factory Act amended, three tier plan for medical care.

• 1980: Sixth Five Year Plan started.

• 1985: Seventh Five Year Plan started.

discuss the developement of health in India in ancient period

In ancient times…
Clean environment, planned cities, air, fire, water, space, earth, were considered very important in Vedic culture. The importance of community health during that period is further justified by the presence of medical scientists such as Charaka and Sushruta in the “Nirogikaya”.
The universities of Nalanda and Takshashila had facilities for teaching medicine and the Unani medical system was recognized.

Explain development of health in India in British period (Discuss development of health in India in British period.)

During the British period…
The Royal Commission tried to find out the unhealthy condition of British soldiers in India.
Florence Nightingale studied the public health condition of India and suggested preventive measures for it.
For this, the Lady Reading Health School was established in 1918. Training of Lady Health Visitors (LHV).
All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health was established in 1930.
Indian Red Cross Society established Mother and Child Welfare Bureau in 1931.
Drugs Act was passed in 1940.
Bhor Committee or Health Survey Development Committee was appointed in 1943.
Nursing Colleges were established in Delhi and Vellore in 1946.

discuss developement of health in post independence period
(Discuss the development of health in the post-independence period.)

In the post-independence era…
1947: The Health Ministry was established at both the central and state levels because of the Health Concurrent List. Appointment rules of the Health Services Centre of the Health Ministry at the Central and State levels and the Director.
With reference to the Indian Nursing Council.
1949: India became a member of the World Health Organization. The law on Employment State Insurance Scheme was passed.
1950: The Planning Commission was constituted.

Describe development of health & nursing in five year plan
(Describe the development of health and nursing in the five year plan.)

First Five Year Plan (1951-1956)

The Diploma Course in Community Health Nursing was started by the Nursing College Delhi in 1952. The Central Council of Health was formed in 1953. The National Programme on Malaria Central Smallpox Eradication and Family Planning was initiated, the Filaria Central Programme and the Prevention of Food Adulteration were passed.

Second Five Year Plan(Second Five Year Plan)(1956- 1961)

1956 Central Bureau of Health Education established.
National Malaria Eradication Program launched. National Tuberculosis Institute Bangalore was established.

Third Five Year Plan (1961 -1966)

Publication of Mudaliyar Committee, establishment of Central Family Welfare Organization, eradication of smallpox, Goiter Central, start of National School Health Program, establishment of National Communicable Diseases Delhi, Central Program in Trucks and report of Chadah Committee on eradication of malaria were present during this period. The Mukherjee Committee Report on the Strategy for F.P. and the Junglewala Committee Report on Health Services (1967) were also published.

Annual Plan (Annual plan) (1966-1969)

Year 1966 :

A separate Department of Family Planning was set up in the Union Ministry of Health to coordinate the Family Planning Programme at the Centre and States.

Year 1967 :

• Mukherjee Committee appointed to review the performance of the Malaria Eradication Programme was.

• The Central Council of Health recommended compulsory payment for patients coming to the hospital, i.e. a minimum charge of 10 paise per patient and 25 paise per day of stay in the hospital.

• A Committee on Small Family Norms was constituted to recommend suitable incentives for those who adopt Small Family Norms and practice family planning.

Year 1968 :

• The Birth and Death Registration Bill was approved by Parliament for compulsory birth and death registration.

• A Medical Education Community was appointed to study various aspects of medical education within the framework of national needs and resources.

Fourth Five Year Plan (1969 -1974)

The National Minimum Needs Programme was a health service and based on the recommendations of the Kartar Singh Committee, training in multi-purpose health was started.

Fifth Five Year Plan (1974 – 1979)

• The report of the Shrivastava Committee on providing three-tier health services in rural areas was presented.

• During this period, India was declared free from smallpox.

• The Integrated Development Child Services (ICDS) were established. The National Institute of Health and Family Planning and India adopted the “Health for All” concept. (Alma Declaration).

Sixth Five Year Plan (Sixth Five Year Plan)(1880-1985):

The Government of India’s Safe Drinking Water, Air Pollution Prevention Act and National Health Policy were also announced and the Bhopal Gas Tragedy Register was registered.

Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1990):

The World Bank launched the Universal Immunization Program (1985) and the Safe Motherwood Program worldwide. The National AIDS Central Program was launched.

Eighth Five Year Plan( Eighth Five year plan)(1992-1997):

“Health for All” Govt Special attention was given to providing health services to the poor society. More facilities were provided for health education. Child survival and safe motherhood programs were started. The government had started the Basic BSC (m) programme three years before.
Ninth Five year plan (1997- 2002):

The Ninth Five Year Plan aims to improve the health needs of female adolescent children, improve the quality of services and increase coverage. It gives special attention to the growth of basic structures, increase the number of medical and nursing personnel, and provide training and trainers at the national and district levels in Information Education Communication (IEC).

Tenth Five Year Plan (2002- 2007):

• Number of new schemes and projects by Planning Commission India.

• Improve the health care system.

• Develop human resources for health. Better utilization of AYUSH services.
  

• Prevention and management of communicable and non-communicable diseases.
  

• Strengthening production and supply of medicines for communicable diseases.
  

• Adequate health care finance, quality assurance and priority medical research etc.
  

  Eleven Mo Five Year Plan(Eleventh Five year plan)(2007- 2012):

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• of the primary health care system Improvement Health Campaign Service.

• Mental Health Care Elderly Care and Fertility Regulation.

• Increase the use of Indigenous (AYUSH) system for care of the disabled.

• Effective implication of flagship (NRHM) program.

Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012- 2017):

Nutrition in children in the 0-3 age group has decreased to less than half of the NFHS -3 level.

Reduce IMR to 25.

Make MMR 100 and TFR 2:1.

Current approach to community health in India :

The current approach to community health in India is focused on strengthening universal health services and providing quality, affordable and accessible healthcare to all citizens. For this, several initiatives and programs have been implemented by the government and various organizations.

1. Strengthening Primary Healthcare:

• Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission:

  • • Under this scheme, 17,788 rural and 11,024 urban health and welfare centres have been established, which provide health services at the primary level.

2. Digital Health Initiatives:

• • Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission:

    • This initiative strengthens the digital health infrastructure, ensuring citizens easy access to their health data and efficient use of health services.

• • E-Sanjeevani:

    • • This is an initiative to deliver healthcare to remote areas through telemedicine services.

3. Epidemic control and vaccination:

• • Covid-19 vaccination campaign:

    • India has launched a massive vaccination campaign, which has also helped more than 100 countries.

• • Pneumococcal vaccination :

    • • The pneumococcal vaccine is being administered across the country, which aims to prevent 50,000 child deaths every year.

4. Development of health infrastructure:

• • Critical Care Hospital Blocks:

    • Establishment of Critical Care Hospital Blocks in 602 districts, so that critical patients can get immediate and quality treatment.

• • Biosafety laboratories:

    • • The research and control of infectious diseases has been improved by the establishment of 9 Biosafety Level III laboratories.

5. Sanitation and Environmental Health:

• • Swachh Bharat Abhiyan:

    • • This campaign has been launched to make India free from open defecation and to maintain cleanliness, which is important in improving health.

• • Steps for clean air:

    • • Rs. 2,217 crore has been allocated to control air pollution in 42 urban centres.

6. Training and recruitment of health personnel:

• • ASHA workers:

    • • Primary healthcare has been strengthened by appointing health workers in villages.

• • Training of medical and paramedical staff:

    • • Emphasis has been placed on training of medical and paramedical staff to enhance the quality of health services is.

7. Health Insurance Plans :

• • Ayushman Bharat Prime Minister’s Public Health Scheme (PM-JAY):

    • • Under this scheme, Rs. 1000 per family per year will be provided. Free treatment facility up to Rs 5 lakh has been provided, covering more than 10 crore poor and lower income families.

8. Social Health Policies:

• • Mission Indradhanush :

    • • A vaccination campaign is being run to protect children from 12 diseases.

• • Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts (ABHA):

    • • Health through digitization of citizens’ health data Efforts to improve the convenience and quality of services.

9. Digital and technological health services: Telemedicine: Providing healthcare facilities in rural areas through teleconsultation. Digital Health Platform: –>

• Plan to strengthen health records for citizens.

The current approach to community health in India is to strengthen universal health facilities, which have become more accessible and affordable through digital technology and improvements in primary healthcare. These steps will bring about significant changes in the country’s health equity and healthcare in the coming decades.

💚 Primary Health Care:

In September 1978, under the joint efforts of WHO and UNICEF, the 30th World Health Assembly of WHO at the International Conference clarified some basic and fundamental principles for the development of health services. The declaration of this formula Health for All has become world famous and according to the policy implemented in this regard by AD 2000, it is determined that all citizens of the world should achieve a new level of health in the world that can help them to produce economically and live a socially useful life. The ideas presented through the approach of primary health are not only this, but also be achieved with a sense of social justice. It is considered essential, through primary health care, the first contact with people, with the individual family and the community, national health can be achieved. In which health can be created for the people and health by the people. Therefore, the cooperation of the people is very important for health care. The following definition was given in the Alma Ata conference held in 1978.

💚 Definition of Primary health Care:

Primary health care is an essential health care that is made universally accessible to everyone and acceptable to everyone through full participation in it and primary health care should be affordable to the community and the country.

OR

Primary health care is a very essential health care. Primary health care is the health services that can be provided practically and scientifically everywhere through methods and technology accepted by the individual, family and society with the full support of the individual, family and society, and that can be afforded by the country.

💚 Elements of Primary health care :

There are 8 essential elements of primary health care which are as follows:

ELEMENTS (elements):

1) E : Ensure Safe Water Supply,

2) L: Locally Endemic Disease Control

3) E: Education

4) M: Maternal And Child Health (Immunization Against Infectious Diseases)(Maternal And Child Health)

5) E: Environmental Sanitation (Environmental Sanitation)

6) N: Nutrition

7) T: Treatment of Minor Alignment (Treatment of Minor Alignment)

8) S: School Health Services (School health Services)

1) E : Ensure Safe Water Supply

The supply of adequate amounts of safe drinking water and sanitation are essential for good health and are an important factor in an environment. Access to safe drinking water is essential for preventing waterborne diseases and promoting overall health. Primary health care includes efforts to ensure that communities have access to clean and safe water sources, which is fundamental for disease prevention and health promotion.

2) L: Locally Endemic Disease Control

The main focus of primary health care is to control any endemic diseases in a particular region or community. It involves surveillance, preventive measures (such as vaccination and vector control) and early detection and treatment of locally prevalent diseases. Prevention and control of locally and endemic diseases to reduce morbidity rates.

3) E: Education (Education)

Health education is a key component of primary health care. Its aim is to equip individuals and communities with the knowledge and skills to take charge of their health. To empower people to make informed decisions. Education covers a wide range of topics including hygiene practices, nutrition, family planning, sexual health, and prevention of disease. To provide education to people about health and current health problems. To control and prevent these health problems, certain measures are formulated and people are made aware of the health services available to them so that they can use them when needed.

4) M: Maternal and Child Health (Immunization against Infectious Diseases)(Maternal And Child Health)

Mothers and children are the most vulnerable groups to health problems and account for a large percentage of the population. Primary health care places significant emphasis on maternal and child health services. This involves prenatal care, safe childbirth, proper postnatal care, newborn care, immunization, growth monitoring, and nutrition to ensure healthy development during critical stages of life. Protecting mothers and children from illness and other risks ensures good health of families and communities.

Immunization Against Infectious Disease:

• • Provide proper immunization to children to protect them from major infectious diseases such as,

• • Poliomyelitis,

• • Diphtheria,

• • Tetanus,

• • Measles,

5) E: Environmental Sanitation:

Environmental sanitation is essential to prevent diseases caused by poor hygiene and environmental conditions. Primary health care should improve sanitation, properly dispose of waste materials, and provide education on hygienic practices to reduce the risk of communicable diseases in the community.

6) N:Nutrition (Nutrition)

Good nutrition is essential for health and for the growth and development of a child. People should be encouraged to pay attention to a balanced diet. Nutrition is the foundation of primary health care, which identifies both malnutrition and overnutrition as issues. It involves promotion of balanced diet, micronutrients, supplementation, support breastfeeding, and nutritional counseling to improve health outcomes and prevent nutritional deficiencies. It is necessary to provide knowledge on food preparation and preserving nutrients present in the diet.

7) T : Treatment of Minor Alignment

Primary health care is a common Provides accessible and timely treatment for health conditions and minor ailments. Primary health care is provided by trained health care personnel to manage illnesses (such as respiratory infections, diarrhea, skin conditions, and minor injuries). There should be easy availability of drugs.

8. Provision of Essential Medicines:

• • Make essential medicines available for common ailments at health centres free of cost or at low cost.

• • Ensure availability of essential medicines at primary level.

Thus, a total of 8 elements are involved in primary health care.

Components of Primary Health Care:

The components of primary health care are to provide affordable, accessible and equitable healthcare to the people. are designed to provide facilities. These components were defined under the Alma Ata Declaration (1978) and are crucial for achieving a holistic approach to health services.

1. Health Promotion:

• • Spreading health awareness and promoting healthy lifestyles.

• • Providing education for mental, physical and social health.

• • Campaigns to prevent lifestyle diseases (such as diabetes, heart disease).

2. Disease Prevention:

• • Primary diagnosis and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases.

• • Measures to prevent disease outbreaks such as malaria, TB, and measles.

• • Preventing disease outbreaks through vaccination.

3. Primary Treatment:

• • First-level immediate treatment for common ailments.

• • Arrangements for the control of marked diseases in health centres.

• • Providing medicines at low cost or free of cost.

4. Maternal and Child Healthcare:

• • Safe pregnancy and maternity services.

• • Special arrangements for newborn and child health.

• • Family planning services and nutrition approaches.

5. Nutrition Improvement:

• • Supplemental nutrition for preventing malnutrition: Padisizram.

• • Creating awareness for breastfeeding and balanced diet.

• • Focusing on nutrition-sensitive programs.

6. Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation:

• • Availability of drinking water sources.

• • Implementation of sanitation and hygiene standards.

• • Proper waste management and environmental health.

7. Provision of Essential Medicines:

• • Provide essential medicines for common ailments at health centres free of cost or at subsidised rates.

• • Ensure availability of essential medicines at primary level.

8. Training and Support for Health Workers:

• • Required training for health workers (ASHA, ANM) to provide health services.

• • Continuous education and support for workers.

9. Social and Environmental Health:

• • Measures to prevent environment-related diseases (such as dengue, malaria).

• • Planning and effective implementation of environmental sanitation.

10. Community Participation:

• • Awareness of the people and inclusion of all sections of the society in health programmes.

• • Ensuring healthcare services through collective responsibility.

These components of primary healthcare form a comprehensive system that helps in delivering quality and accessible health services to the people. These components are the key foundations for achieving the goal of “Health for All”.

The aim is to bring about equity and sustainability for health. These principles create a strong healthcare system for the benefit of the individual and the community.

💚 Principle of Primary Health Care (Primary Health Care Principles):

There are 5 main principles of primary health care.

• • 1) Equitable Distribution ,

• • 2) Community Participation,

• • 3) Appropriate Technology,

• • 4) Focus on Prevention,

• • 5) Intersectoral Coordination

1) Equitable Distribution:

Health services and resources should be distributed equally in the community. Primary health care should be available to all without any discrimination of caste, creed and gender, religion, rich, poor, urban or rural. According to this principle, primary health care should be available to every individual, family and community. It is based on social justice. People living in rural areas are the main target of primary health care.

2) Community Participation:

• • It is difficult to achieve the goal of primary health care without community involvement.

• • Continuous efforts are being made to get community involvement in the planning, implementation, and maintenance of health services. Efforts should be made.

• • Local health workers of villages like village health guides, anganwadi workers, ASHA, trained midwives overcome any communication barriers and culture and provide health services.
    This is done in a way that makes it acceptable to the community.

3) Appropriate Technology:

The technology used in primary health care should be scientifically appropriate, It should be safe, socially acceptable, suitable for local requirements and financially viable and should be available at the local level.
Ex : Use of ORS is an example for the treatment of diarrhea.

4) Focus on Prevention:

The main focus of primary health care is not to treat disease but to prevent disease and promote health. Primary health care emphasizes health education.

5) Intersectoral Coordination:

For the successful implementation of primary health care, coordination of other sectors is necessary such as agriculture, sanitation, housing, nutrition, public workers, communication and education etc.

Thus, primary health care is mainly Principals are involved.

💚 Role of Nursing in Primary Health Care :

Introduction:

Primary healthcare is the first and most fundamental link in healthcare for patients. Preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative care is provided here. Nurses play an important role in primary health care and work to maintain, restore and improve the health of patients. The role of nurses is described in detail in various aspects below.

1.Health Educator:
Nurses provide information to patients and community members on nutrition, hygiene, vaccination, reproductive health, family planning, and communicable diseases. Nurses motivate people to adopt health-promoting behaviors through IEC (Information, Education and Communication) programs.

2.Care Provider:
Nurse provides immediate first aid to the patient, which includes monitoring vital signs, dressing, administering injections or oral medication, and assessing the patient.

3.Immunization Coordinator:
Nurse administers BCG, Responsible for administering vaccines like OPV, DPT, Pentavalent, MR. Nurse maintains cold chain and takes immediate action for AEFI (Adverse Events Following Immunization).

4.Community Surveyor:
Nurse goes to patient’s house and assesses health status through home visit. It prepares registers like Eligible Couple Register (Eligible Couple Register), MCH Register (MCH Register) and Immunization Register (Immunization Register).

5.Disease Identifier and Referral Agent (Disease Identifier and Referral Agent):
The nurse makes primary identification of diseases like TB, Leprosy, Malaria, Diabetes, Hypertension and provides high level referral to the patient as per the requirement.

6.Maternal and Child Health Provider (Maternal and Child Health Provider):
Nurse Antenatal Care , Intranatal Care and Postnatal Care. It provides guidance for Breastfeeding , Growth Monitoring, Weaning and Immunization.

7.Family Planning Counselor:
The nurse guides the patient about contraceptive methods like IUCD, Oral Contraceptive Pills , Condoms , Injectables. Also provides counseling for Sterilization.

8.Communicable Disease Controller:
Nurse performs duties for surveillance, awareness, and prevention in epidemic situations like Cholera, Dengue, Measles etc.

9.Health Record Keeper and Reporter:
Nurse records all health records related to the patient, such as Immunization Card, ANC Card, Referral Slip etc. The nurse sends this information as a report to the local health office.

10.Program Implementer:
Nurses implement various national health programs like NRHM, RCH, UIP, NACP RMNCH+A at the grassroots level.

Special Responsibilities of Nurse in Primary Healthcare:

1. Working with ASHA and ANM workers.
2. Birth and Death Registration.
3. For implementation of Government Health Programmes.
4. Expanded operations for typical epidemics (epidemics) such as malaria, cholera.

In primary health care, the nurse is the first point of contact for the patient. She plays a vital role not only in treatment but also in health maintenance, disease prevention, medical service delivery and patient satisfaction. The nurse is the cornerstone of the health system, ensuring the best and comprehensive health care to the patient at the primary level.

In primary health care, the nurse is the strong pillar of the health system. They play a vital role in improving people’s health, preventing epidemics and making health services accessible. Their various responsibilities lead people to sustainable development in the health sector.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are 8 goals set for global development at the beginning of the 21st century, which were adopted by the member states of the United Nations in 2000. The main purpose of these goals was to reduce poverty, improve health, bring about improvements in education, and create a guide for global cooperation. The MDGs were set to be completed by 2015.

The 8 main goals of the Millennium Development Goals:

1. Eliminating poverty and hunger (Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger):

• Main Target :

  • Reduce by half the number of people living in extreme poverty.
  • Address the challenges of hunger.

• Criterion::

  • Reduce the percentage of people living on less than $1.25 a day.

2. Achieve Universal Primary Education:

• Main Target:

  • Provide primary education to every child.

• Criterion:

  • Increase the percentage of children entering and completing school.

3. Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women:

• Main Target:

  • Establish gender equality between women and men.
  • Create equal opportunities for women in health, education and employment.

• Criterion:

  • Increase the presence of women in schools and employment.

4. Reduce Child Mortality:

• Main Target (Main Target):

  • Reduce the mortality rate of children under 5 years of age by 2/3.

• Criterion:

  • Improve health services through innovation.

5. Improving Maternal Health (Improve Maternal Health):

• Main Target:
  • Reduce maternal mortality by 3/4.
  • Take steps to improve health during pregnancy and childbirth.