Methods and Media of Health Education
a) Definition, purpose and types of audio-
visual aids and media
b) Selection, preparation and use of audio-
visual aids : graphic aids, printed aids, three dimensional aids and projected aids
c) Advantages and limitations of different
media
d) Preparation of health education plan
💙 Introduction:
Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as a way of learning.
These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and facilitate learning for clear understanding.
Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as planned components of educational programs.
They help in the learning process which is motivation, classification and stimulation.
💙 To define audio visual aids to the students:
Kinder S. According to James:
Audio visual aids are any device that can be used to make the learning experience more concrete, more real and more dynamic.
According to Burton:
Audio visual aids are sensory objects or images that initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning.
💙 To discuss purpose of AV aids :
To supplement and enrich teachers’ own teaching concepts to make teaching-learning more concrete.
To play an instructional role themselves.
To arouse interest in the group.
To make teaching an effective process.
To communicate with students according to their ability.
To enhance teaching skills.
To make learners active in the classroom
To focus on a student-centered approach
To develop lesson plans that are simple and easy to follow
💙 To enlist types of AV aids:
Different classifications are given for audio visual aids by different authors according to the type of projection.
💙 Classification of AV aids:
Audio aids:
Audio material is something that can be heard.
Ex. radio, tape recorder, walkman, Headphones
visual aids:
These help in visualizing things.
Ex…graphic aids, 3d-aids, display boards, and print material.
audio visual aids:
These aids can be heard and seen simultaneously.
Ex…projected aids, TV, films.
💙 Classification of AV aids:
•simple AV aids:
graphic aids, display boards, 3d-aids,
print material…etc.
Sophisticated A.V.Aids:
Includes audio-visual aids.
💙 To enumerate types of media:
According to Rudy Brets, there will be 7 (seven) classifications of media which are as follows…
Motion audio-visual media, like: silent film, a movie on tv and animation.
Silent audio-visual media, like: slide.
Audio semi motion, like: writing moving voice.
Moving visual media, like: a silent movie.
Silent visual media, like: mute slide, print pages, photos.
Audio media, like radio, telephone, audio tape.
Print media, like books, modules.
Anderson (1976) classifies media into 10 categories as follows….
Audio Audio tape, radio, CD, Telephone
Print Textbooks, modules, leaflets, pictures.
Audio print Audio tape with written contents.
Proyeksi visual silent – Overhead transparency
Audio visual projection silent Film frames (slides) voiced.
Visual Motion – Silent film.
Audio Visual motion silent motion film, video / VCD, TV.
Physical Objects – Real objects, models, specimens.
Humans and the environment Teacher, librarian, laboratory.
Computer – CAI (Computer Assisted Instructional = computer- assisted learning), CMI (Computer Managed Instructional)
To explain selection process for AV aids:
Audio visual materials should function as an integral part of the educational program.
A V aids should be central to educational programs under special direction and leadership.
An advisory committee comprising representatives from all areas of the curriculum should be appointed to assist in the selection and coordination of A.V. aids.
The education program should be flexible.
A V. aids materials should be carefully located to eliminate duplication, easy accessibility and convenient use.
For effective use of A.V. aids as an integral part of the curriculum, the materials should be available whenever and wherever needed.
Budget allocation for education programs for a.v. aids should be made regularly.
The a.v. Conduct periodic evaluations to assess the effectiveness of the use and cost of aids.
💙 To describe how to prepare AV aids:
Each component of an audio-visual product—a single slide or flip chart presentation page, for example—should be simple and contain only one message.
Placing more than one message on a single image confuses the audience and reduces the potential impact of the visual media. Keep visual aids brief.
Determine the difference between what you will say and what the visual aid will show.
Do not read directly from your visuals.
Ask the audience to read or listen, not both; visual aids do not provide reading.
Give participants paper copies of the various graphic aids used in your presentation.
They will be able to write on the paper copies and keep them for future reference.
Your planning and selection process must account for production time, developing slides, and editing videotapes. You can often complete a production task in 24-48 hours, but it is more expensive than work that is done on an extended schedule.
Use charts and graphs to support the presentation of numerical information.
Develop sketches and drawings to convey various designs and plans.
When preparing graphics, make sure they are not crowded with detail.
Do not overuse color.
Make sure line detail, lettering, and symbols are bold enough to be seen from the back of the room.
Do not use visual aids for persuasive statements, appropriate remarks, emotional appeals, or any kind of rhetorical statements.
If you have handouts, do not let them become a distraction during the presentation.
They should provide reinforcement following your address. Give them out after the presentation, unless you think the audience will use them during the presentation or need to review them before the presentation.
Practice presenting a complete program using graphic materials so that you become familiar with their use and sequence.
Get feedback on the clarity of your visuals and work early enough to give yourself time to make necessary adjustments.
💙 To discuss use of av aids:
Antidote to the disease of verbal instruction:
They help reduce verbalization. They help convey clear concepts and thus help bring precision to learning.
Best motivators
They are the best motivators. Students work with more interest and enthusiasm. They are more attentive.
Clear image:
These images are formed when we see, hear, touch, taste and smell because our experiences are direct, concrete and more or less permanent. Learning through the senses is most intuitive and consequently easiest
Vicarious experiences:
It is beyond doubt that first-hand experiences are the best kind of educational experience.
Variety:
Just using chalk and talking is not enough.
Audio-visual aids provide variety and provide the teacher with a variety of tools such as models, transparencies.
Freedom:
When audio-visual aids are used, there is a lot of scope for children to talk, laugh and comment more about it.
In such an environment, students work and not because the teacher wants them to work.
Opportunities to handle and manipulate:
Many visual aids give students the opportunity to handle and manipulate objects.
Retentivity:
Audio-visual aids contribute to increasing retention because they stimulate the response of the learning process that takes place in the context of the whole organism.
Based on maxims of teaching:
The use of audio-visual aids enables the teacher to follow the maxims of teaching like “concrete to abstract” and “known to unknown” and “learning by doing”.
Helpful in attracting attention:
Attention is a real factor in any teaching and learning process. Audio-visual aids help the teacher to provide the right environment to capture as well as sustain the attention and interest of the students in the classroom work.
Helpful in fixing up new learning:
What is to be achieved in terms of learning needs to be fixed in the minds of the students? Audio-visual aids help the learner to achieve this objective by providing many activities, experiences and stimuli.
Realism:
The use of audio-visual aids provides a touch of reality to the learning situation.
💙 To explain graphical aids :
Graphics are basically the art of drawing and writing to create a clear picture of communication in a person’s mind.
A) graphs – Graphs are visual teaching aids for presenting numerical data and contrasting trends or changes in certain characteristics.
Graphs make presentations of quantitative data easily interpreted and easily understood.
There are four main types of graphs:
Bar graphs.
Line graphs.
Picture graphs.
Pie graphs.
ADVANTAGES:
Helps in showing numerical data.
Helps in explaining and making comparisons between two.
B) charts:
Charts are graphic teaching materials including diagrams, posters, pictures, maps and graphs.
They are defined as pictorial visual media to show the logical relationship between main ideas and supporting facts.
Types of charts.
Tree chars.
Stream charts.
Table charts.
Flow charts.
pictures :
Pictures are the most commonly available graphical aid, pictures include photographs, paintings, drawings clipped from magazines.
D) diagrams:
A diagram is a simple picture of an object, product, device or process to explain its better points. A diagram is made to show relationships with the help of lines and symbols without pictorial elements.
E) maps:
A map is a graphic aid that proportionally represents the surface of the earth, the world or its parts as a diagram.
A map is always drawn to scale, which is mentioned at one of its corners.
Each map should have the following descriptions: title, grid, scale, key, dates on which it was prepared.
F) posters:
Posters are graphic aids that attract attention with short, quick and characteristic messages. Posters can be used for one of the following instruction
G) flash card:
These are small cards usually 25-30 cm in size that are shown to several members of the class to send a message or impress an idea. The idea on the flash card should be concise.
💙 Advantages of flash card:
Flash cards can be used to introduce and present topics.
Flash cards can be used to apply the information already acquired by the student to new situations.
Flash cards can be used to review the topic.
Used for small groups of more than 30 people.
10-12 cards can be used for a talk.
It can be used in combination with personification or other charts.
Prepare a picture for each idea, which will give a visual impact to the idea.
💙 To describe printed aids :
A. text books:
It is an integral part of the educational system.
It plays a leading role in higher level education.
A textbook is an economic tool because it contains the intellectual deposit of certain experiences that have been developed over generations.
It helps the beginner to understand new material.
It gives direction and saves time and energy of the teacher and the students.
It promotes the self-study ability of the students.
It ensures some kind of uniformity of good standard.
The teacher should use text books along with other aids like maps, charts, films, radio etc. as a tool of learning.
The teacher can use text books in four ways:
An exploratory reading.
Secure facts related to the unit.
Study of maps, charts, graphs or pictures
Summary of the lesson.
B) Reference book :
Encyclopedias dictionaries, yearbooks, government reports, can prove to be very effective aids in learning.
It acts as supplementary material to the text books. The teacher should guide the student in the use of reference books to prepare relevant material for the preparation of assignments and seminars.
c). Pamphlet:
Pamphlets can be folded in two, three or five. The matter will be printed on single or both sides.
It can be distributed to students.
Useful for general public but can also be distributed in health exhibitions or educational exhibitions.
It is expensive as it requires quality printing.
D) Newspaper:
Daily newspaper can be an effective teaching aid as it is full of information.
It is in fact a minimum textbook for the study of current affairs. It can encourage students to know the post events on reading about current events.
It serves as a wonderful motivational aid.
It has a wealth of resources and pictures. Newspaper helps to close the gap between the information contained in books and the changing developments in the world. The teacher should guide the students in selecting the right material from the newspaper for themselves.
e). Handouts:
It is a simple briefing of the session in one or more sheets.
It should inform the students about the purpose, objectives and objectives of the subject in advance.
It should be prepared using simple and clear language with short sentences.
If necessary, sketches, graphs should be drawn and labeled.
Each unit should have a title and subtitle and key words should be underlined.
💙 To discuss three dimensional aids :
Models :
Definition:
A model is a recognizable representation of a real object in three dimensions, i.e. height, width and depth are experienced as reality.
Advantages:
Models enhance the reality of objects and make learning direct and meaningful because they are three-dimensional.
Models illustrate the application side of certain principles and laws.
Models explain complex and intricate operations in a simple way and thus facilitate understanding.
Models are durable and ultimately serve to be inexpensive teaching aids.
Limitation:
Requires skill to make.
Time consuming.
Some models can be very expensive.
💙 Definition:
A collection of real objects refers to objects for instructional use.
A specimen is a sample of a real object or material.
💙 Advantages:
Collection of objects and specimens by students requires interaction with others which leads to the development of social skills and values.
When students collect and display objects and specimens, they gain the satisfaction of making a worthwhile contribution to the school and the teacher.
Collection of objects and specimens enhances students’ powers of observation and first-hand experiences.
Many times in school, a department or class of the school puts up their work to show it to people outside the school, such an exhibition is called an exhibition.
A piece of work done by students for display is called an exhibition.
Provide a good learning opportunity
It gives the appearance of real objects that cannot be brought into the classroom
To increase interest and creativity
Living things can also be displayed in a diorama Example: Aquarium
Provides students with project works to do.
Definition:
A diorama is a three-dimensional arrangement of related objects, models and cut-outs to illustrate a central theme or concept.
The objects and models are usually displayed in a large box or showcase with a glass cover and a shade or scene in the background.
Ex: Harvesting scene, Planting scene etc.
Advantages:
Provide a good learning opportunity
It gives the appearance of real objects which cannot be brought to the classroom
To be interesting and to enhance creativity
Can also show living things in a diorama,
Ex: Aquarium.
To give students project work to do.
In common usage, a mockup is a scale model of a structure or device,
which is usually used for teaching, demonstration, testing of designs, etc.
Mockups are also used in the consumer goods industry as part of the product development process, when the size, print, artwork have to be tested and approved.
Moulage:
Some objects may be made of a molded plastic material to simulate life.
Ex: Bodies that show evidence of trauma, infection, disease, surgical intervention.
💙 To explain projected aids:
Over head projectors (OHP):
It projects transparencies with bright screen images suitable for use in a well-lit room.
The teacher faces the class as he/she uses OHP and class view projection.
💙 Method of preparing:
-Place lined paper or 6mm grid sheet under the acetate sheet before writing the material.
-Use a simple lettering style of 6mm for text and 9mm for headings.
-Use capital letters for headings.
-Limit the written material to six lines per transparency.
-Use thick chart paper or ready-made frames to frame transparencies for a better and neater look.
-Store them flat; clean and interlock with paper between each transparency.
Advantages:
a) Allow for face-to-face interaction between teacher and students.
b) Can be used in daylight conditions.
c) Can present information in a systematic and developmental order.
D) Easy to use with presentation rate controlled by the teacher.
A slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a pectoral image or a graphic image seen, photographed or reproduced, otherwise arranged in a proper sequence according to the appropriate subject is an important aspect of teaching.
The teacher makes the best use of it in an imaginative and creative way.
ADVANTAGES:
Attract attention
Arouse interest
Assist lesson development
Test student understanding
Review instruction
Facilitate student teacher participation.
It is a continuous strip of film in which individual frames or pictures are arranged in sequence, usually with explanatory titles.
Each strip contains 12-18 or more pictures. It is a fixed sequence of related skills on a reed of 35 mm or 8 mm film.
Advantages:
It is an economical visual material.
It is easy to make and convenient to handle and carry.
Take up little space and can be stored easily.
Can be projected onto a wall or paper screen conveniently and according to the demands of the teacher’s situation.
Give a logical sequence of the teaching process and the individual pictures on it can be kept before the student for a long time.
It projects pictures, diagrams, maps from a book onto a screen in an enlarged form so that the whole group can see them.
It requires a dark room, as the projector is large and cannot be easily moved,
so their use is limited.
It is very helpful for the teacher to be able to project a small figure directly from a textbook or reference book, without having to prepare the material separately.
Advantages:
Stimulates attention and arouses interest.
Can project a wide range of materials such as stamps, coins, specimens when a copy is available.
Can be used to enlarge drawings, pictures and maps.
No written or typed material is required, handwritten material can be used.
💙 To discuss advantages of av aids:
To improve and make teaching effective.
To enable the audience to see, hear and learn.
To make teaching interesting and profitable.
To speed up the learning process.
To develop knowledge.
To bring about changes in the expected behavior among learners.
To provide direct contact with reality or to serve as a source of information and analogy in teaching, learning situations.
Students obtain a clear, accurate and vivid image during the learning process.
To increase and sustain attention and concentration.
To contribute to the growth or clear understanding, to increase the development of vocabulary.
It can serve as an open window through which the student can see the world and its events by bringing remote events into the classroom.
They enable students to learn faster, remember longer, acquire more accurate information and understand concepts with adequate meaning. Thus learning becomes more meaningful, enjoyable and effective.
They diversify classroom techniques, provide a change in the classroom environment, and allow some freedom from formal instruction or traditional forms.
Students will have the opportunity to handle, touch, feel, operate, and manipulate audio-visual aids. It provides additional appeal because it satisfies the natural desire for mastery and ownership, at least temporarily.
To change the attitude or perspective of learners.
💙 To describe limitations of different media:
These are not necessary for all instructional programs.
These are helpful learning, but they cannot replace teachers and books.
There are potential dangers of pedantry rather than a thoughtful inquiry attitude.
It requires more time for planning and preparation.
A radio program may or may not be listened to by students.
The program may not demand attention because there is no eye contact.
Technical problems may also arise.
Student distractions.
Costs more.
More space is needed.
💙 To interpret Preparation of health education plan:
Name of health educator.
Subject..
Topic.
Group of learners.
No. of learners.
Venue.
Method of teaching.
AV aids using.
Duration.
Date and time.
Previous knowledge of learners.
General objectives.
Specific objectives.
Chapter completed ✅
Interest means interest
This is a well-known psychological approach. People learn only if they are interested. Health education is related to people’s interests. Therefore, before providing health education, the health needs of the people should be known first. If we provide health education keeping in mind the health needs of the people, people remain interested in it.
Motivation
There are two types of desire or motivation
Primary
Which includes hunger, sleep, immediate survival etc.
Secondary which includes desire power or other external forces if it is stimulated, it includes love, appreciation, competition, identity change, feeling of learning or education. This is a necessary need for every person. Motivation plays a very important part in health education. Motivation can be encouraged to bring about a change in the behavior of other people.
Participation
Participation is the main part of health education. It is based on active learning and is better than passive learning in which individual participation shows acceptance of the person. Group discussion, panel discussion, workshop etc. are types of active learning.
Compression
Type of comedy in health education and its manners. Education level, economic status and their type of business are very important. It is very important to know about their culture, religion, habits and general behavior. Knowledge should be available in comedy so that it presents its own language, ideas, and language standards so that people can easily understand the message given to it
Credibility
The message communicated should be credible, it should be with scientific knowledge and should match the culture, local culture, educational system and our goals. Until we win the trust of the people, we will not be able to communicate well
Reinforcement
Very few people learn from being taught once, while many people cannot learn or accept new ideas or things. It requires repeated meetings or repeated messages in different ways so that effective health education is available
Learning by doing
Learning is a process. According to a Chinese proverb, those who do something themselves can remember it for a long time. Therefore, health education should be given in such a way that people continue to practice it until they put it into practice. Keep
Know to Unknown
The work in health education should start with the process of what people know and not know.
Good Human Relationship
Good friendly relations should be established with people, this gives good results
Leader Effective Communication To provide education, if we take the help of local leaders or those who are among the people, we can provide health education in a good way.