GNM-S.Y-MHN-GNC-PAPER- 2015

Q.1 Write the answer for the following:

🔸a. What is therapeutic communication? 02

Therapeutic communication is a process where a nurse engages in step-by-step verbal and non-verbal communication with a client for a specific purpose. It aims to ensure that the patient understands well and assesses their physical and mental status.

🔸b. What are the principles of therapeutic communication? 05

Therapeutic communication is a fundamental skill in healthcare and counseling. Its main goal is to improve patient well-being and foster therapeutic relationships or encouragement. The key principles of therapeutic communication are as follows:

• Avoiding Barriers: Avoiding obstacles to communication, such as interrupting, advising.
• Active Listening: Giving full attention to the patient when they speak, remembering the words spoken by the patient, understanding their message, and responding thoughtfully.
• Empathy: Showing sensitivity and empathy towards the patient’s feelings and experiences, allowing the patient to express themselves well. Empathy helps in building trust and rapport.
• Respect: Valuing the patient’s needs, choices, values, and respecting their autonomy.
• Genuineness: Being authentic and sincere during interactions. Genuine healthcare providers are trusted more by patients.
• Clarity and Conciseness: Using clear words during communication. Avoid using medical jargon and instead use short sentences during communication.
• Open-ended Questions: Use open-ended questions during communication. So that the patient can explain their feelings and thoughts properly.
• Non-verbal Communication: Pay attention to the patient’s body language, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues. Because it provides additional information about the emotional state of the patient.
• Silence: Silence should be observed when the patient speaks emotionally. It gives the patient peace of mind and can talk.
• Avoiding Barriers: Avoiding obstacles to communication, such as interrupting, advising.

🔸c. What are the phases the phases of therapeutic communication: 05

Pre-Interaction Phase:

• This phase starts when the nurse is assigned to the patient and before any direct interaction begins.
• During this phase, the nurse sets objectives to alleviate their anxiety and apprehensions, seeking clinical supervision when necessary.
• It involves gathering initial information to avoid assumptions or biases about the patient.

Orientation Phase:

• This phase marks the beginning of interaction between the nurse and the patient.
• The nurse introduces themselves and ensures the patient understands their role.
• Both parties establish mutual trust and a contract for their interaction.
• It concludes when the patient accepts the nurse’s care and feels confident in the exchanged information.

Working Phase:

• This phase focuses on problem-solving for the nurse and patient.
• Building on the orientation phase’s established goals, the nurse works towards the patient’s recovery.
• The nurse manages their own anxieties and helps the patient with their fears, motivating them towards socialization and other therapeutic goals.

Termination Phase:

• The termination phase signifies the conclusion of the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and patient.
• Also known as the resolution or end phase, it begins when goals set during the orientation phase are achieved.
• Reasons for this phase include the patient’s discharge from hospital care or their improvement beyond the need for further therapeutic relationship.
• It is crucial for the patient to understand and have the right to discuss their thoughts and feelings regarding termination.

⏩Q-2 Write short notes (ANY THREE) 12

🔸a. Mileu therapy –

Here is a translated summary of the provided information about therapeutic milieu and components related to mental health treatment:

Therapeutic Milieu: Milieu therapy aims to create a therapeutic environment conducive to the recovery and well-being of patients. It emphasizes a safe physical environment, the inclusion of treatment team members, and other clients in the therapeutic process. The goal is to promote social productivity and enhance the self-confidence of clients.

Goals:

1. Adaptive Behavior: Change maladaptive behavior to adaptive behavior.
2. Early Recovery: Promote early recovery.
3. Reduce Hospital Admission Time: Minimize the duration of hospital stays.
4. Socialization: Facilitate social interaction and integration.
5. Promote Self-Confidence: Enhance clients’ self-confidence.

Components:

Maintaining a Safe Environment:

• Safely handle all needles and other potentially harmful objects.
• Prohibit smoking and restrict the use of matches and lighters.
• Keep sharp objects out of reach of patients.
• Clearly identify potential hazards like mop handles and hammers.
• Ensure medications are securely stored.

Building Trust Relationships:

• Trust is key to developing therapeutic relationships.
• Foster trust within the therapeutic environment.

Building Self-Esteem:

• Set and maintain limits.
• Encourage clients to accept themselves as individuals.
• Involve clients in decision-making regarding their condition.
• Provide tasks, responsibilities, and activities to promote active participation.

Limit Setting:

• Clearly communicate expectations or limits.
• Explain consequences if limits are crossed.

B) Mental Status Examination (MSE):

• MSE is a structured process for assessing psychiatric patients.
• It evaluates aspects such as behavior, concentration, thought processes, attention, emotional function, mood, and cognitive function.
• Vital signs assessment (blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature) is essential before conducting MSE.

1.General Appearance and Behavior:

• Assess the patient’s appearance, consciousness level, hygiene, sleep patterns, and posture.
• Observe eye contact and gait.

2.Speech/Communication Patterns:

• Evaluate the patient’s speed and coherence of speech.
• Note any abnormalities like clang associations or mumbling.

3.Mood/Affect:

• Assess the patient’s current emotional state (e.g., sad, anxious, euphoric) and mood stability over time.

4.Thought Processes:

• Analyze the patient’s thought content, including positive/negative thoughts and any disturbances like flights of ideas or neologisms.

5.Perception:

• Identify any hallucinations (auditory, visual, etc.) or illusions experienced by the patient (e.g., deja vu, jamais vu).

This comprehensive approach aims to provide a structured framework for mental health professionals to assess, treat, and support patients within a therapeutic milieu setting, promoting recovery and well-being effectively.

6) COGNITIVE FUNCTION
7) MEMORY
8) INTELLIGENCE
9) INSIGHT
10) JUDGMENT
11) ATTENTION

1) GENERAL APPEARANCE AND BEHAVIOUR:

Appearance:

• How the person looks – whether elderly, young, etc.

Consciousness:

• Whether the person is alert, drowsy, in stupor, or comatose.

Hygiene:

• How well the person maintains their cleanliness.

Sleep:

• How much sleep they get and how often.

Posture:

• How the person behaves during examination, whether they speak freely or not, whether they answer questions promptly, and whether they sit with their head down or upright.

Eye contact:

• Whether they make eye contact while speaking and how often they look away.

Gait (Walking style):

• How confidently or fearfully the patient walks when they come in.

Facial expressions:

• What expressions they show on their face.

Eating pattern:

• Whether they eat properly or not, and if they eat more than necessary.

2) SPEECH/TALKING PATTERN:

• How the person starts speaking abruptly or slowly, how they respond when scared, how loudly they speak, whether they answer questions truthfully or not, whether they repeat phrases (clang association), whether they murmur (mumbling), and whether they answer questions directly or talk in circles (circumstantial) or off-topic (tangential).

3) MOOD/AFFECT:

Mood:

• What is the person’s mood – sad, anxious, depressed, angry, euphoric, fearful, restless, irritable.

• Mood changes over time! How frequently it changes.
• Response according to mood – is it there or not?

4) THOUGHT:

• What are the person’s thoughts like – positive or negative?
• Are thoughts rapid or changing frequently?

Flights of ideas:

• Thoughts come continuously but their direction keeps changing.

Unclear thoughts.

Neologism: Pronounces new words that have no meaning.

5) PERCEPTION:

Hallucination:

• There is no external object/sound/smell/touch, but the feeling is present.

• Auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile.

Illusion:

• False perception of stimuli received from outside.

• Deja vu: Feels like seen in a past life but hasn’t happened before.
• Jamais Vu: Forgets people close to him/her.

6) COGNITIVE FUNCTION:

• Is the person conscious or not aware?
• Slowly responds to us (stupor).
• In coma, behaves like that.
• How much information does he/she give us about past conversations? It is all remembered or just a little?
• Is there any thought about time, place, person, etc.?

7) MEMORY:

Immediate memory:

• Asks to repeat something said.

Remote memory:

• Dates of own marriage, age, job, etc., is it remembered or not?

Recent memory:

• Events of today, remembered or not, need to know.
• When did he/she wake up?

8) INTELLIGENCE:

• Can read and write?
• How was the school performance?

9) INSIGHT:

• Does he/she know about own condition or not?
• How is the internal intelligence?
• Based on answers, we must decide whether the insight is present or not.

10) JUDGMENT:

• Knowledge about this person is based on knowledge, education level.
• Everyone’s judgment is different.

11) ATTENTION / CONCENTRATION:

• Asks to subtract 7 from 100 and keep asking forward… (100-7 = 93, 93-7 = 86…)
• Or to count backwards… (100, 99, 98, 97…)
• Can be asked about month, week, days…

🔸c. Mental Health act 1987

The Mental Health Act 1987 (મેન્ટલ હેલ્થ એક્ટ ૧૯૮૭) was enacted by the Indian Parliament to provide for the care, treatment, and rehabilitation of mentally ill persons, and for matters connected therewith. Here are some key provisions and details about the Act:

History:

• The Mental Health Act was drafted by the Indian Parliament in 1987.
• It came into operation in April 1993 across all states and union territories of India.
• It replaced the Indian Lunacy Act of 1912, which had its origins in the Indian Lunatic Asylum Act of 1858.

Objectives:

1. Licensing and Supervision of Psychiatric Hospitals: Establishment of central and state authorities for licensing and supervision.
2. Establishment of Mental Hospitals and Nursing Homes: Setting up institutions for the treatment of mental illnesses.
3. Inspection of Mental Hospitals: Regular inspection to ensure proper functioning.
4. Guardianship of Mentally Ill Persons: Appointment of guardians for those incapable of taking care of themselves.
5. Protection of Society from Dangerous Mentally Ill Individuals: Measures to protect society from potentially harmful mentally ill individuals.
6. Regulation of Admission and Discharge: Guidelines for the admission and discharge of mentally ill persons.
7. Protection of Rights of Detained Individuals: Safeguarding the rights of individuals detained under the Act.
8. Prevention of Unnecessary Detention: Measures to prevent the unnecessary detention of individuals against their will.
9. Cost of Maintenance of Mentally Ill Persons: Provision for the maintenance cost of mentally ill persons.
10. Legal Aid for Indigent Mentally Ill Offenders: Legal assistance at state expense for mentally ill offenders who are indigent.
11. Modification of Definitions from the Indian Lunacy Act: Updating and refining definitions from earlier legislation.

Licensing:

• License Application: Any person desiring to establish a psychiatric hospital or nursing home must apply for a license from the central or state government.
• License Period and Renewal: Licenses are valid for a period as specified and are subject to renewal.

Admission and Detention in Psychiatric Hospitals:

• Voluntary Admission: Admission of patients who express their willingness to be admitted.
• Special Circumstances Admission: Admission under specific conditions as outlined.
• Reception Orders: Procedures for formal admission based on reception orders.

Conclusion:

The Mental Health Act 1987 of India is a comprehensive legislation aimed at providing care, treatment, and protection to mentally ill individuals. It establishes guidelines for the operation of psychiatric hospitals and nursing homes, ensures the rights of patients, and defines procedures for admission and detention. The Act reflects India’s commitment to addressing mental health issues in a structured and humane manner.

1. Admission on voluntary basis

• Admission as a voluntary patient 
•  For admission requested by guardian

Regulation in respect of voluntary patient:

• On receipt of the request, the Medical Officer-in-charge shall examine within a period of 24 hours and if satisfied, he may accept such application as a voluntary patient.
• Every voluntary patient admitted is bound to follow the rules made by the Medical Officer 
• Admission on voluntary basis
• Request by principal for admission as a voluntary patient
• Application by guardian for admission to ward

Regulation in respect of voluntary patient:

On receipt of the request, the Medical Officer-in-charge shall examine within a period of 24 hours and if satisfied, he may accept such application as a voluntary patient.

Every voluntary patient admitted shall be bound to abide by the rules framed by the Medical Officer

ADMISSION IN SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES: Any mentally ill person who does not or cannot express his desire for admission may be admitted and kept as a patient in a mental hospital on an application made in that behalf by a relative or friend of a mentally ill person if the Medical Officer— Whether the in-charge is satisfied or in the interest of mentally ill persons, it is necessary to do so

➤Application for Reception Order:

• Reception may be done by application for order
• Medical Officer in charge
• A spouse or other relative of a mentally ill person

Where the Medical Officer in charge is satisfied that:

• Treatment at Mantle Hospital should be continued for more than six months
• It is in the interest of the health and safety of the mentally ill person or for the protection of others to apply to a Magistrate within the local limits of the jurisdiction of the psychiatrist hospital.

• ➤ Every application must be:
• Regular signature and verification
• •Two medical certificates should be accompanied
• Out of two medical practitioners one of whom shall be in the service of Govt
• Odish Charge: Discharge by Medical Officer

Leave of Absence

■ Discharge Upon Request

• 
  Discharge Upon Request
  • After discharge, it is found on inquiry whether the person is of sound mind.
• 
  Discharge by Medical Officer:
  • In the good judgment of both medical practitioners, one of whom should be a psychiatrist.
  • As per the written order, the medical officer will instruct any person from the hospital.
• 
  Except for voluntary patients, discharge upon reques
  • Anyone obstructed under the order, for whom it is necessary that they have recovered from their mental illness, may request discharge from the hospital by filing an application with the magistrate.
• 
  Discharge Upon Request
  • Anyone detained in the course of a reception order, who is thought to have recovered from their mental illness, may apply to the magistrate to be discharged from the psychiatric hospital.
• 
  Support will be given by the magistrate after examining the application, supported by certificates of any medical officer or psychiatrist remaining in charge.
  • The magistrate, if deemed appropriate after examining it, may order the person to be discharged or allow the application.
• 
  After discharge, it is found on inquiry whether the person is of sound mind.
  • If a person detained in a reception order is found to have recovered mentally, they will be discharged from such a hospital or nursing home.
• 
  The in-charge medical officer will grant leave to such a person from such a hospital or nursing home.

Discharge on request

• The man’s discharge was later found by an inquest to be of sound mind

Discharge by Medical Officer:

• On the recommendation of two medical practitioners one of whom should preferably be a psychiatrist
• By order in writing, the Medical Officer Psychiatrist shall direct the discharge of any person from the Hospital

Discharge on application except voluntary patient

• Any person detained in a psychiatric hospital under an order and pursuant to an application
• The medical officer in charge will be granted leave on an application made in his behalf
• No person shall be discharged if the Medical Officer in charge certifies in writing that the person is dangerous and unfit to grow up.

Discharge on request

• Any person (not being a mentally ill prisoner) detained in pursuance of an order, who feels that he has recovered from his mental illness, may apply to a Magistrate for discharge from a psychiatric hospital.

• The application made shall be supported by a certificate from the Medical Officer in Charge or Psychiatrist

• The Magistrate may, after such inquiry as he thinks fit, order the discharge of the person or the dismissal of the application.
• The man’s discharge was later found by an inquest to be of sound mind
• If any person detained in a psychiatrist hospital in pursuance of a reception order is subsequently found
• A sound mind upon an inquiry or
• Able to take care of themselves and
• management of its affairs
• The Medical Officer in charge shall discharge such person from such hospital or nursing home
• leave of absence

• Application for leave of absence may be made to the Medical Officer-in-charge:-

• By a mentally ill husband or wife
• By husband or wife of relative of mentally ill person or
• By the person on whose application the mentally ill person was admitted

Bond should be attached with each application:

• Take care of mentally ill person
• Prevent mentally ill person from harming oneself or others, and
• After completion of leave, bring mentally ill person back to mental hospital
• Medical officers-in-charge may grant leave for specified period
• The total number of days should not exceed sixty days
• Any mental illness person except voluntary patients under any general or special order of the state government
• Any other mental hospital or mental nursing home from any other state

d. Halfway Home –

Halfway homes are recognized as recovery houses or sober houses. They aim to provide a therapeutic environment in place of institutionalized living. The intent is typically to reintegrate individuals back into society with oversight and support in place, ensuring full compliance and support; it usually occurs where social reintegration is warranted, and the risk of reoffending or relapse is reduced.

Some halfway homes are specifically designed for individuals who have recently been released from prison or jail, others for people experiencing long-term mental health issues, and still others for individuals grappling with the misuse of substances. These tranquil halfway homes are often voluntary havens and may have no criminal records. They can face opposition from neighbors where efforts to find housing on half-routes are made.

Q-3 Explain the meaning of the following terms :- 12

a. Obsessive compulsive disorder

When a person lacks desires, thoughts often repeat themselves even in a fully conscious state. This occurs due to anxiety and fear. For example, an individual may sometimes mistakenly think that animals are contaminated.

When there is no desire, actions are often repeated without reason and cannot be controlled. For example, it is often thought that the door is locked or not.

b. Illusion: The wrong identification or distortion of sensory impressions is an illusion. This is where a person makes a mistake or misinterprets an object or thing. Instead of the original thing, it is often considered different. For example, a rope is thought of as a snake.

c. Anorexia Nervosa –

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, leading to significant restriction of food intake and resulting in weight loss. It is a serious illness where individuals may excessively control their food intake and have distorted body image perceptions. This disorder is often found more commonly in females after puberty.

d. Delirium –

Delirium is an acute clinical syndrome that is reversible and organic in nature. It is characterized by confusion, where individuals may have difficulty concentrating and experience acute cognitive dysfunction. Delirium is commonly seen in medical settings, often due to underlying medical conditions or medication side effects.

e. Claustrophobia –

Claustrophobia is the fear of enclosed spaces. It is a type of anxiety disorder where individuals feel intense anxiety or panic when in situations where they perceive there is no escape. For example, being in a locked room can trigger fear in individuals with claustrophobia.

f. Projection –

Projection is a defense mechanism often used unconsciously. It involves attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or motives onto another person. In projection, individuals deny these feelings in themselves and see them as belonging to someone else. For example, a student who fails an exam might accuse the examiner of being unfair rather than acknowledging their own lack of preparation.

These definitions illustrate different psychological phenomena and disorders, each with its own distinct characteristics and impacts on individuals’ mental health and behavior.

Q-4 Answer the following :–

a. What is depression? 02

Depression is a disorder characterized by disturbances in mood, which can manifest as either full or partial depressive syndromes. It involves a loss of interest in pleasurable activities and usual activities, along with evidence of interference in social and occupational functioning.

This disorder affects thinking and behavior, often leading to feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or emptiness. Individuals with depression may experience changes in appetite and sleep patterns, decreased energy levels, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of worthlessness or guilt. Symptoms can vary in severity and duration but typically interfere significantly with daily life and functioning. Treatment often involves a combination of therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes to alleviate symptoms and improve overall well-being.

b. Write are the causes and sign and symptoms of depression. 05

types of depression- mild, acute and depressive stupor

1.Mild depression symptoms
The patient is seen with moral standards The patient is meticulous i.e. the chap is perfect and styleless Disinterested Physical illness with out organic cause The patient experiences charm Lack of self-confidence Loss of interest Patient
Fill Alone Appetite and Sleep Decreist Look Like Cell Means Thirsakrit Person

2.Acute or severe depression symptoms
Body- aagad jukelu
Head flexed
Face immobile
Forehead furrows
Looks fixedly downwards
Loss of appetite
Loss of weight
Disturbed sleep

Feelings- thought retarded, give brief and mono syllabic answer
Reply in a low tone, requires a lot of effort to answer and answers in a way that uses up energy.

3.Depressive stupor Symptoms :- Most intensive form of depression A cute dementia, mute and clouded sensorium is seen Patient is intensely pre-occupied Dream like hallucination Excessive ideas of death

c, Role of nurse for depressive patients. 05

1. Therapeutic Need Nursing Management:

• Provide a comforting environment for the patient and encourage constant presence of their relatives.
• Monitor and maintain records for prescribed medications by doctors, especially for side effects. Generally, administer antidepressant drugs.
• Conduct Mental Status Examination (MSE) for the patient to identify suicidal thoughts, plans, and potential lethality, recording each observation.
• Assist and prepare for Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) if prescribed.

2.Physical Need Nursing Management :-

Safe Environment:

• The patient should be under continuous observation by a nurse to ensure their safety.
• Remove glass articles, cords from pajamas and petticoats, and anything else that could be used for harm from the room.
• Avoid using long bedsheets as they can be used for hanging.
• Use paper dishes for food to prevent potential harm.
• Ensure electrical connections are not left open.
• Keep medicines and instruments locked away in the ward.
• Monitor closely to prevent hoarding of medicines by the patient.
• Provide a room near the nursing station for easy monitoring.

Explanation of various coping mechanisms for life:

3.Personal Hygiene:- Encourage the patient to maintain his personal hygiene, encourage him to change his clothes, take a bath, comb his hair, etc. Say you look very nice today.

• 4. Nutritional lead :-
• Ask to diet little and often
• Giving no flour mill diet with omelette, salad, vegetables etc
• Serve food when everyone is eating
• Ask the patient for his food preference
• Record input and output

Psychosocial Needs:

Building Trusting Relationships:

• Engage in conversations with the patient to calmly listen to them.
• Encourage the patient’s relatives to visit and positively discuss topics of interest to help build a positive attitude within them.

Managing Suicidal Ideation:

• Encourage the patient to discuss their suicidal thoughts and how they plan to commit suicide to determine the lethality.
• Educate them about the consequences of their suicidal actions on family members.

Enhancing Self-esteem:

• Address the patient by name and highlight their positive qualities and achievements.

Improving Socialization:

• It should never be left alone, but it should be gradually taken out of bed to meet people.

Recreational Needs: Identify the patient’s favorite hobby or game Give him enough time for outdoor games even if he completes his hobby Give him success if he wins If he loses Accept without any disturbance

Spiritual Activities

05 – Anwer the following (ANY TWO) :- 12

a. Difference between Deliriu

Delirium

• Delirium is an acute cognitive disorder. which occurs due to head injury, drug intoxication or withdrawal.
• Delirium develops suddenly and quickly.
• Memory is impaired in patients with delirium.
• Consciousness is seen to fluctuate in patients with delirium.
• Delusions and hallucinations are most commonly seen in patients with delirium.
• Incoherent speech is seen in patients with delirium.
• Delirium is a reversible disorder. Hence it can be cured by proper intervention

Dementia

• Dementia is a chronic cognitive disorder. Which is seen due to age related changes.
• While dementia develops slowly, gradually and progressively.
• Memory impairment is seen in patients with dementia.
• Consciousness is not affected in patients with dementia.
• Illusions and hallucinations are rare in patients with dementia.
• While people with dementia have normal speech.
• Dementia is an irreversible disorder. Hence it cannot be cured.

b. Write on occupatioral therapy.

• Occupational therapy aims to help individuals engage in activities of daily living and achieve independence through various therapeutic methods.
• For mental rehabilitation, several approaches under occupational therapy include housing placements (such as halfway homes), vocational training (sheltered workshops, vocational guidance), and inclusion of emotional and psychological aspects.
• The primary goal of occupational therapy is to assist individuals affected by mental and emotional disorders in facing the challenges of daily life, thereby promoting their independence and well-being.
• Occupational therapists identify the specifics of each

Problem areas in psychiatric patients-

• Motor (eg psychomotor activity).
• Sensory (eg hallucinations, delusions)
• Cognitive (eg decision making, problem solving)
• Interpersonal (eg self-concept, emotions)
• Interpersonal (eg socialization, communication)
• Self-care (eg basic and instrumental activities of daily living)
• Productivity (eg work, job)
• Leisure (eg interests, enjoyable activities)

Occupational therapy approaches

• New Teaching Ways of Approaching Tasks Breaking down and completing learning activities to achieve
• Learning Adaptive Activities
• Role of nurse…
  A nurse should work for the good health and well-being of the family group and communities.
• The nurse should perform an occupational assessment of the client

• The client should be encouraged to become involved in occupational therapy
• Help therapists within therapies

c. Write the causes of Mental Retardation.

1) Biomedical factor

A) Prenatal factors

• The amino acid urea
• Galactosemia
• Inherited degenerative disorders of the central nervous system
• Chromosomal disorders like Down syndrome, Turner syndrome.
• Developmental defects such as microcephaly, cranial stenosis, cretinism, porencephaly.

B) Maternal factor

• Drug use
• Infections such as rubella, toxoplasmosis,
• Cytomegaly Inclusions,
• Herpes and shingles.
• Placental insufficiency
• Toxemia of pregnancy
• Antepartum hemorrhage
• Exposure to radiation during pregnancy

C) Natal factors

• Birth injury
• Prematurity
• Low birth weight
• Birth trauma
• Birth asphyxia
• Perinatal asphyxia
• Prolonged and difficult birth
• Prematurity
• Intra cerebral hemorrhage
• Preeclampsia

D) Postnatal factors

• Infections in the central nervous system such as meningitis, encephalitis,
• Head injury
• Cerebro vascular thrombosis
• Carnicterus
• Hypoglycemia
• hypoxia

• 2) Social factor
• Low socioeconomic condition
• Psychological Factors
• Advanced age of mother

Q-6 (A) Fill in the blanks 07

1.First psychiatric nurse was_______Linda Richards

2.Habituation to a drugs means____ Addiction

3.Fear of blood is known an __________Hemophobia

4.ICD 10 stands for__________International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision

5. _________introduced E.C.T first time. Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini

6.Indian Lunancy act was formed in____year. 1912

૭.Narcotic and Psychotropic drugs acts was passed in______1985 (amended three times in 1988, 2001 and 2014.)

(B) State whether the statements are true/false 08

(1) Apathy is an absence of feeling true

2.)Meaningless repetition of word is called Echolalia.true

3.False perception is called as Halluanation true

4.Anxiety is psychiasis type of disorder, false

5.Once mental illness occurs it remains life long. false

6.velation of grindagely tissues me as great persion of power, true

7.E.C.T. is known as Electro Cardio Therapy false

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