NURSING FOUNDATIONS-SEPTEMBER:-2019
⏩ SECTION-1⏪
⏩ Q.1 Answer the following question (Any one)15
🔸1) Define Nursing. List out Qualities of a good Nurse & Explain the Model of Maslow’s hierarchy of need.
ANSWER:- Definition of Nursing:
Nursing is a profession focused on promoting and maintaining the health and well-being of individuals, families, and communities through the provision of holistic care. Nurses work in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, schools, and community health centers, where they assess, diagnose, plan, implement, and evaluate care to meet the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs of patients.
Qualities of a Good Nurse:
Some qualities that contribute to being a good nurse include:
1.Empathy: Being able to understand and relate to the emotions and experiences of patients, showing compassion and empathy in their care.
2.Communication Skills: Effective communication is essential for building rapport with patients, conveying information clearly, and collaborating with healthcare team members.
3.Critical Thinking: Nurses must be able to analyze complex situations, anticipate potential problems, and make sound decisions to provide safe and effective care.
4.Clinical Competence: Possessing the knowledge, skills, and expertise necessary to perform nursing interventions, administer treatments, and respond to emergencies competently.
5.Adaptability: Nurses need to be flexible and adaptable in rapidly changing healthcare environments, able to prioritize tasks and manage multiple responsibilities effectively.
6.Ethical Practice: Upholding ethical principles, respecting patient autonomy, confidentiality, and dignity, and advocating for patients’ rights and well-being.
7.Cultural Competence: Recognizing and respecting cultural diversity, understanding how cultural beliefs and practices influence health behaviors and healthcare decision-making.
8.Professionalism: Demonstrating professionalism through accountability, integrity, honesty, and a commitment to lifelong learning and professional development.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a psychological theory proposed by Abraham Maslow, which suggests that human beings have a hierarchy of needs that must be fulfilled in a particular order to achieve self-actualization and personal growth. The hierarchy consists of five levels of needs, arranged in a pyramid shape from the most basic to the highest:
1.Physiological Needs: These are the most basic biological needs necessary for survival, such as air, water, food, shelter, sleep, and clothing. Without meeting these needs, individuals cannot move to higher levels of the hierarchy.
2.Safety Needs: Once physiological needs are met, individuals seek safety, security, and stability in their environment. This includes physical safety, financial security, health, and protection from harm.
3.Love and Belongingness Needs: After safety needs are satisfied, individuals desire social connection, love, affection, and a sense of belonging with family, friends, and community. Relationships and social support are essential for emotional well-being.
4.Esteem Needs: Once social needs are fulfilled, individuals seek self-esteem, recognition, respect, and achievement. This involves gaining confidence, competence, mastery, and a sense of accomplishment in one’s endeavors.
5.Self-Actualization Needs: At the highest level of the hierarchy, individuals strive for self-actualization, which involves realizing one’s full potential, pursuing personal growth, creativity, autonomy, and fulfilling one’s unique purpose or calling in life.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs suggests that individuals progress through these levels sequentially, with higher-level needs becoming motivating factors once lower-level needs are met. However, individuals may fluctuate between levels and may not always follow a strict hierarchical progression. The theory has been influential in various fields, including psychology, education, healthcare, and management, informing approaches to human motivation, well-being, and fulfillment.
🔸2) Define biomedical waste management. Write the hazards of improper waste management. Write the colour coding for biomedical waste management.
ANSWER:-
Biomedical Waste Management:
Biomedical waste management refers to the proper handling, storage, treatment, and disposal of waste generated in healthcare facilities, laboratories, research centers, and other medical settings. Biomedical waste includes any waste that may pose a threat to human health or the environment due to its infectious, hazardous, or radioactive nature. Proper biomedical waste management is essential to minimize the risk of transmission of infectious diseases, prevent environmental contamination, and ensure the safety of healthcare workers, patients, and the community.
Hazards of Improper Waste Management:
Improper biomedical waste management can pose several hazards, including:
1.Spread of Infections: Biomedical waste may contain pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that can cause infectious diseases if not handled and disposed of properly. Improper disposal can lead to the spread of infections among healthcare workers, patients, waste handlers, and the general public.
2.Health Risks: Exposure to biomedical waste can pose various health risks, including skin and mucous membrane infections, respiratory illnesses, gastrointestinal diseases, and systemic infections. Healthcare workers, waste handlers, and community members may be at risk of exposure to hazardous waste materials if proper precautions are not taken.
3.Environmental Pollution: Biomedical waste contains hazardous chemicals, pharmaceuticals, radioactive materials, and other pollutants that can contaminate soil, water, and air if not disposed of properly. Improper disposal methods such as open burning, dumping, or landfilling can lead to environmental pollution and ecological damage.
4.Occupational Hazards: Healthcare workers and waste handlers who handle biomedical waste may face occupational hazards such as needlestick injuries, cuts, puncture wounds, exposure to hazardous chemicals, and inhalation of toxic fumes. Proper training, personal protective equipment (PPE), and safety protocols are essential to minimize these risks.
5.Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Improper biomedical waste management can result in legal and regulatory violations, fines, penalties, and damage to the reputation of healthcare facilities and organizations. Compliance with local, national, and international regulations and guidelines is necessary to ensure safe and environmentally responsible waste management practices.
Colour Coding for Biomedical Waste Management:
The colour coding system for biomedical waste management may vary depending on local regulations and guidelines. However, a common colour coding scheme includes:
YELLOW BAGS
Infectious waste, bandages, gauze, cotton or any other objects in contact with body fluids, human body parts, placenta
etc.
RED BAGS Plastic waste such as catheters,in jection syringes, tubings, iv bottles
BLUE BAGS All types of glass bottles and broken glass articles, outdated & discarded medicines
BLACK CARBOY Needles without syringes, blades, sharps and all metal articles.
Proper segregation, packaging, labeling, and disposal of biomedical waste according to the colour coding system are essential to ensure safe handling and minimize the risk of exposure to hazardous materials.
⏩ Q. 2 Write short notes on: (Any three)15
🔸1) Care of Rubber articles.
ANSWER:-Taking care of rubber articles is important to ensure their longevity and effectiveness. Here are some tips:
1.Cleaning: Regularly clean rubber articles with mild soap and water. Avoid harsh chemicals as they can damage the rubber material.
2.Storage: Store rubber articles in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Excessive heat can cause rubber to degrade over time.
3.Avoiding Oils and Grease: Keep rubber items away from oils and greases as they can weaken the material.
4.Protection from UV Rays: UV rays can cause rubber to deteriorate. If possible, store rubber items indoors or use UV protectant sprays if they are exposed to sunlight.
5.Avoiding Extreme Temperatures: Extreme cold can make rubber brittle, while extreme heat can cause it to soften or melt. Avoid exposing rubber items to such conditions.
6.Inspect Regularly: Periodically inspect rubber items for any signs of damage, such as cracks or tears, and replace them if necessary.
By following these tips, you can prolong the life of your rubber articles and ensure they continue to serve their purpose effectively.
🔸2) Primary effects of hot and cold applications.
ANSWER:- Hot and cold applications have different primary effects on the body:
1.Hot Applications:
Vasodilation: Heat causes blood vessels to expand, increasing blood flow to the area. This can help relax muscles and reduce pain.
Muscle Relaxation: Heat can relax tense muscles and relieve stiffness.
Pain Relief: Heat can block pain signals from reaching the brain, providing temporary relief from discomfort.
Increased Metabolism: Heat can stimulate metabolism, promoting healing and tissue repair.
2.Cold Applications:
Vasoconstriction: Cold causes blood vessels to constrict, reducing blood flow to the area. This can help reduce swelling and inflammation.
Numbing Sensation: Cold can numb nerve endings, reducing the sensation of pain.
Reduced Metabolism: Cold slows down metabolic processes, which can help reduce inflammation and swelling.
Muscle Contraction: Cold can cause muscles to contract, which may help reduce muscle spasms and tightness.
Both hot and cold applications can be beneficial depending on the type of injury or condition being treated. It’s important to use them appropriately and follow any guidelines provided by healthcare professionals.
🔸3) Comfort Measures/devices.
ANSWER:- Comfort measures and devices are tools or techniques used to provide relief, support, or assistance to individuals experiencing discomfort or pain. Here are some common examples:
1.Pillows: Pillows come in various shapes and sizes and can be used to support different parts of the body, such as the neck, back, or knees, to improve comfort while sitting or lying down.
2.Heating Pads: Heating pads provide warmth to specific areas of the body, promoting relaxation, increasing blood flow, and easing muscle tension or pain.
3.Ice Packs: Ice packs are used to apply cold therapy to reduce inflammation, numb pain, and alleviate swelling, especially in acute injuries or conditions.
4.Mattress Toppers: Mattress toppers can enhance the comfort of a mattress by adding extra cushioning or support, relieving pressure points, and promoting better sleep quality.
5.Recliners: Reclining chairs or sofas can provide ergonomic support and customizable positioning to help individuals find a comfortable posture while sitting or resting.
6.Compression Garments: Compression garments, such as socks, sleeves, or braces, apply gentle pressure to improve circulation, reduce swelling, and provide support to joints or muscles.
7.Footrests: Footrests or ottomans can elevate the feet and legs, promoting better circulation and relieving pressure on the lower back and legs while sitting.
8.Lumbar Supports: Lumbar cushions or rolls provide additional support to the lower back, helping maintain proper spinal alignment and reducing strain on the lumbar region.
9.Neck Braces/Cervical Collars: Neck braces or cervical collars immobilize and support the neck, providing stability and reducing movement to facilitate healing after neck injuries or surgeries.
10.Aromatherapy: Aromatherapy involves using essential oils or scented candles to create a relaxing atmosphere and promote stress relief, relaxation, and improved mood.
These comfort measures and devices can be used alone or in combination to address various physical discomforts and enhance overall well-being.
🔸4) Physical examination & its methods.
ANSWER:-Physical examination is a crucial aspect of medical diagnosis and involves assessing a patient’s body to gather information about their overall health, detect any abnormalities, and aid in the diagnosis of medical conditions. Here are some common methods used in physical examinations:
1.Observation: The healthcare provider observes the patient’s general appearance, posture, gait, skin color, and any visible abnormalities.
2.Palpation: Palpation involves using the hands to feel various parts of the body, including the skin, muscles, bones, and internal organs, to detect abnormalities such as swelling, tenderness, or masses.
3 Percussion: Percussion involves tapping on the body surface with the fingertips to assess the underlying structures. It can help identify areas of dullness or resonance, which may indicate abnormalities in organs such as the lungs or abdomen.
4.Auscultation: Auscultation involves listening to sounds produced by the body using a stethoscope. It is commonly used to assess heart sounds, lung sounds, and bowel sounds, which can provide valuable information about the functioning of these organs.
5.Vital Signs Measurement: Vital signs, including temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate, are routinely measured during physical examinations to assess the patient’s baseline health status and detect any abnormalities.
6.Visual Examination: Visual examination of specific body parts, such as the eyes, ears, nose, throat, and genitals, can provide important diagnostic clues and help identify signs of infection, inflammation, or other abnormalities.
7.Neurological Examination: A neurological examination assesses the function of the nervous system, including reflexes, sensation, coordination, and muscle strength, to detect neurological disorders or injuries.
8.Range of Motion Testing: Range of motion testing evaluates the flexibility and mobility of joints to assess for any restrictions or abnormalities in movement.
9.Specialized Tests: Depending on the patient’s symptoms and medical history, additional specialized tests or maneuvers may be performed to further evaluate specific organs or systems, such as the abdomen, musculoskeletal system, or cardiovascular system.
⏩ Q.3 Answer the following questions (Any four)08
🔸1) List out the purposes of Sponge bath.
ANSWER:- Sponge baths serve several purposes, including:
1.Hygiene: Sponge baths help maintain cleanliness by removing sweat, dirt, and oils from the skin’s surface, reducing the risk of skin infections and unpleasant odors.
2.Temperature Regulation: Sponge baths can help regulate body temperature, especially in cases of fever or overheating, by cooling the body with lukewarm water.
3.Comfort: Sponge baths provide comfort and relief to individuals who may be unable to bathe independently or who are bedridden, allowing them to feel refreshed and more comfortable.
4.Promoting Circulation: Gentle massage during a sponge bath can stimulate blood circulation, promoting skin health and overall well-being.
5.Relaxation: The soothing sensation of warm water during a sponge bath can promote relaxation and reduce stress, benefiting both physical and mental health.
6.Wound Care: Sponge baths can be used to clean and care for wounds by gently cleansing the area with mild soap and water, helping to prevent infection and promote healing.
7.Assisting with Personal Care: Sponge baths can assist individuals with limited mobility or medical conditions that make traditional bathing difficult or unsafe, allowing them to maintain personal hygiene with assistance from caregivers.
🔸2) Define Cyanosis.
ANSWER:- Cyanosis is a medical condition characterized by a bluish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and nail beds. It occurs when there is an increased concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood, typically indicating inadequate oxygenation of tissues. Cyanosis can be a sign of underlying health problems, such as respiratory or cardiovascular disorders, and requires medical evaluation and treatment.
🔸3) Define TachyCardia.
ANSWER:- Tachycardia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally rapid heart rate, typically defined as a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute in adults. Tachycardia can occur due to various factors, including stress, exercise, fever, dehydration, certain medications, or underlying medical conditions such as heart disease, thyroid disorders, or electrolyte imbalances. Depending on the cause and severity, tachycardia may require medical evaluation and treatment.
🔸4) List out Sites of Taking Pulse.
ANSWER:- common sites where you can take a pulse:
1.Radial Pulse: Located on the inside of the wrist, just below the base of the thumb.
2.Carotid Pulse: Located on the side of the neck, along the carotid artery.
3.Brachial Pulse: Located on the inside of the elbow, near the biceps tendon.
4.Femoral Pulse: Located in the groin area, midway between the pubic bone and the anterior superior iliac spine.
5.Popliteal Pulse: Located behind the knee, in the popliteal fossa.
6.Dorsalis Pedis Pulse: Located on the top of the foot, between the first and second metatarsal bones.
7.Posterior Tibial Pulse: Located on the inside of the ankle, below and behind the medial malleolus (ankle bone).
These sites are commonly used to assess the heart rate and rhythm and can provide valuable information about a person’s cardiovascular health.
🔸5) Define Retention of urine.
ANSWER:- Retention of urine, also known as urinary retention, is a medical condition characterized by the inability to completely empty the bladder, leading to the accumulation of urine. This can occur due to various reasons, including obstruction of the urinary tract, weakened bladder muscles, nerve damage affecting bladder control, medications, or certain medical conditions such as enlarged prostate gland in men or pelvic organ prolapse in women. Urinary retention can cause discomfort, pain, frequent urination, urinary tract infections, and complications if left untreated. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, catheterization, or surgery.
⏩ SECTION-II⏪
⏩ Q.4 Answer the following question (Any one)10
🔸1) Write down in Detail about Preoperative Nursing Care.
ANSWER:- Preoperative nursing care involves the comprehensive preparation of patients undergoing surgery to ensure their safety, comfort, and optimal outcomes. Here’s a detailed overview of preoperative nursing care:
1.Assessment: The preoperative nursing process begins with a thorough assessment of the patient’s health status, including their medical history, current medications, allergies, vital signs, physical examination findings, and laboratory test results. This assessment helps identify any potential risks or concerns that need to be addressed before surgery.
2.Patient Education: Nurses play a crucial role in educating patients about the surgical procedure, anesthesia, preoperative fasting guidelines, postoperative expectations, pain management strategies, and any specific preoperative instructions provided by the surgical team. This education helps alleviate anxiety, ensure informed consent, and promote patient participation in their care.
3.Preoperative Preparation: Nurses assist patients in completing preoperative preparations, which may include obtaining consent forms, removing jewelry or prosthetic devices, completing preoperative checklists, and ensuring compliance with fasting and medication guidelines. They also coordinate preoperative tests and diagnostic procedures as needed.
4.Psychosocial Support: Preoperative anxiety and stress are common among patients undergoing surgery. Nurses provide emotional support, reassurance, and coping strategies to help patients manage their fears and concerns effectively. They also address any psychosocial issues or social support needs that may impact the patient’s surgical experience.
5.Medication Management: Nurses review the patient’s medication regimen and collaborate with the healthcare team to ensure appropriate medication management before surgery. This may involve adjusting medication dosages, discontinuing certain medications, or administering preoperative medications such as antibiotics or anticoagulants as prescribed.
6.Preoperative Skin Preparation: Nurses instruct patients on preoperative skin preparation procedures, including bathing with antiseptic soap or applying skin antiseptic solutions to reduce the risk of surgical site infections. Proper skin preparation helps maintain aseptic conditions during surgery and promotes wound healing.
7.Preoperative Checklist Completion: Nurses ensure that all preoperative checklists and documentation are completed accurately and in accordance with institutional protocols and regulatory requirements. This includes verifying patient identification, confirming surgical site markings, and addressing any last-minute concerns or questions.
8.Collaboration with Interdisciplinary Team: Preoperative nursing care involves collaboration with various members of the interdisciplinary healthcare team, including surgeons, anesthesiologists, operating room staff, and ancillary services. Nurses communicate pertinent patient information, coordinate care plans, and address any preoperative issues or concerns to promote seamless care delivery.
9.Safety Precautions: Nurses implement safety precautions to minimize the risk of adverse events during the preoperative period. This may include fall prevention measures, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, patient positioning, and the use of assistive devices or restraints as necessary to ensure patient safety.
10.Documentation: Accurate and thorough documentation of preoperative assessments, interventions, patient education, and consent discussions is essential for continuity of care and legal purposes. Nurses document relevant information in the patient’s medical record following institutional policies and standards.
🔸2) Define Nursing Process & Explain Steps of Nursing Process in detail.
ANSWER:- The nursing process is a systematic, problem-solving approach used by nurses to provide individualized, holistic care to patients. It consists of five sequential steps that guide nurses in assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating patient care. Here’s a detailed explanation of each step:
1.Assessment: Assessment is the first step of the nursing process and involves gathering comprehensive data about the patient’s health status, including physical, psychological, social, cultural, and environmental factors.
Nurses use various assessment techniques, such as interviews, physical examinations, observation, and review of medical records, to collect subjective and objective data.
Data collected during the assessment phase help nurses identify the patient’s health needs, strengths, weaknesses, and potential risks, forming the foundation for subsequent steps of the nursing process.
2.Diagnosis: Diagnosis is the second step of the nursing process and involves analyzing and interpreting the collected data to identify actual or potential health problems, risks, or wellness needs.
Nursing diagnoses are formulated based on the interpretation of assessment data using standardized nursing terminology, such as the NANDA International (NANDA-I) taxonomy.
Nursing diagnoses focus on the patient’s responses to actual or potential health conditions, rather than medical diagnoses, and serve as the basis for planning individualized nursing care.
3.Planning: Planning is the third step of the nursing process and involves developing a comprehensive plan of care to address the patient’s identified nursing diagnoses, goals, and interventions.
Nursing care plans are individualized, patient-centered documents that outline specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals and interventions to promote optimal health outcomes.
Planning also involves prioritizing nursing diagnoses and interventions based on the patient’s needs, preferences, and resources, as well as collaborating with the patient, family members, and interdisciplinary healthcare team to develop a coordinated plan of care.
4.Implementation: Implementation is the fourth step of the nursing process and involves executing the planned nursing interventions to meet the patient’s identified goals and address their nursing diagnoses.
Nurses perform a variety of interventions, including direct patient care, health teaching, counseling, coordination of care, and advocacy, to promote health, prevent illness, and facilitate healing.
Implementation also includes documenting the delivery of nursing care, monitoring the patient’s response to interventions, and modifying the care plan as needed based on ongoing assessment and evaluation.
5.Evaluation: Evaluation is the fifth and final step of the nursing process and involves assessing the patient’s response to nursing interventions and determining the effectiveness of the care provided in achieving the identified goals.
Nurses compare the patient’s actual outcomes with the expected outcomes outlined in the care plan, identify any variances or deviations, and analyze factors contributing to the results.
Based on the evaluation findings, nurses revise the care plan as necessary, modify interventions, set new goals, and continue to monitor the patient’s progress to ensure ongoing improvement and continuity of care.
⏩ Q.5 Write short notes on: (Any three)15
🔸1) Importance of records and reports in nursing.
ANSWER:- Records and reports play a crucial role in nursing practice, serving as essential tools for communication, documentation, continuity of care, legal accountability, and quality improvement. Here’s an overview of the importance of records and reports in nursing:
1.Communication:
Records and reports facilitate communication among healthcare providers by documenting important information about the patient’s health status, care needs, treatments, medications, and responses to interventions. This ensures that all members of the healthcare team are informed and can collaborate effectively to deliver coordinated care.
2.Documentation: Records and reports provide a permanent, written record of nursing assessments, diagnoses, plans, interventions, and evaluations, ensuring accuracy, clarity, and completeness of documentation. This helps nurses track the patient’s progress over time, identify trends or changes in their condition, and make informed clinical decisions.
3.Continuity of Care: Records and reports promote continuity of care by providing a comprehensive overview of the patient’s health history, including previous illnesses, treatments, surgeries, and medications. This allows nurses to provide seamless care transitions between healthcare settings and ensure that the patient’s needs are met consistently across different care providers and settings.
4.Legal Accountability: Accurate and timely documentation in records and reports is essential for legal accountability, as it serves as evidence of the care provided, decisions made, and outcomes achieved. Proper documentation helps protect nurses and healthcare organizations from liability and ensures compliance with regulatory requirements, standards of practice, and legal standards.
5.Quality Improvement: Records and reports are valuable sources of data for quality improvement initiatives, performance evaluation, and research in nursing practice. By analyzing documentation trends, outcomes, and adherence to best practices, nurses can identify areas for improvement, implement evidence-based interventions, and monitor the effectiveness of quality improvement efforts over time.
6.Patient Safety: Records and reports contribute to patient safety by providing accurate information to guide clinical decision-making, prevent errors, and promote adherence to standardized protocols and guidelines. Nurses use documentation to track medication administration, monitor vital signs, document changes in the patient’s condition, and identify potential risks or complications early.
7.Education and Training: Records and reports serve as educational resources for nursing students, new graduates, and experienced nurses, allowing them to review case studies, learn from real-life clinical scenarios, and understand best practices in nursing care. Documentation also supports ongoing professional development and training initiatives for nurses.
In , records and reports are indispensable tools in nursing practice, providing a structured framework for communication, documentation, continuity of care, legal accountability, quality improvement, patient safety, and education. By maintaining accurate, comprehensive, and timely documentation, nurses can ensure the delivery of high-quality, patient-centered care and contribute to positive health outcomes for patients.
🔸2) Code of Ethics in Nursing as per INC.
ANSWER:- The Indian Nursing Council (INC) has established a Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct for nurses in India. The Code outlines the ethical principles and standards of behavior that nurses are expected to uphold in their practice. Here are the key elements of the Code of Ethics in Nursing as per the INC:
1.Respect for Human Dignity: Nurses are expected to respect the inherent worth and dignity of every individual, regardless of their age, gender, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, or health condition. They must provide care with compassion, sensitivity, and cultural competence, while preserving the privacy, confidentiality, and autonomy of patients.
2.Compassionate and Caring Practice: Nurses are committed to providing compassionate and empathetic care to promote the physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being of patients and their families. They must advocate for patients’ needs, preferences, and rights, and address their concerns with empathy, kindness, and respect.
3.Professional Integrity and Accountability: Nurses are held to the highest standards of professional integrity, honesty, and accountability in their practice. They must adhere to ethical principles, legal regulations, and institutional policies, maintain professional boundaries, and act in the best interests of patients, even in challenging situations.
4.Professional Competence and Continuous Learning: Nurses are responsible for maintaining and enhancing their professional competence through lifelong learning, professional development, and evidence-based practice. They must pursue ongoing education, training, and certification to stay abreast of advances in nursing science, technology, and practice, and deliver high-quality, evidence-based care to patients.
5.Collaborative and Interdisciplinary Practice: Nurses collaborate effectively with members of the healthcare team, including physicians, other nurses, allied health professionals, and support staff, to promote holistic, patient-centered care. They communicate openly, share information, and work collaboratively to achieve common goals, optimize patient outcomes, and enhance the quality of care delivery.
6.Ethical Research and Advocacy: Nurses engage in ethical research and scholarly inquiry to advance nursing knowledge, improve patient care, and contribute to evidence-based practice. They uphold ethical standards in research conduct, protect the rights and welfare of research participants, and promote ethical principles of justice, beneficence, and respect for persons.
7.Social Responsibility and Community Engagement: Nurses are advocates for health equity, social justice, and the rights of vulnerable populations. They contribute to public health initiatives, community outreach programs, and health promotion efforts to address social determinants of health, reduce health disparities, and empower individuals and communities to achieve optimal health outcomes.
🔸3) Process of Admission and Discharge.
ANSWER:- The process of admission and discharge in healthcare facilities involves several steps to ensure smooth transitions for patients entering and leaving the facility. Here’s an overview of each process:
Admission Process:
1.Pre-Admission Planning: Before a patient arrives at the healthcare facility, pre-admission planning may occur. This involves scheduling appointments, completing necessary paperwork, verifying insurance coverage, and coordinating transportation arrangements if needed.
2.Patient Arrival: When the patient arrives at the facility, they are greeted by reception staff who confirm their identity, collect personal information, and provide necessary forms to complete.
3.Medical Assessment: Upon arrival, the patient undergoes a medical assessment by a healthcare provider or nurse. This assessment includes taking vital signs, conducting a physical examination, reviewing medical history, and assessing the patient’s condition.
4.Admission Documentation: Nurses and administrative staff complete admission documentation, which includes recording patient information, obtaining consent for treatment, documenting allergies, medications, and any special instructions.
5.Room Assignment: Once the admission process is complete, the patient is assigned to a hospital room or bed based on their medical needs, availability, and any special requirements.
6.Orientation: Nurses or hospital staff provide orientation to the patient and their family members, explaining hospital routines, services available, safety procedures, and how to use call buttons and other amenities.
7.Care Planning: The healthcare team develops an individualized care plan for the patient, which includes setting goals, determining interventions, and outlining the expected course of treatment.
Discharge Process:
1.Discharge Planning: Discharge planning begins early in the patient’s hospital stay to ensure a smooth transition from hospital to home or another care setting. The healthcare team assesses the patient’s needs, identifies resources, and coordinates post-discharge care.
2.Medical Evaluation: Before discharge, the patient undergoes a medical evaluation to assess their readiness to leave the hospital. This may include reviewing test results, conducting a final physical examination, and confirming medication instructions.
3.Education and Instructions: Nurses provide discharge education to the patient and their family members, including information about medications, follow-up appointments, dietary restrictions, activity limitations, wound care, and signs of complications.
4.Medication Reconciliation: Nurses review the patient’s medications, update the medication list, and provide prescriptions or refills as needed. They also educate the patient about the purpose, dosage, and potential side effects of each medication.
5.Arranging Follow-Up Care: Nurses coordinate follow-up appointments with healthcare providers, specialists, or rehabilitation services as needed. They provide contact information, directions, and appointment reminders to ensure continuity of care after discharge.
6.Final Documentation: Nurses complete discharge documentation, including discharge summaries, medication reconciliation forms, and instructions for the patient’s primary care provider.
7.Transportation and Departure: Once the discharge process is complete, hospital staff assist the patient with transportation arrangements, help gather personal belongings, and escort them to the exit. Family members or caregivers may be involved in the discharge process to provide support and assistance as needed.
🔸4) Level of disease Prevention.
ANSWER:- Disease prevention involves strategies aimed at reducing the occurrence or impact of diseases and promoting health and well-being at various levels. There are three primary levels of disease prevention:
1.Primary Prevention: Primary prevention focuses on preventing the occurrence of disease or injury before it occurs. The goal is to promote health and prevent the onset of disease through interventions that target risk factors and promote protective factors.
Examples of primary prevention strategies include vaccination programs, health education and promotion campaigns, regular physical activity, healthy nutrition, smoking cessation programs, environmental sanitation measures, and workplace safety regulations.
Primary prevention aims to address the root causes of diseases and reduce the overall burden of illness in populations.
2.Secondary Prevention: Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat diseases in their early stages, before symptoms become apparent or complications occur. The goal is to prevent the progression of disease and minimize its impact on individuals’ health.
Examples of secondary prevention strategies include routine screenings and diagnostic tests (such as mammograms, Pap smears, blood pressure checks, cholesterol screenings, and colonoscopies), early detection and treatment of infections, and monitoring and management of chronic conditions.
Secondary prevention focuses on early intervention and prompt treatment to prevent further deterioration of health and improve outcomes for individuals diagnosed with diseases.
3.Tertiary Prevention: Tertiary prevention focuses on reducing the impact of established diseases and disabilities by preventing complications, managing symptoms, and improving the quality of life for individuals with chronic or disabling conditions.
Examples of tertiary prevention strategies include rehabilitation programs, chronic disease management programs, palliative care services, support groups, counseling and psychotherapy, and assistive devices and technologies.
Tertiary prevention aims to prevent disease progression, alleviate suffering, and promote optimal functioning and well-being for individuals living with chronic illnesses or disabilities.
Overall, disease prevention efforts at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels are essential components of public health and healthcare systems, working together to promote health, prevent illness, and improve outcomes for individuals and communities.
⏩ Q 6 Answer the following questions (Compulsory)12
🔸1) Define Malena.
ANSWER:- “Melena”
is a medical term used to describe the passage of black, tarry stools that contain digested blood. It indicates bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract, typically originating from the esophagus, stomach, or upper small intestine. Melena appears black and tarry because the blood has been partially digested by stomach acids as it passes through the digestive system. It is important to seek medical attention if melena occurs, as it can be a sign of serious conditions such as peptic ulcers, gastritis, esophageal varices, or gastrointestinal bleeding.
🔸2) Define MLC.
ANSWER:- “M.L.C.” stands for “Medico-Legal Case.” In the context of healthcare, an MLC refers to a situation where medical treatment or intervention is required due to injuries or conditions that may have legal implications. These cases typically involve incidents such as accidents, injuries from assaults, cases of suspected abuse or neglect, or any other situation where medical treatment is required and legal documentation is necessary. When a patient is brought to a hospital or medical facility as an MLC, healthcare providers are required to provide medical treatment while also documenting the details of the case for legal purposes.
🔸3) Define insomnia.
ANSWER:- Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both, despite having the opportunity to sleep. People with insomnia often experience persistent sleep disturbances that can significantly impact their quality of life, daytime functioning, and overall well-being. Insomnia can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) and may be caused by various factors, including stress, anxiety, depression, medical conditions, medications, lifestyle habits, or environmental factors. Treatment for insomnia may involve addressing underlying causes, adopting healthy sleep habits (sleep hygiene), cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, and sometimes medication prescribed by a healthcare professional.
🔸4) List out Functions of Hospital.
ANSWER:-
1.Medical Treatment: Provide care for illnesses and injuries.
2.Emergency Services: Offer immediate medical attention for emergencies.
3.Diagnostic Testing: Conduct tests to diagnose medical conditions.
4.Surgery: Perform surgical procedures.
5.Maternal and Child Health: Provide care for mothers and children. 6.Rehabilitation: Offer therapy to aid recovery.
7.Preventive Care: Promote wellness and prevent diseases.
8.Palliative Care: Provide comfort for patients with serious illnesses.
🔸5) List out types of beds.
ANSWER:- In hospital settings, various types of beds are used to accommodate different patient needs and medical conditions. Here are some common types:
1.Standard Hospital Bed: Adjustable beds with manual or electric controls for raising and lowering the head and foot sections.
2.Low Hospital Bed: Similar to standard beds but positioned closer to the ground to reduce fall risk, especially for patients at risk of injury due to falls.
3.Bariatric Bed: Designed for heavier patients, with higher weight capacities and wider dimensions to provide adequate support and comfort.
4.Pediatric Bed: Specifically designed for children, with smaller dimensions, safety features, and colorful designs to promote comfort and a child-friendly environment.
5.ICU Bed: Intensive Care Unit beds equipped with advanced monitoring capabilities, built-in scales, and features for critically ill patients requiring close monitoring and specialized care.
6.Maternity Bed: Designed for labor and delivery, with adjustable positions and features to support women during childbirth.
7.Orthopedic Bed: Specialty beds designed for patients recovering from orthopedic surgeries or injuries, with features such as traction frames or adjustable support surfaces.
8.Recovery Bed: Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) beds for patients recovering from anesthesia or surgical procedures, often equipped with monitoring devices and adjustable positions for comfort.
9.Psychiatric Bed: Designed for patients with mental health conditions, with features to minimize ligature risks, promote safety, and accommodate behavioral needs.
10.Specialty Beds: Include beds with features for wound care, pressure redistribution, air-fluidized therapy, or specific medical conditions such as spinal injuries or burns. These beds are tailored to meet the unique needs of patients requiring specialized care.
🔸6) Define Health.
ANSWER:- Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. It encompasses not only the absence of illness or injury but also the ability to cope with the challenges of daily life, maintain fulfilling relationships, and contribute to society. Health is a dynamic and multifaceted concept that is influenced by various factors, including genetics, lifestyle choices, socioeconomic status, environmental conditions, and access to healthcare services. Achieving and maintaining good health requires a holistic approach that addresses the physical, emotional, social, and environmental aspects of well-being, promoting optimal functioning and quality of life across the lifespan.